 Now, we are going to discuss psychological needs. We were discussing actually the moral and ethical theories, so one of them is a very important aspect which manages these moral and ethical values and these are psychological needs. According to Maslow's theory, basic needs are arranged in a hierarchy of pre-potency as follows. Psychological safety, belongingness and love, esteem and self-actualization. Now, they say that our moral and ethical values are first and foremost administered by our psychological needs. That is, they work under it. If we are hungry, you must have seen that where very poor people are gathered and they are not allowed to eat or drink, they start pushing each other and snatching each other. If I am not left behind, I will also be allowed to do so. So, sometimes your needs are forced to do something wrong. So, they say that if our basic needs are met, then we come to the wrong side. So, they have given a hierarchy. Some of our motives and our needs are to satisfy them and to satisfy which needs we should satisfy first, then we can go to other motivational levels where we can perform ethical and moral behaviors. For example, first of all, they say that your physical needs are there. Now, physical needs are your food, drink, rest, and hungry onions, which we call them. These are important, like a rest, sleep, these are our needs. If we get forced to, whether we are hungry or have to pay, then we will show the essential, irritational behavior. Then, there is safety. Then, safety is to protect your life, or any kind of insult. You will also try your level best to manage any other risk of harm or harm. and by crook you manage your things. So your moral and ethical values depend very much on that you are in a safe environment. And then social needs, they say that we are human and we are a social being so we want to stay in the middle of other people and have a sense of belongingness. We are related to a group, a family, a group, a country, a place. We can tell who we are, what our status is, who we are related to so they say that if you end someone's belongingness then you cannot expect moral and ethical values from them. So it is very important to be satisfied with this. Then our self-esteem. Our self-esteem is that we all have a self-respect. We all want to live a life of respect. We have a status. We are less in any matter. We are disabled. We are related to a race, to a sect. We want to be accepted. We want to understand our importance. We want to respect and take care of ourselves. We want to give us a place. So they say that this is the thing that positively affects us and negatively. That if my self-esteem is in danger then people will insult me or torture me. They will not understand me. They will understand me. So a dangerous feeling may arise in me that everyone is my enemy and they may be harmed. They should be harmed. Because if I do not respect them, then I will not respect them. On the other hand, if people are respecting you then you will do a lot of good work for your respect. And in the end, it is self-actualization. Self-actualization is that you think that now I do not have any greed for anything. That if everything happens against me, but whatever I can do well, I will definitely do it. So people with love, belongingness, affective and giving needs involve altruistic orientations towards significant others. Look, if we have a feeling of belongingness then we will definitely be altruistic. Then we will want to help others. And then what we want to help is our different relationships. First of all, we have our own family. Then we have our friends, relatives, then we have our acquaintances. And in this way, there is a chain of relationships in which we will talk to you in the coming modules about the importance of relationships. Anyway, we are social beings. So in these relationships, we want to live as a good, helpful person. And then we understand that this is our duty. Altruistic behavior is that we understand that this is our duty that if others are weaker than us, are weaker physically or financially or if they are helpless or have a problem, then we have to help them. Then as we have seen in the previous self-actualization is that now you have achieved yourself and achieved your responsibilities and a situation of compassion comes into you. And you understand that now there is no greed in the world, good or bad. What we have told you about all the hierarchies has been fulfilled. Your physical needs were there or your esteem was there. Now you don't even have to worry about them. If they are not fulfilled, then you don't have to worry about them. You only know that because you have the authority, you are a good person, if you want to be good, then you will act on good things. And in other words, now you have achieved yourself. Dr. Iqbal's philosophy itself you can learn a lot from self-actualization which he said that whoever achieved himself he achieved everything. So, if we see that these democratic people should be able to reason at the higher stage of moral judgment, then they say that you will be democratic at that time when you will be on the stage of self-actualization and when you will be able to recognize yourself and now you will be able to understand how you can be a good person in society.