 Yn ymgyrch, rydyn ni'n bwysig i'r Llyfrgell Pethau Mencroft. Rydyn ni'n Ffiona Howarth, prysg yr angen. Rydyn ni'n bwysig i ddod dr Adrian Marsden yw'r gweithio ar y ddau oherwydd. Adrian rydyn ni'n ddweud o'r Llyfrgell Pethau Mencroft, ac rydyn ni'n bwysig i'r gweithio ar gyfer. Rydyn ni'n bwysig i'r Llyfrgell Pethau Mencroft. A rydyn ni'n ddweud o ganfodol sy'n rhoi ledrall. Ymarfodol am y ddau lles yn y witnesses, rydyn ni'n ddweud o'r lleol honno'n adeiladau. Rydyn ni'n ddweud o heb ac rydyn ni'n ddweud o'r lles yn torri, pan nesafeddwyr arser yn Llyfrgell Llyfrgell Pethau Mencroft, beth rydym ar gyfer. Felly, wnaeth yw'r ymwysig o hitting o'r rhaglau hyn. Felly, rydyn ni'n ymddielo'r rhaglau hynny. ond yw Adrian yn mynd i'n ffordd o'r awr ysgol yma. Rhaid i'n bwysig i'r fath, ac yn fawr y ddych chi'n ei ddweud, rhaid i'n bwysig i Adrian. Rhaid i'n bwysig i'n bwysig i'r fath. Rhaid i'n bwysig i'r fath? Rhaid, rhaid, rhaid? Rhaid i'n bwysig i ddweud Edward i'r Clys o'r byd i'n bwysig i'n bwysig i'r fath o'r holl. Rhaid i'n bwysig i'r holl. Yn dweud, mae'n cael ei wneud o gweithio. Mae'r wahanol ac mae'n gwaith o gweithio yma yw'r pethau a'r hanfodol sy'n gwybod gyda Peter Mankhoff. Mae'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio. A'i bod yn yr ysgolhau, mae'n gweithio yn y 1650s a 1660s, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio. Felly, a oeddwn ni'r wneud i'r cywspeth yng Nghymru, mae'n mynd i'r angen i ddylch yn ddysgu'r ddeithas yng Nghymru. Mae'n gwneud yn ei wneud i ddweud, yw'r unig. Rwy'n ym 1600, y coonid yng Nghymru, mae oherwydd mae'n coonid sylviau, mae'n ddweud i gael gwir, Oni'n gweld yn defnyddio'r enghraifft a'r bobl yn ystod yw'r cael ei awr iawn. Felly, sy'n meddwl y ffordd i'r ffordd ar y cyfnod ar y dda, ychydig swydd yn rhaid i ei ffordd i'r cyfnod. Mae'r rhai cyfnod yn ffordd ar gyfer hyn o gau. Mae'r ddweud yn y cyfnod ar gyfer hyderau'r cyffredig. Mae'r ddweud yn y cyffredig yn y cyffredig. Mae'r ddweud yn y cyffredig. Mae'r ddweud yn y cyffredig ar gyfer hyn. Mi gyd. These are small coins. They are difficult to make so the Royal Mint don't like making them. They're fiddly. You've got to cut a very small die. You're messing around with a tiny disc of silver. So, not many are made. They're also very easy to lose. You can see, something like that. And because they're not easy to make, the Mint prefer to make bigger coins like shillings and so forth. Ond ydych chi'n bobl wedi gweld bwysig. Mae'r bobl yma yn y cyfrifod yma, fel y mawr yn gyffrwch. Mae'r bobl yn rhaid amser wedi gweld ffiddwysiwyr yn y Llatyn, ond y gallwn bas ond mae'r hyn yn adeilad â'r fathau, bobl yw ddigon â'r effaith yn rhaid d crér. Mae'r hwnnw, i ffigo'n hynny. Ymlaff wna bwysig gwyan o'r holl. Felly, fel y mae hwnnw, gallwn i'n bwysig a'r holl. So, mae'r rhannu cyfwyr, ychydig o'r cwpan bwysigwyr o'r Gweithredu Cyfwyr, Fe yw'r cyfwyr Cysur. Fe ydych chi'n gweld Ym Mhwyl Cysur i'w wahanol yw 1649, mae'n maen nhw'n gweld o gyfwyr mewn gwirionedd Caerdydd. Mae'n gweithio'r cyfwyr dda i'r cyfwyr o'r cyfwyr, yw bod hynny'n yn ôl i'n cyfwyr o'r gwirionedd Caerdydd yn cael ei gwaith. Ond mae'n gweithio'r problem yn y bydd. Obviously, if you've not got enough small chains, you got problems, it really makes training difficult. So, what do people do? They have their own tokens made. I suppose one thing to talk about is what these things are worth before we carry on. Well, it's a pre-decimal system. So, you have a pound, which is yw'r cyfnod o'r £1,000 yma. Mae'n i'n fath o'r alyu cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod, ond mae'n rhaid o'r hyffordd y gallwn arfer o'r gaelol. Y rhai o'r cyfnod o'r 20 ymgylchedd, oherwydd y cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r 50 ymgylchedd, a 12 penniol yn ychwanelifad. So, mae'n ddweud y penniol. Mae'r cwrddur yn ddweud 4 o 5 cwyd yn y cwrnod. Mae'r half penniol yn ddweud penniol, ac mae oedd o'r pwysig ddweud yn sylweddol. A mae'n ddweud o'r pwysig o'r pwysig o'r pwysig, yr adroddau o fyw o ddweud. A mae'n ddweud o'r pwysig o'r pwysig, mae'n gwybod yn llwyll yn fwy o ddweud. Felly mae gennym ei bod ychwanegau o ukwyr yn 17 oed. Mae'r gweithio os yw mwy oedd yn rhan o'r gweithio. Rwy'n credu bod y gallwn yn cael ei gweithio, felly mae'r gweithio gennym eu bod yn ei i. A gweithio'r gweithio yw'r gweithio. Felly mae'r methi gweithio'r gweithio ar y tocan yma ar 1650-1660. Mae'r gweithio yn y Llyngdyn i, ac mae'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio, ac mae'r gweithio'r gweithio ar-deithas. Mae'n gweithio'r gweithio. i gael ei wneud yn dweud ar ei wneud. Dwi'n gweithio fydd yn gweithio gwybod ychydig eu cyflawn, a rydych chi'n gweithio'r ysgol yn ymweld i'r Parys yma, ond rhai o'r ffeirio'r ysgol yn ysgol, ond efallai yn gweld i'n bryd o bobl yn ymgyrch. Mae'r ddweud yn 16 miliometr o gweithio, mae'n 2.5 o gweithio'n gweithio. Dyna'r gwneud y mynd i'r isio'r, dweud George Reeve. Dyna ydw i'r blaen o'r obfersau, mae'n gweithio, mae'n golygu ytod, maen nhw'n gweithio. Dyna'r blaen o'r obfersau mae'n gweithio'r cyffredin, mae'r cyffredin a'r cyffredin, a'r cyffredin i'r busnes. Mae'n ddwy'n ymddiogel yw'r cyffredin o'r 17th, mae'n ddweud cyffredin o'r cyffredin. felly gallwch chi'n gwybod ni'n meddwl. Yn ymgyrch, mae'n ddiogelio'r prif mwyaf o'r grosas company o London. Dwi'n meddwl ar grosas yma arall o'r llwygr. Mynd i'n gwybod, George Reeve yn meddwl. Mae'r daun yn yw'r cyfrifiad sy'n meddwl i'r cyrfaen fwyaf yw'r cyfrifiad. Mae nhw i'n meddwl, nid yw fwyaf yw'r cyfrifiad. ac mae gennych iawn y traiad yr hyn yn ysgol wedi newydd. A mae'r wych g serfedarad yn ffasfa. Felly mae'r ar-fill yn cyfrifi ar bob y popo ac mae'r gysig ar George mae'r ar-ffillaid ar hyn yn ysgol. Felly fod yna'r arfa'n i fynd yn ysgol yn rhyngwy, nid yn ôl cyflن ysgol yn ysgol yn yr hyn. Wrth gwrs'n ysgol, ar hyn yn ysgol. Ond pe wedi gyn nhw. felly mae'r gynhwys i'w meddwl iawn. Gwrs eich bod ni'n ffordd. Diolch yn rhan i'r gyrdd. Gwrs ymweld yn gyrdd i'r gyrdd i'r gyrdd, i'r gyrdd i'r gyrdd i'r gyrdd. A oedd yma'n gwybod, mae'n gyrdd i'r llyfr, ac oherwydd gyrddio'r cyfnod gan y llyfr o'r cyfnod ymlaen. Pryddo, dwi'n gyrddio'n gyrdd i'r Llyfr, ac yn ymddangos, mae'n ei wneud hyn i'r llyfr Mae'r ddechrau, mae'n gwybod yn dechrau. Mae'n gwybod yn mynd i'n gwybod yn ystod ydw i'r parolau yn gwybod i London yn ymgyrch ar y cyllid yn y taw a gwneud o'r ei fod yn ymgeithio ar y tot. Mae'n gwybod ei fod yn amlwg gwybod. Cyngor o'n ddweud roedd Peter ac ddweud a'r ddweud yn arddangos yn ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud. I gyd yn gwybod, Peter Dill a'r ddweud yn amlwg amdano. Fynd i, Richard Morant. Yn yw'r wrthodd weaver, rwy'n gwybod. Mae'n gwybod yw'r cyffredin sy'n gwybod, wrth gwrs, mae'n gwybod. Fynd i, Morant''r ffaith yn 66 o'r ddaf yn ysgol. Mae'r ddaf yn ysgol. Fynd i, yw'r llas o'r ffaith yw'r 10. Violet Benton, ychwanegwch. Benton yn ei fwyllt yn gyfweld. Violet yn yw'r gwneud. Yn y bwysig yn yw'r beir. Felly byddwn i'n meddwl am bwysig yw'r probyr yn bwysig, ac mae'n gofio'n gwneud yw'r cyffredinol, mae'n gweithio'r cyffredinol. Mae'n gweithio'r cyffredinol. Mae'n gweithio'r cyffredinol, mae'n gweithio'r cyffredinol ar gyfer gweithio'r cyffredinol. Felly, mae'r fourtypicol tokens. Well, what to say about 17 cents of tokens in the past. We know that the first collector, or the first collector we know of, was a charcoal brown willis who was collecting the very early 18th century. Sadly, not everybody was so keen. John Evelyn is very prophetic and he writes, for tokens may happily in after time come to exercise and busy the learned critic what they should signify and fill whole volumes with their conjectures. Indeed, many, many, many volumes have been filled on these things. Pinkerton is not quite so nice. These town pieces and tradesman's tokens are collected by some antiquaries with an avidity truly pure isle. I will then say that the workmanship is always utterly contemptible and that not one purpose of taste, information or curiosity can be drawn from them. And he continues, it needs hardly be added that they are recommended to a supreme scorn of the reader who may justly regard for studying or collecting them along with the admiration of counters as beneath any man of taste. Well, that's told me, hasn't it? I am a token anorak. I will hope to prove Pinkerton wrong in the course of my talk today anyway. So there we are. They are a bit more well thought of now. Right, let's begin with Norwich in the period. We do have rather a nice bird's eye view here of Norwich from the west looking over and you can see the various landmarks of Castle and Cathedral. So a nice bird's eye view, 1660, I'm slap bang in the period we're looking at and then if you spin that aerial view round and have a map here, you'll have the Wenceslan through, you have the northern wards at the top, the ultra acran, that area across the river, across the water and then south of the river and indeed west of it. You have said Peter Mankroff, the palace has said Peter Mankroff here. It's of course borders be marked in part and this is be the market area. Now before we carry on it's probably an idea to look at how much this area has changed. This is sorry, not yet Chris. We have the main market now and then you've got the overall which was on Peter Street and then the never old gentlemen's walk. Take Peter Mankroff here and the livestock market used to be here. Let's look at the area now. This is the market area now, massively different. You've got the forum of course, City Hall built in 1938 and then the market is pretty much all stalls and the only two constants really linking the market area today as it was in the 60s and 50s and 1660s is Mankroff itself and the Guild Hall. We will look at the Guild Hall later. Right, let's go back to one of the earliest maps we have here. This is Hoyle's map of 1728. You can see the market very different. You've got lots of buildings here which we'll come back to in a minute and you have this great big monstrosity here. This is not quite to scale because as you see it's the biggest St Peter Mankroff but this was a very big thing. It was indeed the market cross and this is 60 or 70 feet high and this stands at the bottom or stood at the bottom end of the market. It's demolished in 1732 which is why it appears on Hoyle's map of 1728 but not on King's map of 1766. You can see it's gone but that may have gone but the rest of the market is still very alien compared to today. You've got all these buildings here slap bang in the centre of what's now the marketplace. You've got St Peter Street here obviously the City Hall long long in the future and the Foreman long in the future as well. This is a view about 1800 from the top of the market, basically top of the Guild Hall looking south to Mankroff and then this is actually the fish market or was for fish markets at the time. That occupies the higher ground just below where City Hall now stands and finally we'll go through a sort of quick survey of what happens. This is an area of view of the market in 1920s and grateful to Jonathan Plunkett who has generally allowed me to use his late father George's photographs which you can also find out online. You can see all these houses here swinging round and circling Mankroff by coming right up to the gates of Mankroff and then the Guild Hall here and then all these big buildings. They go away with all flesh. This is the buildings in the early 30s. You can see you can see St Peter Street behind. This is pre-City Hall and then all those houses are demolished so you've got this great wave of land here which will become City Hall. This is just before 1938. You've still got all those buildings however. That changes shortly. Oh sorry Chris could we have the last one again. All these houses survived until 1961. We'll come back to those shortly. Here we have the big buildings in the centre of the market being demolished. This is in 1938. You can see City Hall has been put up by this time and then continuing to be demolished and you can see the Guild Hall here so it gives you an idea of where these buildings are located. Right so that's what the area looks like. Let's now start to look at some of the people who lived in Mankroff down well as I say I've been buried there. You've got an awful lot of sources to go out here. You've got parish records, baptisms, maritism, burials. They're obviously quite useful so you can track these people down. Remember if you have one of those tried initials with the wife's initials and that's quite useful. You have a mayoralty court books which are big big books in the Norfolk Record Office in the Archives Centre where all the decisions of a court of mayoralty which is headed by the mayor and including the old woman and common council, they meet and they pass judgments on people or building regulations all sorts of things like that so some of those can be very interesting. There's the half tax assessments. They're assessed for, no it's in 1666 and basically you're taxed a shilling on every half you have in your house. So it's an attempt to sort of wealth tax the bigger the house the more halves you've got the more you should pay. It's replaced by the equally unpopular window tax in William III's reign where as you can guess you're taxed on your windows. There are also wills and other probate records. They can be very interesting indeed. Obviously a will is telling you how someone is disposing of their property after their death and you can also get things like probate inventories where all the possessions that the deceased are listed. They're far less common but they sometimes survive and then there's lots of other contemporary records for example registers of the freedom of the city. If you're starting in trade and this only applies to men in this period you need to have the freedom of knowledge to trade. You can trade for two years in a day without it but then you must have the freedom. This basically signalling someone starting out their their career usually although some people put the freedom off as long as they can. So there's all sorts of things to go at. We'll leave that there for now but the Norfolk Record Office as you might guess has stacks of stuff relating to Norwitz and some of that relates to the tokenessers themselves. So right let's have a survey now, a tour if you like round St Peter Mancroft in the 1650s and 1660s and actually meet some of these people. The first one we have here um oh Parker, John Parker, a lamb and of now it's 1665 and we know from the records what his wife was he. Now for lamb, the lamb on the token and this is where the lamb is now. Now I've mixed feelings on this place. Still in operation, it's very nice on one hand to have a tavern or an inn that was base for a tokeness or a still in operation but I did pay my first £5 for a pint in that place it is rather on the expensive side but it does survive. It's one of only two pubs would do, the other is the Adam and Eve on the other side of the city but John Parker, the lamb references the inside or what would have been the inside of the lamb but Parker wasn't the licensee and this is something we we need to look at briefly. Not all licensees issue tokens and not all tokenessu is our licensees indeed quite often a tokenessu might be based somewhere operating maybe out of the back or conducting their business from a shop there but they're not actually in charge of the place so the lamb is the base of John Parker but he's not actually running the pub. We know that Parker is a Mercer now Mercers in this period are are sort of top-end wholesalers there they're supplying reasonably good expensive items they stand above grocers who are wholesalers dealing with more more common sort of stuff and haberdasers who are similar so yeah Mercer's are sort of top-end and Parker is one of those. Augustine Briggs now the token says Augustine Briggs if you look this is an error at the tower of London where his tokens were made it should be Briggs now Briggs is an interesting character he's born in 1617 he's apprenticed in Norwich and then while he's sort of finishing off his apprentice ship the civil war breaks out and Briggs in contrast to most people in Norwich who are very much for parliament goes off to fight for the king and he's present at the seeds of kings linn in 1643 the royals get beaten there so Briggs comes back to Norwich with his tail between his legs and well he surely keeps his head down we know he's not punished for it Cousins Harding Kent in their book on the mares of Norwich they say that he's split to his alderman ship who is Aldermanry that's not the case because he's only 25 he's far too young to be an alderman in the first place and indeed he's not an alderman until much much later but he does get himself an accidental common count from 1656 so he's obviously not that inimical to the corporation of knowledge during the Commonwealth but it is in 1660 of the restoration but his star really comes into the ascendant he's made sheriff in that year in 1660 with the restoration trials for second and 10 years later he's mayor and incredibly we have two portraits surviving he's just about the only token issuer in the country who we have a portrait surviving of um and that's because he's doing very well by 1670 one in his mayoral robes and another dressed as a cavalier which echoes what one of his contemporaries says about him he is an honest old cavalier cavalier and a very understanding man we will see shortly that he actually wasn't quite that understanding with some people but he does very well he is mayor as I say in 1670 his MP for Norwich one of the two MPs in the late 1670s and early 1680s and then he dies in 1684 his tomb or rather his war memorial is there and on it you have letters picked out in lead it's rather impressive monument and in latin part of it translating as the good genius of the city and county of the isini a man of honest report sound judgment and wise understanding an approved example of piety charity and sociability and brigsters very nicely because he has a street named after him brig street you know where this is presumably um you're going out down that way um it wasn't always called brig street it was originally called brig's lane um in the early 19th century the s is dropped and it becomes a street rather than a lane but named after brig's because his house stood there so the street comes to bear his name so brig's does does rather well brocdon is a different character entirely brocdon is a bit of a scoundrel really um he could I suppose be called a pragmatic businessman it's uh it's up to you no one for many years knew what the castle signified they said it might be part of the arms of noix which has a castle and a lion or it could refer to an inside that's correct but it wasn't until I went to an awful record office and had a random search that I found out why look at his career briefly first in noix wife are another rebecca he becomes three in 1636 he takes on a few apprentices he starts as a haberdasher sometimes described as a millionaire so a sort of rather low end tradesman and then as his career progresses he starts to change his title and he ends up describing himself as a mercer and then finally in his will which is proven 1680 he is styled gent gentleman now this is the same as brig's and basically if you do very well in trade you can basically buy yourself land and buy yourself gentility on the back of that so brocdon does this but his earlier career is not quite so glorious first of all he gets in trouble this is where the castle was but let's look at a document first this is the document I found this is a court summons and it's a summoning James brocdon or brocdon as he's called in the document to court in 1655 what's he done wrong well he has behaved very mortally because he obviously owns the castle this inn and what he's been doing is for the last year he has been taking in overnight paying guests now you have to be licensed as an ancient inn to do that you can't just set up and do it and there are two inns in the neighbourhood which have that right and they're obviously a bit miffed at James brocdon taking um well starting at competition we'll look at them in turn but first here we have it it mentions James brocdon of Norwick's haberdasher of small wares and then one common inn called the castle common inn not an ancient inn we don't know what happens to brocdon but plainly he gets out of it because he's got the castle on his token which is dated 1664 so as you're sure so he's kind of got out of it and whether the castle is allowed to take a paying over that guest by then or not we don't know but it does certainly turn into a hotel because this is a castle hotel later on this is second world war you can see a a little baros balloon and then an american officer in the foreground but that's the frontage of the castle hotel if you remember the little map the original entrance is on white lions is on white lion street this is the later entrance when it comes out onto the area below the castle mound so the entrance is changing but the back entrance still remained this is earlier this century you can make that castle hotel that's the place so it survived until relatively recently it was knocked down in 1989 to make way for the castle now and that's what stands there now that's the old heart foundation um where electricity and furnaces shop so the castle survived as i say until until pretty recently let's look at the other places and one this is one ancient inn called the blue bell now no one as far as we know issued a token at the blue bell but it does still stand it's now that rather awful weather spoons pub on hark hill um later orford hill but it's still the same place now of course it looks nothing like it would have done it's been holy but the inside's been stripped out to put all those awful neon lights and things in and the exterior is heavily rebuilt in the 19th century so it looks nothing like it would have done but it is on the place where the blue bell was so that's the blue bell and the other one one called the white lion now the white lion was on white lion street it gives white lion street its name it was white lion lane then again like like the bridge it was a lane not a street at the time the white lion we are fortunate also housed a token assure again he's not the licensing he does seem from all the records i can lay my hands on to have been a barber which is a bit odd but i suppose if you are having a shave or your hair cut a farring token to use as chains is perfect given a shave is probably costing a hair cut is probably costing a hate me or something like that so he's based there his wife elizabeth rather annoyingly his son who's also called william money also marries an elizabeth but we know this token 16 late 1650s stylistically and we know the son is not old enough to be usher in the token at that stage so it's the father who's issuing it and of course the little lion here is referencing the white lion so again it's it's a signboard that's where it is the white lion and you can see it's either marked this is the king's map we looked at earlier 1766 and it's marked here white lion lane it's in mancroft and white lion lane you can see the bell here which we looked at and the white lion is the other ancient inn which has a right to put people up overnight if they pay and it's quite probable that money is one of the people who's a bit annoyed at Brockton usherping that in's right to to take people in so we don't know but that's the white line for you rather nicely this is another place that survives here it remains the white line until 1918 it then becomes the haymarket stores which is another pub another inn and that's closed down in 1974 this is a viewer that in the 30s you can see here these two twin game balls here at the top and that's looking away from mancroft this is looking towards mancroft in a market place you can see the two little game balls still it's like the remodel and it was a costa until very recently it closed as a costa just before the lockdown so it's absolutely up for let but it's quite nice to let somewhere out but the tokenists who had lived in but I think the asking price is rather enormous so that's the white lion we'll look at a rather sadder story now and this is John Brown the token shows what you would be forgiven for thinking as a duck here it is in fact a swan and it is referencing for white swan now the white swan there's a huge coaxing in right outside the gates of mancroft we'll look at the location in a minute for now it's enough to know that Brown was married to Susan strikes for token in 1657 he is born at Wacton in 1629 he marries Susan at some point in the early 1650s but I've not found a marriage record as yet but they have their first child Mary in 1654 so the tokenist issued fairly early in his working life we know from the records but here's a confectioner or sugar baker so he's he's making pastes basically and as I say the white swan here King's map records it the postcoach to London in one day from the white swan so it's coaxing in then in 1766 and as you can see it is right outside the doors of mancroft see here we go back to that aerial view for me 1920s and you can see here which white frontage if you can make it out that is the frontage of what was the white swan you can see it's right up to the ports of mancroft in fact he he could he could probably have lobbed a jammed heart um from his threshold into the ports it's that close nowadays if you're standing on the stacks of the forum you are pretty much where the white swan was and indeed another of George Plunkett's photographs this one in the courtyard of the old white swan it's become a swan by now this is 1961 just before it's demolition it was demolished to make way for the central library which of course in its turn fell victim to fire a member forum of course now occupied site but this is the courtyard before it's demolished and you can see the great tower of mancroft in the background and rather nicely this is a hint of how high status three white swan was originally as i said it's it became a slum but when they're knocking it down they come across it's rather fine it's fine medieval cellar here with these vaulted arches so it was it was quite a building originally before it began this sad sliding down into a slum okay getting back to poor old John Brown and mentioned the first child Mary she survives to become an adult although that's not it's not the whole story they have 11 more children they all die and i came across this quite by accident this has been led to slap the floor stone to Susan Brown the daughter of John and Susan Brown and it is right by where my mini exhibition is if you want to look later see guys in 1686 age 19 just short of becoming what would have been an adult at the time the stone also has a rather nice little poem at the bottom here lies a single flower scarcely blown 10 more before the northern gates are strewn plucked from a self-stained stork only to be transplanted to a better nursery so that's poor Susan and the other 10 children there they're all buried either with Susan or perhaps outside in the in the graveyard outside the the northern porch which is that door there so one daughter survives now we do have the will of both John Brown and later of Susan Brown his widow now what's very sad is in the main body of both wills there are several complicated sections dealing with looking after their daughter Mary she is obviously very severely elementary or physically disabled she needs looking after so people are appointed to look after the money that's being left in her name and to look after her so it's sad that the only surviving daughter has possibly severe problems but what was quite nice in Susan Brown's will the widow she dies at Wackton the two of them obviously moved back there to retire effectively John Brown is described as a gentleman so he's another of his tokenist who is who makes the leap into gentility on the back of all his hard work but then there's this quite exceptional bit here in the will and chopping it up to fit the slide Susan Brown wishes to be decently buried in the parish church of st Peter of mancroft in the city of Norwich as near my daughter Susan as may be in a voyage right over there significantly she doesn't want to be buried with her husband who we know was buried at Wackton she wants to be brought back to st Peter mancroft to lie close to her one of her daughters right we move on the king's head william cooper king's head on one side and a rose on the other we know he wasn't the licentiae at the king's head that was a mr dysley's this is where the king's head was knocked down in 1913 to make way for david place so no longer surviving and it moved and it's now gone and then you can see the place here this is a painting from the early 19th century and you see it's a coaching in because you've got a coach coming out of the entry and the king's head side there cooper is obviously based there as I say he's not the licentiae we don't quite know what he did the rose might refer to another rose pub or tavern which we know it's around the corner near the castle mound so it may be that he's got his fingers in two pies and he's advertising both his businesses on the one token we can't be sure we know he's buried in mancroft later on and then interestingly we get another token issuer at that place this is al his name isn't given but we can be fairly sure that here's the grocer andrew lightfoot who is based at the post office in 1661 well the post office in 1661 was at the king's head so he's another token issuer based there as well as cooper he's not running the post office because it's called sovereignty is the postmaster in 1661 so you've got dice these realized and see sovereignty the postmaster and these two also based there in 1666 and 61 and he is another plague victim in 1666 well that's the post office we'll move on now to Laurence Goodwin the golden camel and you have a golden camel oh goodwin goodwin now Laurence Goodwin starts his career in the 1650s he's apprenticed as a grocer but he becomes a confectioner like John Brown and indeed they're quite near to one another he has a long and distinguished career he fills many civic officers he's sheriff in 1682 we'll see him acting in that capacity shortly and mayor in 1697 he lives to the advanced age of 91 and is buried in st Andrews in 1725 we know that he starts off in mancroft but he moves to st Andrews by 1666 but he's an apprentice and he he works his way through the civic officers and has a has a long and quite distinguished career and the golden camel we believe it was here where Clark's shoe shop now stands at the end of brig street we believe that's where it was now interestingly oh and there's um Laurence Goodwin's tombstone uh it's mainly partly covered up by the pews in st Andrews as indeed are many tombstones here but that's where it is and it records him um being um old and when he's sometime mayor but we have another camel now it's very unlikely there's say a red camel or a silver camel or anything i'm sure this also references the golden camel but it's another issuer and this is Anthony Mingay in Norwich he also is apprenticed as a grocer but he becomes an apothecary and so ends up in the medical trade if you like he's a very different individual to Goodwin he's pretty much born with a silver spoon in his mouth he is apprenticed does become a trader but he inherits Cursons Manor in Sraines Fork in 1663 and a heap of money he seems to pretty much give up work as indeed who wouldn't and indeed he doesn't want to serve in civic officers because they cost money so he pays 85 pounds that's about say 85,000 pounds in today's money so he doesn't have to so he can skip the shrievulty, the sherrythdom, and the mayoralty and serving his alderman and so on so that's what he does we know he moves to St Stephen's by 1666 the golden camel that is right slapbanger on the border of mancroft and St Stephen's parishes anyway so we know both him and Goodwin move away but we know that they're both in the parish of mancroft before 1666 so he could have had the golden camel then Goodwin or vice versa or perhaps both working out at the same time we don't know interestingly Mingay was one of the witnesses to the will of Sir Thomas Brown um the war memorial over there and he also lives into his well into his 70s um Mingay right the guild hall this was the administrative centre of Norwich before city hall was built and county hall all the running of Norwich is done from here it's where the alderman meet where the court of mayoralty meets the common council all that and it also has a prison below which we're looking to shortly it's also where all the courts meet so Quakers not popular with Quakers they're an independent group they have various differences would be established Protestant church um one of them perhaps the main one being they don't believe that ministers are necessary to mediate between between you and god they are unpopular to say the least now they start to build an an assembly house on goat lane in 1678 they probably should have kept their heads down because this seems to lead to a persecution in 1682 now you remember in 1682 who was sheriff it's Lawrence Goodwin um this is the sort of things where Quakers are accused of above ordinances free will um et cetera et cetera a lot of these charges levelled out from our of course untrue but that doesn't mean mud doesn't stick Goodwin again well Goodwin is sheriff in 1682 as we've seen so here's the bloke who's charged with bringing the Quakers in and it's clear that he doesn't like the Quakers on the basis of how he behaves they're dragged to the Guild Hall Goodwin is punching them the back and when he gets there he says if his majesty was of my mind he would send you all to Jamaica now Jamaica wasn't full of all inclusive hotels then it was a rather different not a nice place to be sent to it's unfortunate that when the Quakers get to be Guild Hall and they're brought up for trial that the JP presiding is none other than our friend Augustine Briggs Briggs as we heard earlier was described as a very understanding man that did not extend however to Quakers the Quakers have brought before Briggs and they held their hands up to say we've got no we've got no weapons where we're where we're fine we don't mean any harm and Briggs replies you could have pistols in your pockets for ought I know the Quakers then asked if they might be sent somewhere decent to wait out there period before they're brought to trial and Briggs says no and he says if you've got no money you will go in the whole now what happened in the 17th century if you want a decent accommodation in prison the paid for it it's as simple as that the Quakers aren't doing this so Briggs sends them to the whole you can visit the whole it's under the Guild Hall in fact I went there last year on Heritage Open Week then you can see it's a vaulted cellar basically not unlikely cellar beneath the white swan and you can see this is where it is if you're on the outside of the Guild Hall it's down there 62 of the Quakers are crammed in the whole rather ironically it was deemed unfit for use as a prison in the reign of Elizabeth the first um but didn't stop it being reused now I can't find any intimate connection with a token issue of air but I have got a sort of side long one the only Quaker I know of who issued a token was Charles Reeve he's a cordwainer the token issue in 1664 quite early in his career we know he's a Quaker because much later on towards the end of his life he marries quite a much younger widow in 1698 called Elizabeth Greenwood and this is the document here and Quaker fashion you have a load of witnesses appending their names so this records the marriage of the second marriage of um the token issue and Greenwood and second on that list you saw it highlighted in the last slide is Stephen Ames now interestingly Ames marries the widow of um Reeve he Reeve dies very soon after his second marriage but Ames marries the widow he's second on the list of witnesses to Reeve's wedding and interestingly we know he was in the hole for two years between 1680 and 1684 they keep them languishing there for two years and we know that Stephen Ames or Ames was one of them because he does feature in the records Reeve doesn't so Reeve presumably escaped it one more issuer who starts his career in mancroft but moves on he is Jeremy Vin grosses arms token issue in 1657 early in a career which lasts until 1705 when he dies rather nicely his house survives i said he moved away from mancroft he moves to be cathedral precinct and if you go in by the apple tree the gate his house immediately on your left on your right rather this is it big many gables thing and rather nicely on the gables you have IVS i Jeremy Vin and the initial Susan of his third wife and then 01 and there would have been a 17 there so built in 1701 now i got to reading Vin's will and this spurred me on because you have this section here it's written in on 15th of november 1703 i incredibly informed she this is his youngest daughter sorry oldest daughter Susan she is lately married without my approbation and consent so i thought oh i so i thought i would go and check and indeed two days before this will was written Susan vin the younger his eldest daughter named after her mother married John Peter or Jean Pierre gets bored at Westminster two days so someone has hotfooted it from Westminster to sneak on the young couple and Jeremy Vin is obviously furious and either writes a will or rewrites his will sadly the couple come back to know it's where season gives birth to a son named John Peter after his father um but they die um John Peter is actually frekway's friends as you can tell he's a friends you know he came over William III in 1689 and he's a soldier he was a captain at the state um at the stage he becomes the lieutenant general in the end and never remarries he dies at Enfield in the 1740s so um quite a sad story that and Jeremy then is buried in the ambulatory of the cathedral right at the right at the top and you can go and see his tomb interestingly his wife is buried with him his eldest his youngest daughter Mary his son-in-law John Knights and other members of the family but not Susan his daughter that is okay i've not mentioned many tokenists and women today that's simply because there are very very few of them there are 91 tokenists who is in Norwich three of them are women they are all widows carrying on their dead husband's business it's not helped because 17th century is a fairly showingistic age women cannot be free of the city therefore they can't carry on business if they're spinsters or if they're married they can only do that if they're widows and they're a widow of a tradesman that's the case with Ann Mumford here this is produced after Richard Mumford her husband has died in 1657 interestingly Ann Mumford carries on his trade as a grocer and their son George Mumford also starts out in trade as a grocer it looks like George thinks he's a bit better than a grocer because he puts a merchant's mark on his token um that's showing you you think you're you're a bit you're a bit more than a mere grocer but it looks like Ann is better at business because we know that when Ann makes her will in 1672 George owes her 100 quid that's about 100,000 quid in today's money so it looks like she is the more astute businessman and George for all his pretensions to being a merchant is probably not quite so good and one other token assure um who's female um Ann Mumford is Saint Peter Markov so his blive pattern here blive pattern a rose um probably referencing the rose tavernal road pub where she may have been based um we know she's she was a worsted weaver or obviously is the widow a worsted weaver and presumably carrying on the worsted weaver's trade and obviously this is a widow so it's just her two initials bh right we'll end now or very shortly we've seen there's plenty of places which are connected with tokeners so big places this fine building various shops or buildings that were were once inns or shops where tokeners was based it's very rare but you can hold something other than the tokens which was intimately connected with a token assure there is one example though this is a token as you see of eggwood woodyard pierce perhaps we use the paint or something like that and then E W eggwood yard 1656 and M for Margaret's wife and rather nicely this survives this is in the castle museum collection but it is on long term loan to the worsted for company of grocers in london because it has the grosses arms on it the token has an abbreviated form it has been sugar loaf and clothes but you have here E W M eggwood yard and the gate 1649 so seven years before the token was issued and as you may be aware there is a little exhibition at the back of the well the entrance of the church which tells a few of these stories on paper and if you like do have a look around the starting point is actually on the far side so you start there and go round and of course there's also Susan Brown's tombstone there as well and as Fiona mentioned earlier I there's five copies of my book and catalogue of the Norwich custom museum collection for sale I've only been five I'm afraid but the proceeds are to go to the church and so with that I will say thank you very much well it might I'm Chris Salam I'm the events manager here at the St Peter Mankrothal coordinator and it falls to me to offer a vote of thanks to Adrian this afternoon um Adrian I don't think you are an anorec rail you've got one heck of an amount of enthusiasm and you get it over to us in such a easy way to understand as well so thank you so much for your