 So I did want to start by just spending a little bit of time talking about the title here, Mutiny in Space, Team Risks and Opportunities for Space Flight Missions. And mutiny is really an example where people don't obey someone in authority and decide to do things differently. And it's a sign that there's disagreement or that teams aren't working so well together. And I want to talk a little bit today about the role of psychology and the importance of, I guess, the opposite of mutiny, which is team cohesion for space flight missions. But I did want to just spend a little bit of time, give you about 30 seconds or so, to think about how you might be able to work out why psychology is important for space missions. So I'm going to give you about 30 seconds starting now to think about how is psychology relevant to space flight missions. Okay, so maybe you've had a chance to discuss and think about that question. We know that some of the things that you might have thought about were loneliness, that obviously that astronauts in space can feel lonely and they can feel like they are missing out on things back on Earth. And so loneliness is one of the things that they need to struggle with. Psychology is sort of also relevant in space missions because it's possible that because of sleep deprivation and stress that people can experience mental health problems in space. And it's also true that in space our brains, the way we process information, the way we think doesn't work as well in space. We're much slower in terms of our cognitive function and the way in which we think and respond. And so that can take a lot of getting used to when we're talking to astronauts that are in space. We also know that psychology is important when it comes to team functioning. The way in which we might select astronauts to go on space missions, the training that they will have on space missions, and also how they function together as a team on space missions. So all of those things mean that different areas of psychology, sort of clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology and organizational psychology are all relevant to what happens in space. I'm just going to see if I can email my slides to Brad because he might be able to help here. So we know that psychology is relevant for all of those kind of reasons. And as a result, NASA has quite a lot of interest in psychology and the way in which teams function in space. They've spent some time thinking about different types of missions and the impact that psychology might have. We also know that there's been some events in the history with NASA that have led to more attention on psychological factors. And one of those events happened in 1973 and 74 on the Skylab mission, which was the sort of space station prior to the International Space Station. And what happened on that mission is that the three astronauts on board felt that they were being overworked, they had too much to do. People were being too demanding in terms of the schedule that they had. And so they decided effectively to go on strike and turned off their equipment for a day and decided to have a bit of a holiday. I'm sure many of us have felt like that when we've been at work or at school. And here is a case where the astronauts took a very high risk action and turned off all communications with mission control. And this really shows that there is an example of conflict between the teams, the team that's in space and mission controllers, a team that is responsible in terms of mission success. And it shows us that things can go wrong in space and there could be some quite serious consequences. After this time, NASA spent a lot, focused a lot more on some of the issues to do with team cohesion and team conflict and spent sort of more time thinking about what some of the team risks might be in terms of these space flight missions. NASA has now identified a whole range of areas where it perceives there to be different kinds of risks. And one of those is to do with cooperation, coordination and communication and psychosocial adaption. So all of those aspects of psychology that we have talked about already. And NASA's done some work thinking about what kind of missions are likely to produce the most challenges for teams of astronauts in space, but also the relationship between astronauts in space and mission control and how those groups are going to work together to have a successful mission. NASA recognises that the longer that humans spend on space missions and the larger the groupings of people that might go to space, the more likely it is that these issues of team cooperation, coordination and communication are going to be a problem. And so they're putting more effort and energy into understanding what are the cycles that teams go through when they're trying to act together well to perform a task and to think about what some of the threats might be to a team that might lead it to engage in more conflict. They also want to spend some time working at how to measure team functioning. So if you're on earth in mission control and you're working with the team and you're trying to work with that team so it's successful, what are the things that you might be looking for that tell you that the team is not working? How might people on earth and perhaps fellow crew members in space know whether the team is functioning well or not? And so we need better measurement to assess team functioning. There's also this question of if the team's not going so well, we need to know how to introduce different what's called countermeasures or different ways in which it might be possible to help the astronauts in space to function better as a team. And so these countermeasures, what kind of training could people do? What kind of support could they get in space? How might they be prepared before they even leave earth to be able to function effectively? And when we've got more people going to space, not only more missions, there's a mission planned in 2024 to go to the moon to spend a longer period of time on the moon and then to hopefully move on to Mars. There's not only those kind of missions, there's also this idea of space tourism where you can imagine in the future people might go on a holiday with a whole lot of other people and travel around the moon and back to earth and team functioning may also be important in that setting. So we have some slides here, thanks Brad. So we're just, we almost had some slides. So there's the example of there are the astronauts with mutiny in space who had issues on Skylab four. This is the example of NASA's thinking about the likelihood of something happening and the consequences of something happening. And you can see that as missions get longer, there you can see sort of yellow versus red. So yellow means that there's medium risk, red means that there's high risk. And as we are travelling for longer, the risks to do with cooperation, coordination and communication increase. And if you just go to the next slide, you can see, and you can go to NASA's webpage and you can see all of the types of gaps in knowledge that NASA thinks exist in relation to team functioning. And at ANU and with Grace Goodman, Brad Tucker and Emma Tucker, we're looking at investigating some of these gaps, and we've done some research already in particular looking at gaps one, two and three. So if we go to the next slide, we can talk a little bit about how we study and how we prepare teams for space. And we're really looking at trying to recruit not only the right individuals, but also the right groups. So even though we might have individuals that have the right characteristics and skills and knowledge, the right approach to cohesion and working with others, putting all of those individuals together doesn't necessarily mean that we're going to have the right team. So perhaps we need to do more than just focus on the individuals, we need to be able to really work very well with teams and to actually select the best teams to travel in space. When we study teams, so how do we go about selecting them? How do we go about working with them? How do we go about studying them? There are a range of techniques. What's been happening probably up until very recently is that a number of times a day, teams that are working together, that are preparing to go to space, or if we're studying teams in other environments, which we're going to talk about soon. Sometimes there are environments that are created to be just like it would be like travelling to or being on another planet. Small habitats, delayed communications, different tasks that people have to complete. In those habitats, members will have to complete surveys. This is an example, this is the NASA Human Experimentation Research Analog. So it has been used to test teams for up to 45 days. There's sound effects in there, it vibrates, there's communication delays to mirror the kind of experiences that teams would have travelling and being located, for example, on Mars. So when we're studying teams in these environments, we would ask surveys. But increasingly, we're being able to use technology in new ways to study these teams. There is this idea that just the size of a mobile phone, people could wear that around their necks and it could monitor the type of interaction that one member of the team is having with another. It could measure the mood, perhaps by looking at facial expression and also the way in which people are talking to one another. These monitors could also assess sleep deprivation and general health of the astronaut. So technology is helping us monitor health, but also could be used to help us monitor team functioning. So these new technologies are really starting to be studied very seriously and giving us new ways to study groups in space. So this is in Houston-Johnson Space Centre, but there's some other images here of other sites that are used to study teams to try and mimic the kind of experiences that astronauts would have in space. Sometimes the European Space Agency, for example, will study teams in high-pressured, confined environments such as these caves training simulation. So people can be sent to unfamiliar areas and the way in which they solve problems, respond to stress, respond to space, sort of restricted space can be studied and examined. There's also the Winter Over Crew, I think is the next slide. Of course, in Antarctica, there are teams that are at sort of research stations there that can sort of, their communications is restricted. They're in a more extreme environment over winter. And so at ANU and in partnership actually with the European Space Agency, we've studied how those teams function over time, over winter to better understand what it might be like for teams who are astronaut teams or for space flight missions. There are some other examples here as well, Brad. This is another example of Mars 500, which was located in Russia. And here they studied teams over 520 days. So the teams are in this sort of confined space, this habitat. It was a culturally diverse team with Russians and Chinese, French and Italians. And they were studying aspects of mental health, stress, sleep, and how people were responding during this time. And again, they had communication delays like you would experience if you, for example, on Mars, simulated landings, simulated Mars walks to see how the team sort of functioned. So I'm just going to have a quick look at these questions just to see if there's anything sort of relevant to where we are now. Okay, I can come back to some of those questions towards the end. So we can go to the next slide, which I just wanted to spend a little bit of time on. So this is data that comes out of the Mars 500 study. And this is the kind of data that would be able to inform the astronauts themselves and mission control about the way in which a team is functioning. So on the y-axis, you have the score of the different individuals that were part of this Mars 500 mission. And across the x-axis, across the bottom, you have the number of days that the mission, that was part of the mission. So we can see how every individual, A, B, C, D, E, sorry, E and F are the individuals who are part of this mission. And we can see how they're responding to these psychological and organisational really measures across time. So you can see that at point zero, many of these individuals are starting at a similar point. But they're all reacting a little bit differently as you look at their scores across time. So you can see in relation to depression, this is the, I've got a mouse here I can use, this is the, Brad, you'd have to use the mouse, sorry. You can see that individual E is suffering much more from depression than the other individuals that are part of this team. And that is likely to have implications for not only that individual, but the team as well. So if something like that happened on a journey to Mars, what might E be able to do to help them sort of better cope with this onset of this mental health sort of issue? You can see when it comes to the third one along confusion and bewilderment, that as the mission gets longer, there are individuals who are having more challenges with some of that cognitive functioning, the idea that the way we process information and think you know might be affected by being in these confined spaces for a long period of time. You can also see how they're reacting to stress, exhaustion, how tired they are. But getting this kind of information quickly back to mission control and being able to have confidence in this information that relates to how the team is functioning means that it's possible to perhaps intervene earlier or put countermeasures into place that are going to help the team function better. We also know from some of the monitors there's some work being done at Michigan State University with monitors and they can see that people are spending less time with one another the longer a mission goes on. So also it was the case here that people are sleeping for longer or isolating themselves from others longer as the mission goes on. So this is the kind of information that we can get and we're working very hard as are other sort of teams and groups around the world to get a very high quality data about the way in which teams are functioning because it is so critical to a successful mission and successful performance for you know for space flight missions and getting to Mars. So there's also a few other sort of slides here I think just this is another site they've all got the same sort of look about them haven't they they're all trying to mimic the kind of size of spacing that would be available with a mission to Mars the way in which we could get resources and what could we get to Mars and often they're going to be very small and people have to learn to live with one another well in those places. This is in Hawaii this is in Mars Desert Research Station in Utah there are research teams interested in geology which is what Penny talked about and also interested in how groups and teams are functioning in you know applying and going to this site almost all year round doing different kinds of research and studies that will help provide information for us getting to Mars. There's also talk about a site here in Australia and if we had an analogue site they're called because they're meant to be an analogue to what it would be like in Mars we would be able to perhaps do more research here and build on some of the expertise that we have in Australia to get a better handle on all sorts of aspects of of a mission but obviously myself and others at ANU would be very interested in better understanding some of the team functioning and the successful indicators that are going to tell us that the team is going well and I just want to finish with our sort of where the research is going I don't know how many of you are familiar with sort of Star Trek Voyager and the idea that members of the crew are wearing a disc that can capture and can and they can use to communicate with one another you know we we would and their work is moving towards this idea of a smart monitor that might be able to assess sleep and stress mood how much contact people are having with one another by looking at facial expressions the type of emotion that might be characterizing those interactions it's also possible without looking at what people are saying to understand how they're saying it to get a sense of whether people are getting on well or not how are they relating to the two leaders in in these particular missions and this kind of technology I think will help us better understand team functioning in isolated confined and extreme environments ice environments better inform the preparation of teams for a successful space mission help us better understand what other what things are important for team cohesion help us train teams better but also develop countermeasures for a very successful a successful mission really and a high performing team that can achieve the goals that they have so that's really the direction that the research is is taking so they were the main points that I wanted to make and thank you Brad for getting these slides up I'm sure they're helpful visuals to kind of see the kind of points that we're making here so let me have a look at some of the questions that we have one question is wasn't psychology included in planning for space missions before I think certainly after sort of the Skylab incidents I think psychology and team aspects and thinking about astronauts working lives and they're how much how much they're able to play a role in deciding what they do and when they do it all of that really came about after some of those events I think psychology has always been there for recruitment for trying to work out who's going to have the right character skills knowledge to be able to be successful in the nasa type program so I think psychology has been there in those aspects I think it's more recently that issues of team you know scientific understanding of team functioning how we measure team functioning is is coming to the fore more recently what criteria is NASA looking for for the perfect astronaut psychologically well a whole lot of sort of characteristics or personality characteristics have been identified often that's about the individual but increasingly this idea of having a cooperative mindset so this ability to get on well with others and to handle sort of stress have emerged as being important in terms of what more important I guess or we've got better information about those things as being important for the missions so it's not yeah so there's a there's a lot you have to be able to do you have to have skills to obviously you know understand the equipment fly complete all the tasks that you need to do on such a space mission but in addition some of these team aspects are also emerging as important you mentioned that in space our cognitive abilities are more limited what causes this ongoing ongoing investigation we know that some of it is to do with the way sort of fluid moves around the body as a function of being in a gravity or a no gravity environment but certainly so yeah coordination finger movements all of those things are much slower and also this idea that sort of it might feel like the way our thinking is going is much slower in space as well perhaps due to this fluid the way fluid responds and doesn't respond in a lower gravity environment so what sort of countermeasures do they use well well it's interesting so some of the countermeasures for example with isolation have been you know have been trying to encourage helping people to connect with and with people on earth so when it's possible to communicate those forms of connection are an important sort of countermeasure making sure that astronauts have time to sort of on their own to sort of think and relax that is seem to be another kind of countermeasure to deal with some of the issues of stress and sleep there are you know ideas now that in fact you could set up remote training modules that astronauts could do where they've got sort of high quality information while traveling in space that would help with some of the time that they they have it at hand that they could have sort of mental health sort of training insights that they could access they could also access um team type information that might be helpful and the more information they got about how their own team is functioning in real time perhaps the more they could perhaps do things that might prevent more serious elements of team conflict so knowing how to resolve conflict and deal with these stressful situations could be very helpful so um yeah so this is a very hard question what actions would be taken if there was a serious dysfunction within the team murder suicide to prevent a failure of a mission particularly if said if the set individuals key to the success of the mission and survival of the other team members so you can see that at its most crisis point there are some very complex issues to do with the way individuals and teams are functioning one of the solutions is to have what's called a leader full team where everyone is capable of leading the team such that if something happens to one individual who might be critical uh to the mission other people can step in and fulfill that role so having some duplication or overlap of skills and abilities could be quite important for mission success um but you looking at that mars 520 data i mean you can see that i mean that wasn't in space it was in a simulated environment but something about being in that confined environment something about team relations perhaps something about isolation loneliness um certainly did lead that one individual to experience more and more depression as the mission went on um perhaps monitoring that would mean that you know it might be possible um to provide um some sort of counseling and support to prevent things um deteriorating or getting worse um okay so there's some other very interesting charts and it seemed there's a couple of people who perform relatively better than others um yeah so if we um knew more about how people if we knew that if we had lots of teams in lots of analog environments and we were studying them uh we would be able to better work out what combination of people um might be work very effectively together so this is all pointing to um more team research um how do we get more women into space um so and would skylab mutiny be due to a change from a military base to a scientific base thinking of nasa um more women in space i mean i think there's um there are um there are many women who've been to space and there obviously uh is um any well not just an interest a real commitment to um having diverse teams in space um that includes women there's certain advantages to women going to space um in terms of uh in terms of their size and weight and being in confined type spaces um so i think that there's lots of programs working very hard to ensure that women are in the best position uh to travel in space um yeah and i think you're right i mean this idea of the mutiny one of the explanations and i've got a reference list um that i can share but um one of the ideas around the mutiny was exactly that that the astronaut was almost seen to be like a piece of equipment um and so this mutiny example led nasa to start to think a lot more as um astronauts as being sort of very valuable members of the team um that they actually needed to be sort of included more in terms of decision making and planning uh and so there was a shift in this idea that um the thinking about the crew kind of changed as a function of this exam this event of mutiny so we've got a little bit longer um i'll just do one or two more questions what can be done about dysfunction depression or psychotic behavior while in space i mean this is a very real question um perhaps particularly when we think about space tourism uh and you know there are questions about whether the medicines that we might take on earth um actually work in space so we there's some research that needs to be done there um and um we don't know about the medication um we certainly um need to think about treatments including uh counseling uh and other interventions that could prevent mental health issues getting worse um so there's another question here any chance of deaf people going space would it be problematic um i'm not sure i know the answer that question i can't think of any if there's methods of communication and abilities to communicate effectively both within the team and with mission control um i can't see why being deaf would prevent people going to space so are there i think we're pretty much at time i hope um you found some of these questions interesting and the human factors i guess are a really important part of the puzzle as well in terms of having successful space missions so thank you