 Good morning everyone, I am Mukta Atre and I am the project manager for this entire project. And I welcome you all to the co-ordinators workshop on heat transfer on behalf of the Aklavya project. Professor Fatak could not join us today, he is the principal investigator for the project. So, I am taking this opportunity to welcome you all, we are very very pleased to have you here. Today's dignitaries include Professor Gayatunde, Professor Sukhatme who is the chief guest for the event, Professor Vedula the head of the department of mechanical engineering, Professor Arun and Professor Prabhu who will be the teaching faculty for this workshop and they will be doing the main workshop as well, very welcome to all of you sir. And now I would like to give the mic to Professor Gayatunde who will be the master of ceremonies for today's event, thank you. Explosion of engineering education, essentially at the undergraduate level, so if you look at the output, the output quantity wise has exploded, grown tremendously, the quality we are not so sure, this growth perhaps should have been more gradual, should have begun instead of 30 years ago maybe 50 years ago, but once it started growing it exploded maybe with a time constant of maybe 3 years, 4 years of that order and that explosive growth has led to problems of what production people called quality control and quality assurance. And we in IIT noticed it because many of these products of engineering colleges came to us at some time or the other for doing their M.Techs and PhDs and we noticed that their basic grounding at the undergraduate level was not as neat as we would have expected and that created issues regarding our teaching of our M.Tech and our management of the P.L.T. programs. This was compounded to some extent by the quality of teachers, the quantity of teachers was low and even the quality of teachers was not what we expected because a sort of an inbreeding or a short circuiting route of you know employing your own graduates as teachers was followed by many of these colleges, indirectly helped by the authority which says that a graduate engineer with a first class degree is immediately eligible to become a faculty member in an engineering college which I do not think looking back was a good idea. So with this background Professor Fatak and Professor Fatak you know once he takes interest in something he will go through hell and high water to satisfy himself. So he did a Bharat Yatra some 6 or 7 years ago and he visited a large number of engineering colleges to look at what the ground reality is, the ground truth is and he came up with some statistics and today's statistics is that there is something like between 4000 and 5000 engineering colleges the number of students who can be admitted is of the order of 13-14 lakhs at the first year. So 4 times that number is roughly the number of students in the college so that becomes about 50 lakhs roughly half a crore. You can take it as a ratio of the population of India and that is not a miniscule number. Slightly more than half of these are in the CSIT electronic type of departments. Now when it comes to teachers the teacher student ratio ideally should be say if it is 1 to 10 it is utopian but a good working ratio may be perhaps is 1 to 15 but it is nowhere near 1 to 15 it is on an average it is 1 to 25 it may be worse than this in CSIT and electronics it may be better than this in traditional branches like mechanical, electrical and civil engineering. It was immediately realized that to improve the quality of output of graduates from these engineering colleges we need to do what is called backward integration rather than let the graduates come out and then try to improve their lot. We should improve the teaching that they go through the teaching learning experience that they go through and since that experience is provided and managed by college teachers it is necessary for us to improve the abilities of the teachers of these students and that is how the Eklavya project began. It was held by the rapid developments of the internet and what is known as the internet and communication technologies, ICT and with appropriate funding from the MHRD the Eklavya project started about how many, 3, 4 years ago, 2005, so 6 years ago. Before Eklavya project started and soon after it was realized that our earlier model of exposing teachers to good engineering practices was what was known as a continuing education program or a short term course for under the QIP scheme or some similar scheme where at a time may be of the order of 30 or 40 teachers could be trained and if you look at the number of students which we just mentioned that the total number of students in engineering colleges is of the order of 40 lakhs or half a crore divide that by 25 or 30 and you get the number of teachers and you will find that 30 at a time at one place is too small a number. So it was decided to jack up this number. The earlier model was something like this, we would have a course here and 30, 35, at most 40 teachers would go back that is almost like a drop in a notion but using ICT a new model was developed properly cooked and implemented by Professor Fatak and this course is may be the 6th or 7th rendition of that model. Since Professor Fatak was in the CS department, he started on his home ground, he started the first I think 3 courses on computer programming and utilization. The model was similar to what is being implemented now. A coordinators workshop for 5 working days out here in IIT Bombay campus and then you go back each one of you become a center coordinator and each center sort of grabs or tries to host something like 30, 40 teachers. So in principle the total audience is of the order of a few hundred at least and perhaps 1000 more than slightly more than 1000 because considering the coordinators batch 30 or 40 is a good number. Considering a classroom in a remote center again 30 or 40 is a good number. So 1000, 1500 at most 2000 is perhaps 40R but that 2000 is a very significant number. Looking at the history, the first 3 courses were computer programming and utilization and then one course in databases and for computer programming and utilization the number of final participants were of the order of I think 500, 700 something like that. For databases the number 1000 was crossed for the first time. I think it was 1030 or 1040. It was then realized that one should not of course a significant number of students are in the electronic CSIT fields but the remaining half are in traditional fields like mechanical, electrical, civil and maybe some in chemical engineering and of course sprinkling of order branches like production, construction, instrumentation and something like that. So professor Fatak started to rope in people from some other departments and he started the first guinea pig turned out to be the department of mechanical engineering and I volunteered to do a course in thermodynamics and I think many some of the phases are familiar so and maybe those who are not familiar no must have known what has happened because at least I see out of this 30 centers some 24 or 25 where centers in thermodynamics. How many centers here which were not centers of thermodynamics? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and how many centers here which were not centers at all earlier in this? Just 4. So we seem to have some set of reasonably established centers that is good because in thermodynamics we could handle something like 850 participants. In electronics the number was something like 1200-1500 roughly then we are half way through implementing photovoltaics that is the coordinators workshop is over and now this is the coordinators workshop for heat transfer. So mechanical engineering is had signed up for thermodynamics is completed the second part of make engineering for some reason again the so called thermal and fluids engineering part is heat transfer beginning now and two other colleagues professor Puranik and professor Sharma right, I do not know whether they are here, at least professor Atul Sharma is here they have already signed up for a similar course on computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer. So this was essentially the background and I hope you will enjoy this coordinators workshop and I hope you will be able to manage. I want all of you to promise that you will get at least 50 participants at each center. So let us see whether we can overtake the electronics. Now may I request professor Sukhathmi the chief guest and since we are all the heat transfer people I do not think I have to introduce professor Sukhathmi, sorry, professor Vedula head of the department today, professor Sridharan, professor Prabhu, coordinators of the workshop project managers all participants who are coming here as coordinators ladies and gentlemen about three months ago I inaugurated the two week workshop on thermodynamics which was being conducted at remote centers and today it is my pleasure to inaugurate this five day coordinators workshop for the subject of heat transfer. They are two related subjects and it is very logical that having conducted the course in thermodynamics we should now go on to heat transfer and it is further it will be logical if we go on to do a course on CFD which is to follow. So that you know we will have completed a bunch of courses which sort of relate to each other in mechanical engineering. Professor Gaithundey has already explained the nature of the course and it is important as coordinators that you appreciate the philosophy behind having these workshops the five day followed by the ten day. I think he mentioned to you that earlier we and even today for that matter short term workshops are there all the time going on in colleges, institutes typically twenty to thirty participants, typically one professor and they are usually held in the summer or in the winter. This has been going on and we will go on but the main problem with such workshop is you reach too much smaller audience you reach out only twenty, thirty, forty people at the most and therefore you do not make that kind of impact that you would like. Secondly one of the features of these workshops is that now you are specifically trying to enhance teaching skills of teachers. Normally when we used to hold IST workshops in the old days we would teach the subject like we teach it to M. Tech students and hope that those who attend will absorb and then automatically teach better. These workshops however which you are attending and this five plus ten day plan is to enhance teaching skills. You know engineering is one feature field where the qualification for being a professor is that you should have a PhD or you should have an M. Tech first class and things like that. Nobody asks whether the person can communicate well or whether the person can teach well. You know that in itself is an art. It is that way. There is no point in my saying why it is so. It is so. I suppose by the time you get a PhD you are so tired of studying that if you ask one more degree you would not get anybody. As it is we are not getting enough people to teach. So that could be one reason. But the fact is most of us pick up our teaching skills on the job as we go along. During our M. Tech we might have been teaching assistants and so on. So we pick up a few skills. But really the skill begins when you face the first class in your college as a young lecturer and you have sixty students in front of you and they are out to trouble you let me tell you when you are young and you have to take it in your stride and once you do then you do something with your life. So the particular workshop which you are attending this five day followed by the ten day later is not only to bring out concepts and ideas in the subject of heat transfer but also to specifically improve and empower the teacher with more teaching skills. And in that sense it is different. It is also different because as Professor Geithan mentioned we are now reaching out to a much larger number. And this is the magic of distance learning. It is a combination of classroom teaching and distance learning that we are adopting in this model. Classroom teaching you reach out to two smaller number. Distance learning you can reach out to any number but then it is the distance and that distance means you are just having something that is being heard. Now we have got interactive mode and we also have coordinators like you who will go from here go back there and be present to conduct tutorials solve problems and so on. So not only are we reaching out to a larger number but I think we are reaching out more effectively to a larger number. And again as Professor Geithan mentioned the number is now significant enough for instance I estimated that say this year across the country there will be about 4000 places 4000 teachers required for teaching heat transfer this year. Now in this course we will be reaching out to nearly 1000 may be more may be less but of that order which means you are really straight away reaching out to about 20 or may be slightly higher percentage of that total population that we are talking about you understand. So it is a significant number of teachers who are going to be teaching heat transfer to whom one is reaching out and that is also very very important because the dimension of the problem is huge now. It has just skyrocketed you may sometimes just to give you some numbers I joined the Banaras engineering college as a first year student in 1954. The total student engineering capacity for colleges undergraduate capacity at that time was around 10,000 less than 10,000 for the whole country. Today the sanctioned capacity in the country exceeds 1 million alright more than 10 lakhs it is being filled entirely but it still it is in lakhs now. We are talking of something close to 10 lakhs as the total number of students who are probably getting into engineering colleges. So you can see the the volume of expansion that has taken place it is not volume corresponding to population growth our population is only 3 times in the last 60 years but this has grown and that is because the country has industrialized more rapidly so it is inevitable whether it should have grown so rapidly not grown so rapidly these are points which will always be debated and so on but the fact is this is the reality quantity is there quality has suffered and we need to increase quality and therefore such workshops as many as can be held need to be encouraged and need to be attended. Now the success of the workshop in terms of delivery depends on of course the two persons who will be conducting this workshop and that is professor Prabhu and professor Sridharan they will be conducting the workshop. I can assure you they are young they are enthusiastic and they will make you work hard they will also work hard no question about it ok. At the end of the day if any of you has any energy left join a walking contest with professor Prabhu let me tell you is the fastest walker on the campus anytime we meet as soon as we exchange a few words I tell Prabhu you know you go ahead I cannot keep pace with you. So at the end of the day if you have some energy left take him on for a walking race he will probably I think unless you are really a fast walker he probably still be way ahead of you. So he has energy use that energy to learn more heat transfer and in turn let me tell you when you go back and 2 months or 3 months later when we hold the 10 day workshop in remote center and each one of you will be at one remote center we expect you also to handle your job very responsibly then the success of the course is assured. So coordinators have a very important role and we urge you to take this job seriously not only will you benefit I mean professionally because you will teach the course a whole lot better but you will have the pleasure of also having helped another 30-40 people in your remote center to also pick up the course and there is no pleasure like having brought up people who themselves come back to you with the feedback saying because you were here I now do better what I am supposed to do. So do take your job seriously there will be things like attendance and all but you know attendance and all are what I call disciplinary measures beyond the point that do not have that same impact as feeling that you should do your job well once you have that feeling it gets done and that I want you all to have that feeling. Now let me talk a little bit about the subject of heat transfer the subject of heat transfer is a in my view you can say it is a biased view it is a what I call a fascinating subject it is a fascinating subject because it is many widespread applications that is what makes it in my view a very fascinating subject. It is a fascinating subject because it requires a knowledge of physics it requires a knowledge of mathematics and it also requires an engineer skill to be able to solve day to day problem that is what makes it fascinating it is not just mathematics it is not just physics it is applying the principles of physics and science to problems of interest and then developing devices which work in real life and or if devices have been built in analyzing those devices this is what heat transfer is all about and it is fascinating because it keeps growing the areas of application keep growing just to give you an example for instance when we used to study radiation the first time I studied radiation as subject incidentally there was no undergraduate course in heat transfer for me I never did an undergraduate subject of heat transfer it was not there in the curriculum in the 50s in India all right. So I studied heat transfer straight away as a postgraduate student taking subjects like conduction heat transfer convection etc and then when I came back to teach I had to teach an undergraduate course which I myself has never undergone you see things have changed but just to come back again to what I was saying the subject is fascinating because the areas in which we are interested keep changing earlier when we used to talk of radiation the old days the problems we gave generally you would have a problem involving furnaces you have some furnace walls and you will say they are exchanging heat by radiation calculate the heat exchange or if there is one surface which is a re-radiating surface what will be its temperature and things like that typical problems of furnaces where what we did suddenly in the late 50s space the first spacecraft went up it was Putnik went up in 56 another undergraduate student okay and immediately problems of space are all problems in which radiation plays a critical role in trying to either cool equipment on board or in trying to see that equipment on board does not overheat and things like that. So radiation applied to space problems became a big thing in the late 50s and continues to be a big area of interest in the old days when we studied conduction for instance classically people say conduction for what conduction means first thing is give a problem on insulation around a pipe old standard problem in heat transfer as best as insulation primer glass insulation if you have a pipe or if it is a refrigeration or an air conditioning problem and insulation for lower temperature what would be the thickness of that insulation typical old fashioned problem in conduction to be done that has changed now today for instance I mean tonight today but you know few years ago as electronics became more and more miniaturized problems of conduction and convection in miniature systems electronic systems in chips became the things which we started worrying about and therefore heat transfer problems associated with electronics became a major subject of interest and so many problems can be thought of and that can be done in these areas convection take an example like that all of you know if you know the Dieters-Bolter equation turbulent flow through a pipe or standard question always when we meet somebody says if there is flow in a pipe when does it become turbulent he says Reynolds number is greater than 2000 so good he at least knows that much then you say if you have studied heat transfer what equation will you use he will say normal equation is no such number 0.023 Reynolds number to the 0.8 etc. he knows that much but today now we are no longer using big pipes we are using micro scale micro heat transfer small diameter pipes and in small diameter pipes different dimensionless numbers take over two phase flow in this occurs and two phase flow the flow patterns as well as the correlations have changed so heat transfer at a micro scale has become a very important problem have become very important application one which problems have to be solved the same principles still hold it is radiation convection and conduction but the nature of the application has changed and that is what makes heat transfer a fascinating subject more importantly lately there are so many problems involving the life sciences which require a good knowledge of heat transfer let me give you one example if you read the newspapers nowadays there is a lot of talk about people using cell phones and is cell phone radiation harmful is that typical if you read any newspaper and depending upon whether which side you are on you will say if you are a manufacturer you will say it is absolutely nothing the amount of radiation is negligible stop worrying about it if you are a user and you feel strongly about it you will go on saying because radiation was high in that building so many children got cancer or so many people get headaches and things like that and these are the typical newspaper articles come why is one worried about the effects of what is the mechanism first of all you ask yourself behind this two things are talked about one is they say if you hold the cell phone close to your ear then it is microwaves after all that are being transmitted and those microwaves could be causing heating just like in a microwave oven a microwave oven has by the way few hundreds of watts this year we are talking about milliwatts or you know something of that order that too you know just for a certain amount of time will that cause harm will it cause over heating there are a whole lot of people who will say yes that is what is causing the damage the heating that occurs because you hold a cell phone near for a long period of time and therefore you should not make a call for more than few minutes or something like that there are others who say look I mean if you are a heat transfer engineer they say well the heating can never be important you are talking about milliwatts of power you are talking about large area at the most those temperatures temporarily may go out by a fraction of a degree it is not worth talking about but it remains still a problem of contention by the way there are people who do not know heat transfer who do not understand that when something heats up it has to lose heat also so what they do is they say if you hold the cell phone for half an hour here and it is a 0.1 watt or 0.2 watts then 0.2 into 30 minutes is the amount of energy that has gone in take some mass here and multiply it by specific heat so the rise of temperature is 5 degrees 10 degrees things like that I have seen people say that which is absolute nonsense because the moment something heats up it has to start losing heat you have to reach some steady state value but many people do not appreciate that argument even on discussed faculty if you read it you will see there are people going around who are not fortunate belonging to mechanical engineering who are talking such things so the point is heat transfer as a subject has widespread ramifications and so as a teacher it is not only important to understand the principles of the subject which of course remain the same or do not change all that much but to also understand the applications and go out into applications that interesting then the subject automatically you retain interest in it if you teach the same thing if you solve the same problems here in and here out well then automatically say what is there you know students come I teach them my notes are ready I will go and teach that that is not enough you have to keep adding on material in the form of new problem deleting older problems and so on then you are yourself mentally active students also enjoy it we used to have a teacher in Banaras I remember still you know who used to enter our class and the general story was that the notes he used to bring but the notes which he took down when he was a student that was the general story I probably correct so he was used to follow his notes very rigorously so good teacher by the way but you know notes he used to follow regularly and if for instance you know there was a repeater in the class you know in Banaras in those days if you failed more than two subjects you have to repeat the whole year sometimes you know there will be somebody if you students would be repeating the whole year and then if there is a repeater next to you you know now Charu is always going to tell us a joke and say how do you know it is in my notes here already you know that kind of thing everything else you know so at least do not write down jokes in your notes there should be something that must come from your heart so there is scope all the time for doing something new people should never think the subject means I have got my notes and I just walk in and deliver there is always something new to be added that is what makes the teaching of engineering so fascinating because there are so many applications keep reading about those applications get problems from them you will be interested your students also will be interested so let me now I think conclude with what I wanted to say I think what I have said is basically two or three things first of all I have talked a little about the nature of this workshop the five day workshop the five day workshop is to be followed by the ten day workshop at remote center and through this mechanism we believe we will be enhancing the teaching skills of a much larger number of teachers all across the country I also talked about the responsibilities of coordinators we want them to work hard we want them to learn the subject we want them not only to improve their skills but to improve the skills of others at remote center so we do feel that you know they have a very heavy responsibility we have to carry out our mandate properly and finally I talked a little bit about heat transfer just to keep you entertained you know the subject is good I have loved teaching it as I told you the first time I taught it was in 1966 that was the first time I taught the subject and I taught it for nearly 30 years or 35 years after that quite regularly of an on for undergraduate course it was never for me a boring subject to teach never not once did I walk into an undergraduate class and say oh not the same thing again it never happened why simply because you are all the time reading something you are adding something you are subtracting something and above all you are always facing new students you may be the same but the students are changing and mind you let me tell you you may think you know the subject but every year you will always find there will be a bright student or two in the class who will come up with a question and you will need to think about the answer to that question so do not ever overestimate that there is nothing left to ask I know all the questions they are going to ask I know all the answers it never happens there is always somebody who will come up with a question and you need to think about the answer and that is what makes a subject like this fascinating so interesting and something which absorbs you and keeps you going in life and feeling younger all the time I would love to teach it transfer again to be quite honest the traveler you grow older you do not quite have that shall I say energy to teach or you do not quite have the feel for numbers that you had earlier you cannot move with that electorate is used to when you were younger that is the only thing but teaching it has been a joy I want you to enjoy the subject I want you to enjoy your teaching and at the same time work hard then only everything between meaning the teaching profession itself then starts attaining a different meaning so with these words let me say I once again great pleasure in being here this morning I have great pleasure in inaugurating this five day workshop I wish it all success and I hope that you will go back rich and also of course in the ten day workshop to follow will be a great success Thank you very much Thank you very much professor Sukhat now may I request professor RP Vedula HOD of mechanical engineering and a teacher of it transfer in his own right to say something this comes as a total surprise to me I was just supposed to come here sit and do nothing and he says teacher of transfer in his own right I do not know what he means because I am not sure if he ever sat in my class when I was first you did incidentally I did sit in professor Sukhatne's class long time ago when he was teaching and like he said we would all wish for him we would a few lectures at least but at least with his knowledge we would have benefited quite a bit but then at least he has come here and he has said something to you all very relevant things we really thank him for having taken the time to come here and address all of us ok of course and they have been teaching heat transfer in our department and like both they have said both are very good teachers and I hope you all will enjoy your next few days of stay here and of course hopefully when you go back to your local centers you are going to be giving out as much energy as these two people have been giving to you thank you very much so may I introduce professor S. V. Prabhu and professor Arun Sridharan before I hand it over to professor Prabhu for the formal beginning of the course some introduction professor Prabhu is an alumnus of this institute he has a PhD and professor Vedula was his supervisor so before that he did his B.E. from Mysore University and M.Tech from Parishisurathakal now NIT-Surathakal and he has worked in Palghat with the flow control institute and he is a superb experimentalist and he will see to it that you do your demonstration and learning experiments here and he will also see to it heat transfer lab for the final main workshop at your respective places if you have a shortage or if you are not sure collect all the relevant data from you within 3 months you should be able to set up if you are interested a reasonably good heat transfer lab professor Arun Sridharan do not go by his name he has and those who are Marathi can speak to him in Marathi and he will properly talk Marathi to you the other Hindu colony Marathi type well he is not an alumnus of IIT Bombay but that does not make him any less important for us now may I just request professor Prabhu and may be professor Arun to take over thank you. Good morning everybody I do not want to waste time all the professors who have come on Monday morning here so we will be getting started with after the tea session at 10.30 and what we have planned is may be we will spend today conduction and next 2 days that is Tuesday, Wednesday on convection and radiation will be on Thursday a little bit of radiation on Thursday Friday morning followed by heat exchangers on Friday in the morning session and Friday evening this sort of wash out technically in the sense that we will be focusing on how to coordinate and other things like that I think I do not want to waste any of anyone else's time just to say that I sincerely thank professor Vedula and professor Sukatne and of course professor Gayathonday who has in fact without professor Gayathonday's enthusiasm myself and professor Arun would not have jumped into this and we got the mail from professor Gayathonday I saw the mail somewhere in midnight and I immediately talked to Arun and the next day we had met perhaps Dr. Mukta so it is all his enthusiasm and he is always behind us to help us out in fact in the main workshop I am even requesting professor Gayathonday to take couple of lectures as I had already requested professor Sukatne and as you have heard from him he does not want to get involved at the teaching level at this stage but professor Gayathonday will be there with us at every stage to help us out in finer details with this I will stop interacting with you now and we will get started at 10.30 thank you good morning everybody thank you for being here we sincerely like to thank the dignitaries on the dais and our colleagues who have come here we hope that the interaction during this coordinator's workshop is very fruitful to all of you let us make this as interactive as possible let it not be a one way street the schedule is drawn for five days does not mean that we have to follow it in lettering spirit we are always open for discussion during the session as well as during the lunch slash dinner which is going to be there one of us will be there at either the lunch or the dinner session for any kind of interaction and at other times also if you feel free to stop us for anything related to the course ok so let it be a two way street and let it not be a monologue because teaching is one thing which cannot survive if it is a one way street so please keep all channels of communication open thank you for this opportunity to thank professor Sukhatmi on the behalf of the Aklavya team and professor Fatak who couldn't be here today thank you sir thank you very much it was a great pleasure listening to you as usual professor Gayatundi thank you very much for making the time and professor Vedula thank you so much for coming here I request you to join us for tea outside thank you so much