 Section 1 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by M. White. An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Carey. Section 1. Preface. It is believed that there are many persons, some of them students in theology, unacquainted with the Greek language, and with neither time nor inclination for the study of classical Greek literature, who would nevertheless be glad to read the New Testament in its original tongue. For the aid of such, this little work has been prepared. It contains what is absolutely necessary for the understanding of New Testament Greek, emitting, or occasionally introducing in brackets, what is applicable only to classical authors. Not that a familiarity with this book alone will enable one to read off-hand the Greek New Testament without further assistance, but he who has faithfully studied this introduction will then be in a situation to make use of more elaborate works. Perhaps the most helpful book to the beginner is Bagster's analytical Greek lexicon. Too helpful if mental discipline is sought, but not if one's only aim is to economize time and labor. To the advanced student, supposed to be already in possession of some good New Testament lexicon, Buttman's Grammar of the New Testament Greek, or Weiner's Grammar of the Idiom of the New Testament, is also indispensable. Notwithstanding the very elementary character of the following lessons, they presume in the learner an acquaintance with the fundamental principles of English grammar, only that which is peculiar to the Greek has been explained. As very few inflected words occur in all their parts in the New Testament, different words have often been introduced into the same paradigm. Therefore, the student will probably find it best to memorize in order only the terminations. In the appendix is a uniform paradigm of the regular verb, which will be found convenient for reference. Also, a tabular view of the endings of nouns. Prior to publication, these lessons have been used with several classes in the Meadville Theological School and seem to have answered the purpose for which they were designed. Those familiar with them have been able to proceed at once with the assistance above referred to to the reading of the easier portions of the New Testament. To Professor Ezra Abbott of Harvard University, I am much indebted for assistance in the revision of proof sheets and for valuable suggestions which have contributed to the completeness and accuracy of the work. GLC, Meadville, Pennsylvania, December 1, 1878. End of Section 1, Recording by M. White. Section 2 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Recording by M. White. An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Kerry. Section 2. The Greek alphabet. Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, yota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron, p, rho, sigma, tau, epsilon, phi, ki, psi, omega. When iota is written under another vowel, it is called iota subscript. Most editors use the character final sigma at the end of words instead of normal sigma. Pronunciation. Although there is a lack of agreement among scholars as to the best pronunciation of Greek, the tendency in this country is decidedly towards the adoption of what is called the continental method, the essential features of which are presented in the following remarks. Alpha has a sound of a in father. At the end of an unaccented syllable, it is usually obscure like the a in penalty, except at the end of a word. Before consonants in the same syllable, it is usually short like a in hat. The diphthong alpha iota is pronounced like ai in isle, and alpha-oopsalon like o-u in house. Gamma is always hard like g in give. Before kappa, gamma, ki, xi, it has the sound of ng. Epsilon is pronounced like e in get, epsilon iota like ei in height. Ada is pronounced like a in fate. Theta has the sound of th in thin. Iota has the sound of i in machine, except before a consonant in the same syllable, where it is pronounced like i in pin. Xi has the force of ks. Omicron is usually sounded like o in not, but at the end of a syllable, it approximates the o in note. The diphthong omega-oopsalon has the sound of o-o in moon. Omicron iota does not differ from the English o-i. Oopsalon and epsilon-oopsalon are to be sounded like e-w in few. Oopsalon iota like we. Few persons distinguish in pronunciation between xi and kappa, but it is better to give the xi the sound of the German ch, as it is pronounced after a-o-u, and the Spanish j. Omega has the sound of o in note. The diphthongs alpha-iota subscript, ada-iota subscript, omega-iota subscript, for delta-iota, epsilon-iota, omega-iota, like alpha, ada, omega. The names of the letters in the alphabet given on page 1 are to be pronounced according to the foregoing rules. Punctuation, breathings, and accents. The marks of punctuation peculiar to the Greek are the colon and the mark of interrogation. The rough breathing, before or above a vowel, beginning of a word has the force of h. The smooth breathing only indicates the absence of aspiration. The breathings are also used in certain cases with the consonant ro, but no distinction is now made in pronunciation between ro with a rough breathing mark and ro with a smooth breathing mark. The accents, acute, grav and circumflex, indicate on what syllables the stress of voice is to be laid. The grav accent is found only on final syllables, where it regularly takes the place of the acute in continued discourse, and indicates that the syllable, while the word stands in that position, has a softened tone. Very few of these marks of discrimination are found in the older manuscripts. Modern editors punctuate according to their own judgment. Classification of the consonants. The consonants are divided with reference to the organs chiefly concerned in their production into labials like p, beta, phi and mu, linguals like tau, delta, theta, z, sigma, lambda, nu and ro, and paletals, kappa, gamma, xi. The double consonants, xi and psi, are virtually included in this classification, being equivalent respectively to kappa sigma and p sigma. Lambda, mu, nu, ro are also called liquids. The mutes are divided into smooth, p, kappa, tau, middle, beta, gamma, delta, and rough, phi, key, theta. Those produced by the same organs, for instance, the labials p, beta, phi, are called cognate. End of section 2, recording by M. White. Section 3 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by M. White. An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Carey. Section 3. Lessons 1-3. Lesson 1. A verb ending in omega in the present indicative active. Most Greek verbs end in omega in the first person singular of the present indicative active. Pistuo, I believe. Pistueis, thou believest. Pistuei, he believes. Pistuomen, we believe. Pistueite, you believe. Pistuucin, they believe. The present tense in all its modes represents an action or state as continued or repeated. The unchangeable part of an inflected word, for example, pistu, in the verb pistuo, is called the stem. The terminations appended to the stems of verbs indicate the person and number of the subject. Verbs in the third person ending in sin and n, with a few exceptions, may drop the noon before a consonant. Lesson 2. The personal pronouns in the nominative case. The context alone can determine whether a verb in the indicative mode is declarative or interrogative. In the present passage, the texas receptis punctuates interrogatively. Ego echo, I have. Su acase, thou hast. Amace acomen, we have. Humace acete, you have. A personal pronoun, when expressed as the subject of a verb, is usually, if not always, emphatic. Translate. For the meanings of words not already defined, see the vocabulary at the end of the book. In accordance with the general custom, the Greek verbs are there given in the first person of the present indicative and their English equivalents in the infinitive. Lego from Matthew 24, 64. Lague from Matthew 26, 38. Lagueomen from Romans 4, 9. Laguece from Matthew 26, 70. Laguecine from Matthew 11, 18. Laguete from Matthew 16, 2. Kai legae, Matthew 4, 6. Ego de lago, Matthew 5, 32. Echete, Matthew 5, 46. Echete, Matthew 6, 8. LESSON 3. Verbs in omega in the imperfect, indicative, active. Whenever in lessons 2 through 33, other verbs are substituted for pistuo. As examples of the inflection of verbs in omega, the learner is to understand that the corresponding forms of pistuo are not found in the New Testament. Elegan, I said, or was saying. Echese, thou hattest. Epistuen, he trusted. Echomen, we had. Epistuete, you believed. Epistuan, they believed. Notes, the second person singular and the first person plural of the imperfect, indicative, active are of exceedingly rare occurrence in the New Testament. Tischendorf's text has Echese instead of Echese, thou hattest. Also, pronouns in brackets represent subjects which are expressed in the context. For example, in the present passage, Epistuen, he trusted. The text says, Jesus, Epistuen. Jesus trusted. The imperfect tense represents an action or state as continued or repeated in past time and may often be rendered into English by was and the present participle. In conditional sentences, it may refer to present time. For example, For if you believed in Moses, you would believe in me, John 5, 46. The imperfect tense sometimes has a cognitive force, indicating only the attempt to perform an action. Thus, in Acts 7, 26, Sunei-les-sen, autus, ace, erenei, is to be rendered, he endeavored to reconcile them and not he reconciled or was reconciling them. Even the present tense occasionally has this cognitive focus, for example, the thazete. In John 10, 32. The vowel epsilon, rarely eta, prefixed in certain past tenses to verbs beginning with a consonant, is called the syllabic augment. In verbs beginning with row, the row is usually doubled after the augment. The few exceptions to the doubling of the row all occur in other tenses than the imperfect, and but a single case is found outside the epistles. Verbs beginning with a vowel usually have, in the tenses above referred to, a temporal augment, obtained by lengthening the vowel, alpha and epsilon becoming eta, epsilon sometimes epsilon yota, and omicron becoming omega. Thus, a kuo becomes in the imperfect a kuon. Translate, elegan, Matthew 9, 21, ekeite, 1 John 2, 7. Elegan, Matthew 26, 5, nun de legete, John 9, 41, su pistueis, John 9, 35, eridasken, Matthew 5, 2, ekeru sen, Acts 9, 20, du luo, Luke 15, 29, du luo, Galatians 4, 25, ekeite, Matthew 10, 27. End of section 3, Recording by M. White. Section 4 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. This Libyrox recording is in the public domain. Recording by M. White. An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Carey. Section 4. Lessons 4 to 6. Lesson 4. Verbs in omega. In the future, indicative, active. Pistuso. I shall or will believe. La truceis. Thou shalt serve. Tis pistusei. Who will entrust? Pistuso men. We will believe. Pistuete. Will you believe? Pistuusin. They will believe. Note, Pistusomen. This is the reading of the Texas Receptus, from which Tischendorf differs. The consonant which, in several tenses, stands between the stem and the personal vowel endings is called the tense characteristic. It is not found in all verbs. Hexace. Thou shalt or wilt have. Grapso. I will write. The double consonant, c, may originate in any of the three combinations. Kappa Sigma. Gamma Sigma. Key Sigma. The double consonant, c, in P Sigma. Beta Sigma. And Phi Sigma. Thus, Hexace becomes Hexace, and Grapso becomes Grapso. The aspiration of the Epsilon in the future of Echo is merely a relic of the Sigma with which the root of the verb once commenced. Tereso. I shall or will keep. 2 Corinthians 11.9 When the last letter of the root of a verb is a short vowel, it is usually lengthened in all tenses except the present and the imperfect. Thus, from Tereo, we have the future Tereso. Translate. Basileuse. Luke 1.33 Acusete. Matthew 13.14 Acusucine. John 10.16 Latrusucine. Acts 7.7 Basileusucine. Revelation 26. Poste Pistusucine. Romans 10.14 Etrecete. Callous. Galatians 5.7 Terece. John 14.23 Lagruucine. Revelation 7.15 Egotreco. 1 Corinthians 9.26 Lesson 5 A verb in Omega in the hei'rst indicative active. Epistusa. I believed. Epistusa. Epistusa. Epistusa. Epistusa. Epistusa. I believed. Epistusas. Thou believest. Epistucine. He believed. Epistusamen. We believed or became believers. Epistusate. You believed. Epistusan. They believed. The hei'rst indicative denotes simply the past occurrence of an action or a state. But it sometimes has the force of the English perfect or pluperfect. In the dependent modes, except in indirect discourse, the distinction of time between the present and the hei'rst disappears. The imperfect and hei'rst tenses are the only ones which regularly take the augment. Lesson 6 Nouns with the article in the nominative singular. The father said The mother says The face shown. The article is inflected to indicate gender, number and case and must agree in these respects with the noun which it limits. The form ha is masculine. Hei. Feminine. And ta neuter. Translate. Ekusas. John 11 41. Ekusa. John 8 40. Ekusamen. Luke 22 71. Ekusan. Luke 2 Luke 15 25. Ekusate. Matthew 26 65. Agrapsa. Romans 15 15. Agrapsen. Mark 10 5. Agrapsate. First Corinthians 7 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. 2. 1. 2. pepestukas thou hast believed, pepestuken he has believed. hemes pepestukamen we have believed, humes pepestukate you have believed, teterekasin they have kept. The termination of the third person plural is sometimes on instead of asin. In the perfect and pluperfect tenses, whenever the root begins with a consonant other than row, zee, ksi, or psi, followed by a vowel or a liquid, a special kind of augment called the reduplication is generally prefixed to the root. This consists of the first letter of the verb or, if this is a rough mute, its corresponding smooth followed by epsilon. In other cases, these tenses simply take the usual augment. There are one or two instances, though not in the Texas Receptus, of reduplication in verbs beginning with row. Nouns of the first declension in the nominative singular. Heidaxa, Kaihe Sophia, Kaihe Teimei, Glory and Wisdom and Honor, Revelation 7, 12. Heleas, Ilias or Elijah, Matthew 11, 14. Houdas, Judas, Mark 16, Houdas, Judas, Mark 14, 10. Hadespotase, Master or Lord, Revelation 6, 10. Greek nouns are classed together according to similarity of inflection into three declensions. Nouns of the first declension are either masculine, endigan, as, or ace, or feminine, in the New Testament. Nouns in us of the first declension are, with one or two exceptions, proper names. Abstract nouns and nominatives used in address often take the article which must, of course, be omitted in translation. Translate. Teterica, John 15, 10. LaLeso, John 14, 30. LeLaLeka, John 14, 25. ElLaLesa, 2 Corinthians 4, 13. KaiEbasiLusan, Revelation 24. DeduLuKamen, John 8, 33. AduLuSen, Theliman 2, 22. AduLuSate, Galatians 4, 8. AbasiLusas, Revelation 11, 17. Haseas haprofeites, John 1, 23. LESSON 9. Verbs in omega in the pluperfect, indicative, active. Eidene, I knew. Eidase, thou newest. Hasperipepateke, who had walked. EbebuLuKamen, we had advised. Edeite, Nugi, PepistuKesan, they had believed. And the Texas Receptus, Hayden, note that edene and edase are from the irregular verb edo, whose pluperfect has the force of an imperfect. C. 46. For edete, the Titendorf reads, peripatesen. The augment of a verb is seldom, and the reduplication never, affected by prefixing a preposition to the verb. In classical Greek, the pluperfect tense usually takes, if possible, the syllabic augment in addition to the reduplication. But in New Testament Greek, this is rare. In Acts 14.8, the Elsevier text reads, peripapateke. Verbs whose roots end in a smooth, or middle labial, or palatal, see page 3, 4, peripapateke, have the rough breathing, instead of kappa, for the tense characteristic of the perfect and pluperfect tenses, the consonant combining with the breathing to form the corresponding rough mute. Nouns of the first declension in the genitive singular, with and without the article. Taste doxase of glory. Sophias of wisdom. Teemase of honor. Heleo of Elias. Yuda of Judas. Tu profetu of the prophet. Note, in Luke 1.17, the only other passage where this word is found in the genitive, that is, heliu of alias. The Tischendorf text reads, helea. In translating the genitive case, we are frequently obliged to supply certain prepositions, particularly of. This circumlocution may often be avoided by the use of the possessive case, to which the genitive in many respects corresponds. Nouns of the first declension ending in a vowel commonly have their genitive in ace, but those in a, pure, that is, alfa preceded by a vowel, and usually those in ra, retain the alfa throughout the singular number. So also does na, contracted from minnaa. Nouns of the first declension in a, not pure, form the genitive in a. Some proper names in ace have their genitive in a, but these were not originally Greek words. Contrary to the rule earlier, martha has for its genitive marthas, and in some of the best manuscripts, the genitive of luda is ludas. But these nouns are from the Hebrew. See section 43. Translate. Tess hamartias. John 8, 34. Tess agapes. 2nd Corinthians, 13, 11. Herudu tu titzrarcu. Acts 13, 1. Ge yuda. Matthew 2, 6. See vocabulary. Hapater tis dokses. Ephesians 1, 17. Meta dokses. 2nd Timothy 2, 10. End of section 5, recording by M. White. Section 6 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recorded by Zoe. An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Kerry. Lessons 11 to 15. Lesson 11. Verbs in the omega in the present subjunctive active. Tilego. What shall I say or why should I say? Can prosphereis if thou bringest. Hosan pistuei whoever shall believe. Hina legomen that we say or to say. Can pistueite even if or even though you believe. Legosin when they say are saying or shall say. Actions and states expressed in the subjunctive mode are simply conceived of as possible, not affirmed to be real. In some respects, this mode corresponds to the English potential and subjunctive modes. Yet it must very often be translated by the indicative, infinitive, or imperative. In the various tenses of the subjunctive mode, the element of time is subordinate to that of manner, and independent sentences is determined by the time of the leading verb. See Lesson 1. Lesson 12. Lounds in the first declension in the date of singular with and without the article. In translating the date of case, we must often supply prepositions, particularly to, for, and with. In some manuscripts, Ioane, spelled iota, omega, alpha, nu, nu, epsilon, iota, is found instead of Ioane, spelled iota, omega, alpha, nu, nu, eta with iota subscript, as the date of Ioanes. Translate. First Corinthians 4-8. Hina me lego. Philippians 19. Hotan lege tis. First Corinthians 3-4. Note. Notice the difference in accent and position between tis, interrogative, with an accent on the iota, and tis, indefinite, with no accent. The latter never stands at the beginning of a sentence. Hina lege te. First Corinthians 1-10. Echomen. Hebrews 12-28. Note. The first person of the subjunctive is often used in exhortations. Etreomen. Hebrews 12-28. Note. The context shows that this should be translated by the potential mode using the auxiliary me. Anne Echete. Matthew 17-20. Hosann me Eche. Luke 8-18. Hina Echete. John 5-40. Hina Ecosin. John 10-10. Lesson 13. A verb in omega in the aorist subjunctive active. Hina Pistoso, that I may believe. Anne Pistosaise, if thou believest. Hina Pistosaise, that it may believe. Hina Pistosaomen, that we may believe. May Pistosaite, believe not. Hina Pistosaucin, that they might believe. On the aorist subjunctive, see Lesson 5 and Lesson 11. Lesson 14. Nouns of the first declension in the accusative singular with and without the article. Daksan Kaiti Main, Glory and Honor. Tainsofian, The Wisdom. Heleian, Elias. Yudan, Judas. The Master. The Greek accusative case does not differ essentially in its uses from the English objective. Lesson 15. Nouns in the first declension in the vocative singular. Yuda, Judas. Despota, Master or Lord. The vocative case is used in exclamation and address. In the plural number and sometimes in the singular, the nominative form is used for the vocative. Translate. U me Pistosaite, Luke 22.67. Note, the context calls for the auxiliary will or would. Hina Pistosaite. John 11.15. Anne Garme Pisteosaite. John 8.24. Memiseken. John 15.18. Memisekasin. John 15.24. Daksan U Lambano. John 5.41. Kai U Lambanete. John 5.43. Apo Dakses Aes Daksan. 2 Corinthians 3.18. Jesus Emarturesen. Jotiprofetes Timayn Ukeke. John 4.44. Ectes Fules Iuda. Revelations 5.5. End of section 6. Section 7 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For further information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Carey. Section 7. Lessons 16 to 19. Lesson 16. Verbs in Omega in the present, Optative, Active. Vulevi mi, I might advise. Vulevis, Thou mightest advise. Prin achi, before he has. Vulevi men, we might advise. I paschite, if you suffer. I achien, if they had. Remark A. The fundamental idea of the Optative mode does not differ from that of the Subjunctive, but the conceptions of the former are more subjective, looking less to outward realization than those of the latter. Remark B. In the Optative, as in the Subjective mode, tense distinctions have comparatively little to do with the indication of time, which, in dependent sentences, is determined by the leading verb. Remark C. This mode is rarely used by the New Testament writers. Lesson 17. Nouns of the first declension in the plural number with the article. Nominative. E amartie, the scenes. Genitive. Don amartion, of our scenes. Dative. Des amartie, to our scenes. Accusative. Des amartie, the scenes. Nominative. I profite, the prophets. Genitive. Don profiton, of the prophets. Dative. Des profites, to the prophets. Accusative. Des profitas, the prophets. Remark, the article often has the force of a possessive pronoun, whose person and number must be determined from the context. Translate. 1. From the Galilean, to the Jordanian, to the Ioannian. Matthew 3.13. 2. I need, I need. Matthew 3.14. 3. To the sea of the Galilean. Matthew 4.18. 4. To the sea of the sea. Matthew 4.18. 5. Uto's Ghar, a deoxan, to the prophets. Matthew 5.12. 6. Os an fonefsi. Matthew 5.21. 7. Chria nechete. Matthew 6.8. 8. Ota nistevite. Matthew 6.16. 9. Epitizgis. Matthew 6.19. 10. Klepte diorissusin ke kleptusin. Matthew 6.19. Lesson 18. Verbs in omega, in the arist, optative, active. Vulevse mi. I might advise. Vulevse. Thou mightest advise. Perissevse. May he close to a bound. Vulevse, men. We might advise. Vulevse, te. You might advise. T'an pision. Or, T'an pision. What they should do? Remark, on the arist's optative, see Lesson 5 remark A and Lesson 16 remarks A and B. Lesson 19. Nouns of the second declension with the article. Singular. Nominative. O-anthropos. Genitive. T'o-anthropo. Dative. T'o-anthropo. Accusative. Vocative. Anthropé. Nominative. I-anthropos. Genitive. T'o-anthropo. Dative. T'o-anthropo. Accusative. T'o-anthropo. Vocative. Anthropé. Note, anthropos is of the common gender, masculine article only. Nominative. T'o-ergon. Genitive. T'o-ergo. Dative. T'o-ergo. Accusative. T'o-ergon. Plural. Nominative. I-anthropy. Genitive. T'o-anthropo. Nominative. I-anthropy. Genitive. T'o-anthropo. Dative. T'o-anthropos. Accusative. T'o-anthropos. Nominative. T'o-ergo. Genitive. T'o-ergo. Accusative. T'o-ergo. Regularly in os and on with Omicron. Exceptionally in os with Omega. Those in on with Omicron are of the neuter gender. And the rest are either masculine, feminine or common. Remark B. The oblique cases of those in os with Omega all end in Omega. The dative in Omega with iota subscriptim. The accusative having also a form in on with Omega. The accusative anoyon. The received text from Mark 1415, Luke 2212, has in classical Greek nominatives in on and os with Omega. Remark C. In John 1936, Ostoon is a contraction from Osteon. Remark D. From Nos has arisen by contraction Nus, first Corinthians 1414, which however is inflected after the analogy of the third declension, thus. Genitive. Nos. Dative. Accusative. Noon. The forms plos and ploon also point to a nominative. Plous from plos. Remark E. In neuters, whether of the second or third declension, the accusative is always like the nominative, and in the plural ends in ar. Translate. One. Exucian. Exucian echi. O ios tu antropu epi tizgis. Matthew 9.6. Note. Nouns used in their widest comprehension, or in a generic sense, may take the article. Two. Odei ios tu antropu, ukechi, pu, te kefalin klini. Matthew 8.20. Three. Ke legusin. Idu antropos fagos. Ke inopotis. Te lonon filos ke amartolon. Matthew 11.19. Note. In translating the words, antropos fagos, we may either insert a relative phrase, thus a man, who is a gluten, or we may drop the word man and say simply a gluten. Four. Legi to antropo. Matthew 12.13. Five. U gar blepis is prosopon antropon, al eb alithias, tin odon tu theu didaskis. Mark 12.14. Note. Six. Ta erga tu theu didaskis. Mark 12.14. Te erga tu theu. Antropon may be translated either of man or mens, but if the former rendering is used, an article must be supplied with prosopon. Final short vowels except epsilon may be elided when the next word begins with a vowel. This elision is indicated by an apostrophe in the place of the vowel. In connection with alithias we cannot translate a p literally, but we may render the two words by the equivalent adverb truly or the phrase of a truth. To distinguish Jehovah from the heathen deities it was called Otheos, the God and sometimes theost ton theon the God of Gods or the Supreme God. Six. Ta erga tu theu John 628 Seven. Ta mnemia ton profiton Luke 11 47 8. Antesimeres tu iu to Antropo. Luke 17 26 9. I vasiliya tu theu Luke 17 21 10. Epi ton ion to Antropo John 152 And of Section 7 Section 8 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. This is a LibriVox recording or in the public domain. For further information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Carey Section 8 Lessons 20 to 22 Lesson 20 Verbs in Omega In the Present Imperative Active Pisteve Believe Thou Vasileveto Let it rain Pistevete Believe ye Dulevetoson Let them serve Remark General precepts commonly take the form of the present imperative while particular commands are put in the arist imperative or subjunctive in accordance with the usual distinction between these tenses there is no distinction in point of time between the present and the arist imperative. Lesson 21 The Third Declension of Nouns Remark A To the Third Declension belong all Nouns which have one more syllable in the genitive than in the nominative. They are of all genders and have a great variety of endings. Remark B The true stem in nouns of this declension is usually to be sought in the genitive case having undergone some euphonic change in the nominative. Lesson 22 Nouns of the Third Declension with the genitive ending Atos Singular Nominative Vroma Genitive Vromati Accusative Plural Nominative Vromata Genitive Vromaton Dativ Vromassin Accusative Vromata Remark A All nouns belonging here are neuter. Remark B Ar Only Frear As E that is Y Only Goni Or With Omega Only Hidor Remark C In Romans 1421 and First Corinthians 813 we find the accusative plural of Kreas contracted by Syncope Remark D As the dative of Yiras we find in Luke 136 the syncopated form Yira the received text or Yiri Tischendorf Remark E The linguals Taf, Delta, Theta, Zeta are always dropped before Sigma, Kappa, Gamma, Chi hence Vromassin for Vromatsin Remark F In the dative plural the final N is often dropped before a consonant Translate 1 Mi enneken Vromatos Katalie do ergon tu Theu Romans 1420 2 Ke iniksen To frear Tis avisu Revelations 9-2 3 This avrizete This avrus En urano Matthew 620 4 En tis idasin Matthew 832 5 Ke idu Fonii Ek ton uranon Matthew 317 6 Ipo tu pnevmatos Matthew 411 7 Paravolin elalisen Matthew 833 8 Simia en ilio Ke selini Ke asen Matthew 833 Nini ke astris Luke 21 25 9 En tes imeres irodu Luke 1 5 10 En pnevmati Ke alithia John 4 24 And of section 8 Section 9 Section 9 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For further information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Carey Section 9 Lessons 23-27 Lesson 23 Verbs in omega in the arist imperative active Pistefson Believe thou Alcusato Let him hear Pistefsate Believe ye Ramesatosan Let them marry Remark See Remark from Lesson 20 Lesson 24 Nouns of the third declension with the genitive endings Those and Thos Singular Nominative Elpis Genitive Elpidos Dative Elpidi Accusative Elpida Plural Dative Po-si Po-sin Accusative Remark A The nouns belonging here are those in S with alpha iota Genitive Edos Only or Epes In As Genitive Edos In Is with iota Genitive Edos In Is with iota Genitive Edos In Us Genitive Odos Only or Poos In Is with Epsilon Genitive Edos And Is with iota Genitive Ethos Only or E Ornis They are all feminine excepting Pes Poos And Ornis Remark B In Revelations 21 Some manuscripts have clean instead of clida as the accusative singular of clis In one or two instances we find the accusative plural erythas syncopated into clis Remark C In the New Testament the accusative singular of erys is only erin Besides the regular nominative plural erythas the syncopated form erys occurs in some texts and the same form is used for the accusative plural in Titus 3.9 Lesson 25 The third declension with the genitive endings Itus with iota Itus with iota and Otos with omega Remark A The corresponding nominative endings are Is with iota I or Is with iota and Os with omega Remark B Of the nouns belonging here Phos and Mele are neuter and inflected like from Lesson 22 The rest are masculine excepting and abstract in Otis and Itis and are inflected like the examples in Lesson 24 Remark C We may also place here the neuter noun Otos which in the Doric dialect had the form Os Remark D The accusative singular of Haris is much oftener Harin than Harita Translate 1 Acusate in Paravolin Matthew 1318 2 Acusatosan Luke 1629 3 Peri Irodiados Luke 319 4 Otheos Diselpidos Romans 1513 5 Bodhas Enipson 1st Timothy 510 6 Iklis Tufreatos Disavisu Revelations 917 7 Echotus Clis Revelations 118 8 Malthanetosan Titus 314 9 Adelfe Philippians 20 10 Istin Elada Act 22 Lesson 26 Present Bistevin to believe Arist Bistevse to believe Perfect Pepi Ikene to have done Remark A The modal distinction noticed in Lesson 1 Remark A in Lesson 5 Remark A between the present and arist tenses Born in mind with regard to the infinitive forms In these tenses the distinction of time which is found in the indicative mode ordinarily disappears in the infinitive Remark B When the time element is retained the present infinitive may often be translated by the present indicative and the arist by the imperfect or pluperfect indicative preceded by that Remark C The effect is equivalent sometimes to the perfect and sometimes to the pluperfect indicative preceded by that Thus, in John 1218 the Greek idiom heard him to have done becomes in good English heard that he had done Lesson 27 Nouns of the third declension with a genitive endings Kos Ros Khos Remark A The first four endings belong to nouns in XI The last two to nouns in Psi Remark B Two anomalous nouns may be placed here Yini Genitive Yine Kos Vocative Yine and Gala Genitive Gala Ktos Remark C These nouns are all either masculine or feminine with the exception of Togala and are inflected like the examples in Lesson 24 Remark D In Allopics Genitive Allopekos Epsilon is lengthened to Ita only in the nominative singular Translate Tipton Tuzpedas Ketaspediskas Look 7 45 Niptyn Tuzpedas John 8 5 3 Tispimeni pymnin ke ektu Gala Ktos Tispymnis uk esti First Corinthians 97 4 Khoriz Yinekon ke pedion Matthew 14 21 5 Prosgyneka Hiran Look 4 26 Mnymonevete tisgyneko slot Look 1732 7 Digyneki elegon John 4 42 8 Yine ticlase Yini onomatilidia Acts 16 14 10 Edioxene tinyineka Revelations 12 13 End of Section 9 Section 10 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For further information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Carey Section 10 Lessons 28 to 31 Lesson 28 Active Participals of verbs in omega in the nominative singular masculine Present Pistevon Believing Future Kakoson About to harm Arist Pistevsas Having believed Pepistevkos Having believed Remark A Participals have masculine, feminine and neuter endings and are inflected like nouns and adjectives. See Lesson 61 Remark B Although the arist and perfect participle sometimes require the same translation yet they are not identical in force since the former describes an action as having occurred previously to the latter as already completed at the time of some other event. Lesson 29 Nouns of the third declension with a genitive ending Ndosh Singular Nominative Arhon Genitive Archondosh Dative Archondi Accusative Archonda Plural Nominative Archondes Genitive Archondon Dative Arhusin Accusative Archondas Andos Accusative Only three proper names to write from the Latin Us Andos Andon With omega Andos All which are masculine Remark B Ne is often dropped before Sigma and if a following lingual has also been dropped See Lesson 22 Remark E The preceding vowel is generally lengthened Thus we find Arhusin And not Archondzin Translate 1. Elpidaehon Acts 24-15 2. Istinikien du Archondosh Matthew 9-23 3. Of Thalmon and Dio Thalmú 3. Matthew 5-38 4. Oclathmos Kyovrigmos Matthew 8-12 5. Evrychon du Sodondas Acts 7-54 6. Embrosthen Tonpodon du Angelou Revelations 22-8 7. Aqueto Matthew 8-9 8. U ti egothelo Ala ti si Mark 14-36 9. Mi un vasileveto I amartia Romans 6-12 10. Lise tonimanda Mark 1-7 Lesson 30 Verbs in O In the present indicative Passive and Middle Ti diocomai Why am I persecuted? Galatians 5-11 Su eponomadze Thou art named Or called Romans 2-17 Pisteuetai It is believed Or man believes Romans 10-10 Hermes anachronomitha We are examined Acts 4-9 Agisthe You are led Galatians 5-18 Agontai They are led Romans 8-14 Remark A The middle voice does not differ in its forms from the passive except in the future and aorist tenses. In force it is either reflexive or denotes that the agent does something or causes something to be done for himself. Sometimes it seems to be simply equivalent to the active voice. For examples, see subsections 36 and 41. Remark B If in combining prepositions and verbs two vowels come together, the preposition, unless it be peri or pro, loses its final vowel. Thus we find eponomadze and not epionomadze. Remark C In the second person singular the termination A is sometimes found. Lesson 31 Nouns of the third declension with the genitive ending Aeus Singular Nominative Bacileus Matthew 14-9 Genitive Bacileus Matthew 2-1 Dative Bacilei Matthew 18-23 Accusative Bacileia Matthew 1-6 Vocative Bacileu Bacileu Acts 25-26 Plural Nominative Bacileis Matthew 17-25 Plural Genitive Bacileun Matthew 11-8 Plural Dative Bacileusi or Bacileusin Revelations 10-11 Plural Accusative Bacileis Luke 21-12 Remark A Nouns with the genitive ending Aeus Have as nominative endings Aeus Only Naus Aeus Aeus Only Morses Iota E Only Sinapi Isus Only Perchus Remark B Those in Aeus and Aeus are masculine Those in E Iota And the rest almost without exception Feminine Remark C Those in Aeus, Is and Aeus form the accusative in Nuu Thus from Naus We have the accusative Noun Acts 27-41 From Pistis The accusative Pistin Matthew 17-20 From Perchus The accusative Perchun Matthew 6-27 Remark D Moseis In most modern editions Moseis has a dative in Ae Iota subscript And an accusative in N Besides the regular forms Remark E In the printed editions Percheon is contracted to Perchon But some of the manuscripts Have the uncontracted forms Translate Matthew 11-5 Matthew 11-8 Matthew 11-3 Pisteus Basilio Agrippa Tois Profetis Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 27-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Acts 26-27 Jor brosin echo, John 432, i an eche te pistin hos coccon Sinapius, Matthew 1720, 10, dia strepsaiton an thupaton a portes pistius, Acts 13.8. End of section 10. Section 11 of an introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For further information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. An introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Carey. Section 11, Lessons 32 to 35. Lesson 32, verbs in O, in the imperfect, indicative, passive and middle. In a cop domain, I was hindered, Romans 1522. Erchul, thou wasst coming, Acts 917, ergeto, he was led, Luke 4.1. Techometha, we were held, or bound, Romans 7.6. Egesthe, you were led, I Corinthians 12.2. Egonto, they were led, Luke 23.32. Remark, a. Whenever new comes before a palatal, it is changed into gamma. Thus, in Acts 24.4, we fire Encopto, instead of Encopto. The introduction of a vowel after the gamma changes the consonant back to new, as in Enocdomen. Lesson 33, nouns of the third declension, with the genitive ending Ross, preceded by a vowel. Singular, nominative, Kheir, Luke 1.66, genitive, Kheiros, Luke 1.71, deitive, Kheiri, Luke 3.17, accusative, Kheira, Luke 5.13. Plural, nominative, Kheires, Acts 20.34, genitive, Kheiron, Luke 4.11, deitive, Khersi, or Khersin, Luke 6.1, accusative, Kheiras, Luke 4.40. Remark, a. The nouns belonging here are those in R, genitive, Arros, Eir, genitive, Eiros, only Kheir, Eir, genitive, Eiros, Eir, genitive, Eiros, Ur, genitive, Uros, only Puer, Us, genitive, Uros, only Martus, and Ur, genitive, Oros. Remark, b. These nouns are all masculine, except Kheir, and Topure. Remark, c. The deitive plural of Martus is Martusin, Acts 10.41, 1. Translate, 1. Esterapuonto, Acts 28.9, 2. Balehudur, Eston Niptera, John 13.5, 3. Diates Epithesios, Don Geron, Don Apostolon, Acts 8.19, 4. Diach Eros, Barnaba, Caesaulu, Acts 11.30, Paulos, Caesaisen, Techeri, Tolaol, Acts 21.40, 6. Caesaisas, Tengheira, Acts 19.33, 7. Polakis, Garpipte, Esterpur, Caipolakis, Esterhudur, Matthew 17.15, 8. Glossai, Hosei, Puros, Acts 2.3, 9. Este, Limne, Dupuros, Revelations 20.10, 10. Tataton, Archontate, Sexu, Sias, Tuaeros, Ephesians 2.2, Lesson 34, Verbs in O, in the future, indicative, passive. Sothesomai, I shall be cured, Matthew 9.21, Sothese, Thou shalt be saved, Acts 11.14, Sothesetai, he will be kept safe, John 10.9, Sothesomitha, we shall be saved, Romans 5.9, Ach Thesisthe, you will be led, Matthew 10.18, Bassanis Thesontai, they will be tormented, Revelations 20.10. Remark A. When two mutes come together, they must both be either smooth, middle or rough, and the character of the second determines that of the first. Thus in Ach Thesisthe, the rough tense characteristic Theta necessitates the change of the middle mute gamma into its corresponding rough. See page 3, 4. Remark C. Remark B. When Thou, Delta, Theta or Zeta comes before Thou, Delta, Theta, Zeta or Mu, the former constant is usually changed into sigma. Thus, instead of Bassanis Thesontai, we have Bassanis Thesontai. Lesson 35. Nouns of the third declension, with the genitive ending Ross, preceded by a consonant. Singular, nominative, Pat der, Matthew 5.48, Genitive Pat Ross, Matthew 2.22, Dative Pat 3, Matthew 6.1, Acquisitive Pat dera, Matthew 4.22, Vocative Pat der, Matthew 6.9, Plural Pat deris, Luke 6.23, Genitive Pat deron, Luke 1.17, Dative Pat Rossi or Pat Rossin, Acts 7.44, Acquisitive Pat dera, Acts 7.19. Remark A. Five Nouns, He Me der, He Thugater, He Gast der, O Pat der or An der, which would regularly have the ending Eros in the genitive, Drop the Epsilon in the genitive and Dative Singular and Dative Plural. In the Dative Plural, they also insert Alpha before the case ending. Remark B. In An der, Delta always takes the place of Epsilon. Translate. One, Epistrepsi Cardias Pat deron Epidekna, Luke 1.17, Two, Eccacus Sintus Pat deras, Acts 7.19, Three, Pat dera Echomen Don Abra Am, Matthew 3.9, Four, Pat der Kyria du Oranou Kaites Geis, Matthew 11.25, Five, He Me der Don Huyon Zebedayu, Matthew 20.20, Six, Meta Don Andron, Luke 11.31, Seven, Aner Onomati Yosef, Luke 23.50, Eight, Andra Ukecho, John 4.17, Nine, Ecton Thugateron Aron, Luke 1.5, Ten, O Pat der Tupadil Elegen Pisteo, Mark 9.24, End of Section 11.