 Start now the second panel which is on identifying migrant vulnerability, structural and situational factors of vulnerability. My name is Lelana, I'm from Peckham. It's the platform for international cooperation on undocumented migrants. We're a network of organisations working to the rights of undocumented migrants. We have about 150 member organisations in different countries. For us, it's incredibly important to be invited and thank very much to the organisers to have us on this panel because we look at the structural and situational factors which make an undocumented person in a situation of risk or vulnerability. It was mentioned many times this morning by some of the speakers that vulnerability is not inherent or intrinsic to any individual. It's about the policies and situations that people are in and when you look at undocumented migrants we often see that actually irregular status itself becomes a factor, becomes something which can be a characteristic to put somebody in a situation of risk because if they are not able to access essential services, if they're not able to go to the doctor, if they're not able to trust authorities, if they're not able to go to the police then they're in a situation where they are a zero risk victim of exploitation and violence. These are the structural factors which actually impose situations of risk and vulnerability on individuals that are not necessarily vulnerable otherwise. This is where we would also like to focus our attention when we talk about vulnerability. What are the actual risk factors and how can we try to prevent those situations of risk? How can we mitigate the risks of people in those situations and then how can we help to get them out of those situations? We have a very distinguished panel here today. I'd like to introduce our first speaker. We're going to ask each of the speakers to speak for maximum seven or eight minutes. We saw this morning there was a lot of demand for people to speak from the floor, a lot of desire to have a really interesting debate and discussion. We'll ask the speakers to try and keep it brief. We'll hear first from Dr Anna Macalcarla, who is the Commissioner General for Immigration Services at the Immigration Services Department of the United Republic of Tanzania. Prior to that, Dr Macalcarla was Commander of the Tanzania Regional Immigration Training Academy in Moshi, and she is a Doctorate of Business Administration at the University of Gloucestershire with areas of specialisation in international human migration and development. You have the floor. Thank you. Good afternoon, panelists, distinguished participants. I'm going to give a small presentation about identifying migrant vulnerability, structural and situational factors of vulnerability in the context of Tanzania. My presentation will touch a little bit about understanding of vulnerable migrants in the context of Tanzania, instruments that guide management of vulnerable migrants in Tanzania, a factor that contributed to migration of vulnerable migrants, impact that they have on the side of migrants and on the side of the government, challenges of identifying and management of vulnerable migrants, and also I will give some recommendations on assistance and protection of vulnerable migrants. Next please, the slide. First slide, please. I would like to give an overview of understanding of vulnerable migrants. First we have to ask ourselves who is vulnerable migrants. There's no common definition of vulnerable migrants, but depending on our side at Tanzania, we define vulnerable migrants as any foreign national, rather than prohibited migrants, who needs protection or assistance. And this can be a victim of trafficking, can be a asylum seeker who needs to have protection of seeking for refugees, and campaign migrants, child or someone minor separated from the parents, and also elderly, lactating pregnant women migrants. And this, in terms of age and sex, must become vulnerable migrants. Next please. Does instruments guide management of vulnerable migrants? Tanzania Immigration Service Department is guided and is mandated by both national and international laws. So in order also to identify vulnerable migrants, we use different national laws in Tanzania, and one of them is constitution of United Republic of Tanzania of 1977 as amended from time to time. This is normally emphasised on the human rights, so it doesn't matter who is coming from, whether it's migrant in Tanzania or citizen, but we have to emphasise human rights for everyone. And also we have constitution for Zanzibar of 1984 as amended, and we have more different domestic and international law that guides for our help to protect these vulnerable migrants. Next please. And also we have immigration act cap 54 revised edition of 2002, and it is regulation of 1997 which provides conditions as criteria for refusal entry, conditions for entry and stay in the country, specified, designated entry and exit points for travellers to enter the country, and also provide the stipulated types of visa, residence permit and the other, and also the act outlines immigration offences and penalties, so this also helps to identify vulnerable migrants. And also we have different acts, or we have national laws, as I mentioned there, there are so many, but I won't go one, I don't have much time, but we have also passport and other travel documents act of 2002 and it is regulation of 2004, anti-trafficking in person act of 2008, which also provide elements of identified trafficking in persons which also easy to identify these vulnerable migrants because most of them are those who are trafficked by other people, they become vulnerable when they come into the country. Next please. You can see there we have Tanzania refugee act of 2002 and most of refugees in the country become vulnerable migrants, so that also we identify people who are vulnerable in the countries mostly migrant. Tanzania migration, also we have Tanzania migration standard operating procedures, this also help to identify vulnerable migrants, most vulnerable persons, and also give categories of vulnerable persons and also ethical contact of immigration functionals when dealing with vulnerable migrants, so this is like a procedure but also gives directives on how to identify these vulnerable migrants in the country. Identification of vulnerable migrants and their treatment is concerned of global community as a result of liberalisation of the economy, as resulted in to increase in human interaction as migrants have opportunity to move in the country for various factors. Globalisation for example development for ICT makes more easy communication for people to interact and also to travel from one place to another, but this also make movement of people migration more massive than before but also these people when they travel, some of them they travel for business, they travel for employment and other activity education but some of them they fall into the category of illegal migrants. When you look at this, most of those who fall into categories of illegal migrants also they engage themselves into the transnational organised crimes such as trafficking in persons, smuggling, money laundering, cyber crime, drug abuse and piracy which also facilitated these people to become vulnerable migrants. In Tanzania, although we facilitate movement of people but we put security as a priority, Tanzania immigration department is aligning itself by ensuring that we facilitate and at the same time we control movement of persons, so we control movement of persons for undesirable migrants and also we facilitate people to move for those who we think we find they are desirable in the country. Identification of vulnerable migrant is conducted professionally by immigration officers at the point of entry by using different techniques. If I go quick, as someone get into the airport, we normally do details of travellers by checking passengers manifest and also we examine or scrutinise passport to any travel documents, compare these travel documents, photograph and different other travelling documents. We have many procedures for identifying vulnerable migrants but first we started the entry point that is the phase one but also we continue to identify these vulnerable migrants once they have entered the country while staying in the country. A determinant of migrants' vulnerability, we have different levels. I am trying to go quick because I don't have much time. The fact is that the determinant of migrant vulnerability, we have these different levels, the level of individual, household, community and structure we can say national level. When you look at these factors you see people affected mostly like religions or economic level or political issues. Suppose the country's political stability is not good or there is a political agitation then this means it affects from the level of individual or household until to the level of national. So we have impact that is caused by these vulnerable migrants. If vulnerable migrants or migration is not properly managed they can be urgent of jeopardising national security. As I said before security is the first priority but we are there for facilitating movement of persons and we look after all these vulnerable migrants in the country. The entire process for the identification of needs of migrants needs time and needs financial resources because it is not just the migration department but there are other national institutions or legal institutions which are involved to identify all these vulnerable migrants. And then this challenge and other challenges that the country or the migration department services is facing as I said before is budget constraints because we need committee and which involve other national institutions to meet and do their job to identify these and so to have strategies so it takes time and also financial constraints. Next and also we have challenges of language barrier between migration functionaries or these national institutions with vulnerable migrants because of communication barrier. Once we want to identify the communication barrier and then it takes time for vulnerable migrants to be identified. Given the essence of managing and identifying vulnerable migrants at national and international level there is a need for the government and other development partners to collaborate by providing education to travellers to know the migration police before they migrate because most of them they migrate and prepared so they miss this to have a proper document and then they fall into the categories of vulnerable migrants. And also we need to establish holding centres to protect the vulnerable migrants but as I said before the country face financial constraints so some of these vulnerable migrants while in the countries do not have basic needs which they are supposed to have. So we ask for international organisation and other development partners to support the needs in the right of vulnerable migrants. It's not the duty of one country. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. Sorry for rushing you with the time but it means that we should have time to hear from the others. So moving swiftly on our next speaker is Ms Colberg the Deputy Secretary General at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway responsible for overall administration budget and security matters. Thank you chair. I would like to start by thanking IOM for the invitation to participate in this dialogue on the very important timely and complex topic today. Before addressing some of the guiding questions for this specific panel I would like to make a more general comment on the use of the term vulnerable. There is a need to remind each other that most of today's migration is legal, voluntary and positive for the people concerned, the countries of origin and destination. The way we talk about migration and migrants influences public perception and debate and in turn national policies. It is important to remember and to express clearly that migrants are not vulnerable per se. Although many are vulnerable we cannot generalise about migrants as if it were one homogeneous group across the globe. I was thus happy to hear the opening remarks of Director General swing this morning. Vulnerability especially occurs in relation with irregular migration, typically along various points of the migratory routes often crossing several countries. In my view it is therefore more precise and more fruitful to debate migrants in vulnerable situations. The reason for this is not to minimise the magnitude and seriousness of the topic we are discussing, but on the contrary to build a stronger case for the vulnerable migrants that we do need to address. Last year the UN member states committed at the highest political level to address the special needs of those who end up in vulnerable situations within large movements of refugees and migrants. Norway stands by its commitment in the New York declaration for refugees and migrants, but how we address vulnerability will be a key question in the process of developing successfully the two global compacts. We believe the following points deserve attention. First, we need to retain the clear distinction between refugees and migrants. As stated in the New York declaration, refugees and migrants face many common such challenges and may experience similar vulnerabilities. But as groups they are governed by separate legal frameworks and we believe this principle must be upheld. Minimising the difference will not provide more protection to migrants in vulnerable situations. We must distinguish between the need for international protection that refugees have and the needs that migrants in particular vulnerable situations are facing. Second, we need to underline the existing bodies of law that relate to the protection and assistance to migrants. The background paper for this dialogue rightly reminds us not only of the human rights of all migrants but also of the protocols related to smuggling and trafficking as well as relevant labour law provisions. In particular situations there are also other relevant frameworks such as environmental law, international disaster response law and in situations of armed conflict international humanitarian law as well as national legislation and regional instruments and soft law approaches. I believe that the main challenge for the international community is our obligation to implement the existing legal frameworks. We need to realise the potential and intention of these bodies of law. A non binding new framework such as a compact cannot replace legally binding commitments and should not aspire to do so. What we need to do is to look for stronger international commitment for monitoring and accountability. Thirdly, we must get better at understanding and identifying vulnerability. We share this goal with IOM and we appreciate your efforts to promote a more nuanced understanding of the concept of vulnerability. This can help us identify the vulnerable who are those most in need of international attention and assistance. It can also help us to use the available resources more efficiently. In a time when needs grow faster than resources this is needed if we want to make a real difference through this process. Moving on we have a few questions concerning the model that IOM has proposed for identifying migrant vulnerabilities. We believe the intention behind their proposal is good namely to reach those who fall through the gaps between existing frameworks. Still we are concerned that by broadening the scope and covering too much ground we risk diverting attention and in turn financing away from those who need it most. Their proposal includes a large spectrum of factors from the individual to the international level including history, geography, politics and economy when assessing vulnerability. If this model is to become a useful tool for practitioners in the field how will they be able to take all of this into account? And maybe more importantly if this model is meant to serve as input to guidelines for states and other stakeholders in the field of migration on a national level how do we avoid weakening the implementation of existing frameworks through the proposal of new ones? My questions must not be interpreted as minimizing the fact that people are falling between the nets of existing frameworks and that there are vulnerable migrants in need of strengthened and coordinated international effort. We recognize this and always believe we must work to address it. But I think there are examples that could guide us. In order to reduce the possible risk of trying to cover too much ground we should look to examples that have been developed and deployed in order to solve specific on the ground challenges. Most of them have in common that they have been government led, non-binding, practical and context specific. The rally around them is an indication that this approach might be an effective way of addressing particular situations of vulnerability. The Nansen initiative led by Switzerland and Norway is an example of how it was possible to address a specific protection gap in this case related to disaster induced cross-border displacement. This work is now being followed up by Germany and Bangladesh through the platform on disaster displacement. Another example is a migrants in countries in crisis initiative led by the United States and the Philippines. The African countries are now working on a freedom of movement protocol which is another promising regional initiative. To sum up and looking ahead towards the development of the actual global compact on migration, Norway would like to see a continuous distinction between refugees and migrants in general, a strong emphasis on the implementation of existing legal frameworks and references to good examples and concrete proposals from the field and space for local and regional solution to identify and address specific protection gaps. As clearly spelled out in the New York declaration, we are determined to saving lives and contributing to a solution based approach towards a global compact that reduces vulnerabilities and empowers migrants. Thank you. Thank you. I wonder if another example that we could look at as well is the direction which the protection of children in migration movement has been going, because there we have also seen the committee on the rights of the child had its day of general discussion in 2012 on the rights of all children in the context of international migration. There they really found that the protection frameworks in place for the different statuses or categories of children were falling through the gaps. In order to address this, they really affirmed the need for a rights based approach. Maybe it can relate to what you are saying about implementing the existing frameworks and what a lot of the participants have been stressing today around the need to really address risks and vulnerabilities on an individual and rights based approach through implementing the existing human rights legislation that we have, because that was how the committee approached the issue of migrant children to say actually rather than looking at particular individual or particular status based or category based legal definitions of what protection children might need. We need to look at the individual child, we need to do an individual assessment, we need to look at all the factors that are involved. That is something that we could look at within this context as well. Our next speaker will be Ms Castro de Bole from Peru, who is the Director of Protection and Assistance to Nationals at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Buenas tardes a todos, para mi es un honor encontrarme es a tarde con ustedes y pwedeir me dirigir a este grwp de asystentys. Agradez co ante todo a'r organizacion international para las migrasiones por la invitación para participar en estos diallos. La gestión de una migración regular ordenada y segura requiere la promoción de respuestas eficaces y coerentes a las necesidades de proteccion i asystencia de los migrantes en situacion de vulnerabilidad. A partir de la experiencia peruana, compartirei con ustedes la estrategia de intervención con peruanos que desean migrar a los Estados Unidos para trabajar como pastores ovejeros. Los pastores ovejeros son ciudadanos peruanos con destreza i conocimiento en la crianza de ovejas. Por lo general son poblasión indígena. En términos generales, entendemos que la vulnerabilidad se produce a partir de la sumatoria de una fragilidad social y de las fragilidades personales o de grwp. Por fragilidad, agorreferencia a la falta de recursos, habilidades i accesos, por cawsas estructurales o coyunturales, que dificultan una toma de decisiones adecuadas, disminuyan as oportunidades de una persona para desarrollar un proceso migratorio seguro i merman sucapacidad de respuesta i defensa frente a una amenasa. Ystrafa fragilidad es determinante, pues significa una mayor exposición frente a posibles abusos, menores recursos i capacidades para su defensa i afecta la posibilidad de que cada persona pueda lograr cumplir con los objetivos de su proceso migratorio. El reto de la politica pública en este caso de la cancillería peruana es fortalecer los contextos sociales, culturales, normativos entre otros y pleniwinell a'ch gwybod yn ymlaen ddechrau'i myrddyn nhin, ac mae'n ei ddwechau ein pryd arfer y flodd. Rydyn ni'n de llrygu'n gwneud eich gweld sy'n ei ddillwer yn cael ei wneud iawn i'w ei farnig i ddargiadol i wneud er sgwrtadau Cymru. Yn 1, yw, ddych chi'n ei wneud ei wneud i gweithio'r ysgriflur ac yw ddillwer yn ei gweithio'r gweithio. mae oedd y byw yw ddadwc, a cyfnwysgog, chwybod, gylch yn gweithio'r barun, oedd, mae'n gweithio'r gwaith yn gyllideb gynnig amlwg y gynllunau'n gwybrfa ym Mwrddau. Mae'n fwyaf e—dyn nhw gwleidd yn cyfrydaeth, sydd yw ddyn nhw'n cyfryd yn cyfrydaeth sydd yn cyfrannu mewn awdurdod. Maen nhw'n wir yw'r amser oysgol ymrwyng ar y sidedwyddon, mae'n gweithio'r cyfrannu hefyd. Fyrdd y bwysig yn ystod y perwan ddaith arwyntio yn meddwl hwn. Yr 1, y gweithio ychydig yn y bwysig ar gyfer gweithio'r gweithio a'r bwysigur. Mae gyda'ch ddrefno'n gweithio o grwydol a'n ddwygol, cynyn gweithio'n ymddangos, gweithio'r cyffredin, gyda'r leirio, yn cyfrant gweithio, ac yna hwoesau corth Newydd yn gyfer gweithio'u hwn. o bwysig ddechrau mewn origeni. Mae'n cymhobodd yn dechrau trech ar gyfer y dweud, y ddweud o'r hwnnw, oedd yn y ddweud o'r Sechsio'n Cinsular o'r Sgwrd y Maes Llywodraeth o'r USA o'r Paes, yn ystafell o ffordd o'r cymhwys am y rhai gwerthoedd ar y ddweud o'r modd o'r pasterau o'r begyrch o'r Wangabellic. Erdyn o'r proposiydd o ddim ar ôl o'r ddweudio'r ddweud a'r creuio'r llif ddweud o'r llif yn byddanol y lle sy'n defnyddio'n cael'r triwysau'r bwysig, a'r rhaid o'rhaid i'r ddweud yn ddegbl ac i'n mynd i'ch eu llif. Yn y salon o'r lle, dyfnodd cyfaint o'r lle, dyfnodd cyfaint o'r lle, dyfnodd cyfaint o'r lle, dyfnodd cyfaint o'r lle. A llaidd ydw i'n blynyddoedd wedi'n ysgrifennu ar sonn oeddi adsionu ein radd. Dyma'r rhaglwydd yn droseg. Dyma'r rhaglwydd rai mwyaf hefyd yn yma'r argyflus yn ymgyrch yn ymddangos ymddangos ymer a oedd orchfyr aliadau sy'n panlwydd. Dyma'r rhaglwydd yn ymdillelio'n cyfnod yn castelian, a hwnnw, rotations o'r llwyddi yn gwybod, ymgyrch i'ch un darning i'r hyn, os ymdill yma darkwyr i'r rai cyfnod yma. yn ddweud i'r cyfnodd ddwylltyn nhw'n gweithio ar y bwysig, a'r ddataeth llyfrigol yma, a'r ddweud i'r ddweud o'r cyfnodd yma Llyfridol yma, o ran ystafellau bwysig gan erd hatten gan y ddweud ffrigol yma efo dechreu ar y cyffreyd a'r ddweud ar hynny. leona de la importancia que tiene la educación. Tercero, es neisario identificar la diversidad de vulnerabilidades para cada uno de nuestros grupos de intervención. En este caso he'u tenio de la oportunidad de hablar de los pastores ovejeros, pero también seran neisario a ser el ejercicio respecto a otros grupos, como las mujeres, los niños o los adultos mayores. Quarto, la diversidad de la vulnerabilidad no solo debe ser tomada en cuenta para identificar las situaciones a corregir, sino también deben ser consideradas para el diseño de las estrategias de intervención, promoviendo la adaptabilidad en cuanto al idioma, símbolos culturales, imágenes fenotípicas, edad, género, etc. Tambien sera importante fortalecer las capacidades locales para poder replicar y adaptar culturalmente estas acciones. La intervención oportuna es aquella que previene, más que aquella que reacciona. Felly, mae'n angen i'r llwydaeth i'w ddoch chi gyda'i unig o'n mynd i ddau'i unig, maen nhw'n mynd i'r mewn cyfaelcagio a'n cyfrifiadu, i'r gwsiynaid i'r bwysig i'r thoseious o gyfrifiadau i'r llefafolio yn y dyfgriff mwygrath. ac angen dwylo'n ddechrau'r gyrchion. Dydy'r proses o gyrchion mae'n goblio'r dynnau sefyddiol regen o'r dyflawn, mae'n ddefnyddio'r rôl i bob b aikartag i olwgrif nad yw'r cycry o mynnag o'r cyfrifawyr. Mae'n cael cynhyrch, oherwydd sefyddiol rôl i gyd yn eu cyfrifawyr, sy'n deillio'r cyfrifawyr neu siad o'r cyfrifawyr. A'r cyfrifawyr a'r cerddol yn y ddechrau, this morning as well as one of the critical levers to ensure participation, and migrants actually being able to defend their own rights and get themselves out of any kind of situation of vulnerability. But also than kneading the policy framework各 to be in place so that they can also access those rights if they have the information and they have the possibility to actually go and access justice and remedies, if they do have that information and the right because of the policy framework. The fourth speaker, we will go swiftly on to Ms Ortiz from El Salvador. She is the Executive Director of the Salvadorian Institute for Comprehensive Protection of Children and Adolescents, where she has been working on programmes such as the City of Children and Adolescents Country Programme. Gweithrech. Gweithrech. Mae'r pwyllt hwn o'r trianglo Northeedd y Centro-America ac rydw i'n ddiddordeb savell yma. Mae'r pwyllt hwn yn yma'r 2014 yn ymdweud y crisig yma i'r migrante'n ymdweud. Mae'r salfador yn ymdweud ymdweud yn 6 miliwns. Mae'r trwyddo'r hynny mae'r rwynt tympio'r ddau'r gweithrech hwnnw, y mwylaeth 900 mil ym unid. Yn y gynnyddio'r rhoda migratoria yng Nghylch Cynwynn, ar y llwys â'r reddiadau cyfnodd yn charnyddol gylau'rweithiau â drwyệk sydd oes. Yn gwrthod yma, mae'n dweud bod elw ar y mae'n cyfrifiad â'r urniad yn ysgol yma, mae'n gweithio'r anwys, not adulod, ond ddweud, mae'r cyfringol i'r ffordd LGTI, o y cofnodd y cyfringol, o'r fforddol ar y cyfringsol, o'r villages mewn peth o drafodau syllgyffredol, nifer o'r rydw i'r byd. Rhyw dechrau yn iawn, sylweddol ar y lyfrerau a'r ffrindwyr mae'n cyfringsol, o'r ffordd amdano hwnnw, o'r bwrdd hydnodraeth, o'r brifnol a'r chwnodd a'r bwrdd cyfringsol, ..a'r unedion egwyr yma yw'r bwysig yma sy'n mynd i'ch amddangos y hogar... ..yna'r amser yn gwybod ddim yn agor. Mynd wedi'i gweithio y dayion sylwedd o gael miliwyd y Gweithlach... .. ac mae'n mynd i bobl ar y gynau. Mae hynny'r amddangos yw'n gweithlach o'i fyfynol yn y salfador. Rhaid yr ysgoleth hen oherwydd yr holl hwn Menedigol sefydlu'r systeigol viaeth yma i ddynfyrwyr, maen nhw'n bellach yno. Rhyw bachwyr ar gyfer ynghylch yn gwneud amdanoedd yma yma i fynd i fynd i mi ymddangos a llywd yn cyfnod yma, ac mae hi'n dull, han midfa'r rhai protocolo sy'n deti yn cael ei fyddai greu, yn gy絵e hon yn yr ysgoleth yn gweithio gydael nhw'n gwneud ar hyn sy'n ddynfyrwyr, o'r ddweud yn yr unigol, sydd wedi'i s goedfyniad mewn mwyliad a'r amser a'r unedol, yn ystod o'r ddweud y 2014, yn y ddechrau, ych yn gweld y modledd diwg a'i nesaf, maen nhw 10806 o'n niwnau a'r iddyn nhw y ddweud. Yn ymwneud ymwneud yma, ymddiol, mae'n adroddol i unigol ysgol ffamiliaid ymwneud, ymddiol yn ysgol addoriad ymddiol. ac yn ysgolwch yn gweithio cyd-refnodol a'r hyn o'r cyd-refnodol a'r ôl yw'r cyd-refnodol, ac mae'r eistedd yn wneud o'r cyd-refnodol. Mae'r gweithio'r hyn, ond rwy'n cefnod o'r rai gyd-reidio'r cyd-refnodol, mae'n cael bod oedl yn gweithio'r cyd-refnodol, yn gweithio'r cyd-refnodol, 190 mil oedl, Felly, mae'r cy interactedd o'r srenio'r cyfnodau o'r cyfnodd piano a'r alyfan ond y dyfodol. Mae'n gennu a'r cyffredigau, efallai yn daug o'r ennill ar y sredio ll commanderau ystafellol muslyn â gwagorol yn gwybodhechol. Mae'r cyffredigau yn gwybodhechol yw pan o gyfnodd ddiweddolol. Mae'n gweithio'n fideo lyddiadol yn poddindog yma. a gelened o myrwyddiad ynglynig, ond ddysgu dymenigolion i hamdegu dydigwadau ar gyfer y cynhyrch o'r pryncesu ddweudio hynny. Rhaid i dyma maen nhw'n fregaf, ac yn y cwrn dechrau ar gyfer y teimlo. Mae'r holl eich hunnwys nad yddw i'n ddweud i fewn ni fydd y canll power ym yn hynny. Mae'r holl ddwy i'r cyhoedd yna, oherwydd eraill mynedd mewn ddisgr updatingau ar gyfer y mecanidol o myrwyddiad i'r pryncesu ddweudio hynny o'r mewn ddweudio hynny. ac i wneud ar gyfer y cyfnod gyda'r bobl yn ymgol maen nhw'n olygu. 17,512 yng Nghymru a'r oedd amser a'r adolygiadau sydd yn ei fod yn ysgrifennu'r cael ei cyfnod ar y paeth. A oedd oedd yma'r Ym M ianwr i ddweud wrth gyrfaenol ar gyfer y peirio'i gymrydau. Fyddi'r problematig, mae'r ddaskrwch yn ddefnyddio'r amser, gan yw'r gael y cyfnod i gael yr adrodd iawn, yn fwyaf gyda'r gael y gael, yma'n meddwl, oherwydd unrhywgwll cyst�au gyda'r ddiwylliant gyda'r cyfrannu, oedd ymddiadau'r meyddechrau, a ddiddordeb yn gweithio'r cyfrannu oherwydd y gallu cyfrannu'n cyfrannu i'r gwneud hyn, oherwydd y gallai cyfrannu'n cyfrannu'n cyfrannu. Hisbiolllriaen o'r admiren a'r gwneuddau phobl yn bwysigol a'r cyflawn gyda fees yn gyflu symlion a fyddai cyfreithio cydmar��au a'r fathau i ddartyn ni allwyr dwylo'n amser o'r gwzaeth dweud o cyfli sydd o'r phobl yn cyflawn. Isbiolio o'r cyflawn cyflawn cyflawn cyflawn cyflawn cyflawn cyflawn cyflawn cyflawn cyflawn cyflawn cyfflawn cyflawn cyflawn cydwyr o'i gweiseddol o'r ddefnyddio i'r bla enquanto yr ysgol am ei tarniad cyfnodd ag ymrydau yn ddigonodd. Yr awr arwadol eich dddysgu ar y swydd gyfer mwynigwr sy'n lleffredigai am gyfnodd am gael â'r regionig sy'n gweithio, ibarhaf i rhaid yn ei fywd i fyny ar gyfer fy modd i gael y cwmpleg â'r ymwneud. Fy wneud yn cyfnodd o'r lleifau ar y llain, a oedd yn gweithio gweithio i'r rhaid yn ei ffroffondol ym mhysgais ac oedd yn ddifwyd yn cael cyd-igion yn ei fawr. Thank you very much. One of the questions we have also for this panel is what are the health determinants of and vulnerabilities of migrant populations. So something that was coming out from what you were saying there really also about the constant risk of deportation and the impact that that has on the well-being of migrants and families also in terms of the income generation, the living and working conditions and the impact that can have on their health. Our final speaker last but not least is Mr Nop Aakun. Excuse me if I don't say that right. Director of the Social Division Department of International Organisations Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Thailand. Please, you have the floor. Thank you, Ms Keith. I'm the last speaker. I'm not sure if I would have any more interesting issues to raise. But since I'm given eight minutes, ten minutes, I'll just try to be brief. First of all, thank you very much for the invitation to IOM. And very glad to be back in Geneva. Just an advice for all of my fellow diplomats that it's always a pleasure to come back to a post that you've had a good working relationship with organisations such as IOM. Returning to your own country, you get to learn about the practical on the ground cooperation that you have with organisations that deal with migrants like the IOM or refugees like the UNHCR. And it's always a pleasure and it's always a blessing. So just to start off first, of course, the context in each country will be very, very much different for Thailand and my country will be very much different from the context that we have in Norway, Tanzania, Peru or El Salvador. We have more of the unskilled migrant labour population numbering around three to five million in our country, which is actually very important to our economy. So the structural factors and conditions come into play. The migrant community is very, very important for Thailand's economy, especially in the fishing and industry sector. And to address this need and to address this population that is very important to us, a lot of integration has been going on. If you go to Thailand these days you would see ATM machines with screens coming up with languages of our neighbouring countries or in banks or in hospitals catering to the needs of the migrant community. In terms of prevention and protection of various abuses, there has been efforts to find interpreters and language facilitators in terms of labour inspectors as well. So it's kind of across the board in every sector. But firstly, to go back to definition first. I guess the simplest way to talk about vulnerability is just to quote what the director from Peru had mentioned, that is very diverse. The simplest way to look at vulnerability is to look at it in the widest perspective. That vulnerability comes in any situation, in many situations, very diverse situations, in different times, in different ways and in different factors. So therefore, the wider, the more comprehensive look that we have on vulnerability, the wider vulnerability lenses that we have, the easier it would be to identify those who are vulnerable and the easier it would be also to protect those who are vulnerable, including migrants. For Thailand's case, vulnerability mostly would mean migrants who are victims of human trafficking as well as unaccompanied children. That's the structural part. For the situational factors, the human trafficking victims in Thailand, of course they don't cover only migrants who would be Thai citizens as well, but what we have been doing is a very comprehensive approach, the five P's in terms of policy, protection, prevention, in terms of providing and partnership, in terms of providing the best care for trafficking victims as well as those who are abused when they come into the country. Now I talked about the three to five million labour migrants in Thailand. Of course, one of the most important focus starts from the beginning. It starts from the word safe migration. We've had cooperation projects with IOM on safe migration, information awareness campaigns. Now safe migration is there as a preventive measure because migrants are always vulnerable to abuse all along the way since the reason that they leave the country, since what they encounter in the country, or the specific aspects in terms of their gender and ethnicity. So it starts from ethical recruitment processes, it starts from the ethical contracts, it starts from preventing them from becoming victims of trafficking and also becoming victim to debt bondage and having their rights abused or in terms of low wages and things like that. So it's a whole gamut of issues that they are facing. But in Thailand this sort of issues like in any country they exist, but it's not because of age or sex or discrimination, but it's because of the situational factors that they're in. So I believe that if you have situational factors as every type of country would be different, you wouldn't have countries with vulnerable migrants in conflict situations all the time of course. It might be some economic factors or the situational factors that cause them to be of abuse or fall victims to human trafficking. So in summary for the first part I would say that structurally and situational factors, it comes as it is, it's inevitable, it comes even in times of peace of course. And I believe that we would have to classify, I have to say that these migrants are in vulnerable situations, not vulnerable migrants, because migrants are not vulnerable in themselves. And these situations are either there already because of their entry into the country because of the economic factors and because of the whole setup of the country, which cause them unfortunately to be in vulnerable situations. For Thailand, we've been working on a lot of domestic reform to address these issues, including the Labour Protection Act, the latest one, which has been effective in earlier this year, which increases the penalty for child labour, for using child labour, and covers issues such as management of the migrant issue, registration, and believe me we've been doing a lot of registration in terms of prevention, protection, remedy and law enforcement, as well as some engagement with stakeholders to ensure that migrants receive equal rights according to human rights principles and labour and social rights. What we need and what many countries would need, of course, is an integrated agency because for Thailand right now it's not so much integrated in terms of the migrant issue. There's one agency handling registration, and you can imagine registration of three to five million illegal migrants, irregular migrants, and all different types of migrants. That would be a difficult task, and it actually has been continuing for many years, registering and extending the deadline and coming back again and things like that. So an integrated agency that deals both with registration as well as the rights, the protection, the ensuring of rights of migrants has to be under one roof, but at the current moment that's not what is happening in Thailand and other countries as well. But nevertheless we've been focusing on the issue of migrant health. The universal health coverage that is available for Thai citizens also covers migrants in terms of education as well, but not so much yet on language training because perhaps there's no need because most of the migrants coming into Thailand come from countries that have a similar language background from Thailand, so the integration is quite easy in terms of language. I guess for every country the balance with national security issues and management of migrants and benefits of migrants, rights of migrants has to come into play. So it's kind of a difficult balancing act for many countries. We want to ensure and protect vulnerable migrants at the same time there are things you have to do inside your country. So how do we reconcile that? There was a new migrant act, a migrant regulation that came into effect last month in Thailand. And the repercussion was that most of the legal migrants got afraid. They were kind of afraid that they didn't register correctly or they didn't have the proper documents. So this started actually a repercussion, an effect that there was a sort of like a mini mass exodus of migrant labor from Thailand going back to their countries. So it's kind of like the balancing act is kind of difficult. We need migrants, need jobs at the same time when we try to enforce the law. We try to register. It causes some sort of anxiety among the migrant population and of course it would mean the lack of the lowering of confidence. So that's one issue that we had faced. I'll come back to that a bit later, but to move on to the issue of the GCM, of course we're talking about the New York Declaration, the Global Compact on Migrants. Basically there are six clusters of issues that we are looking into. I believe it includes smuggling, human rights, repatriation of funds as well as sustainable development. And these are the main six issues that countries around the world are looking into right now and trying to discuss with stakeholders and to come out as a regional meeting. And at the end to feed into the global discussion that will start in January next year I believe. And Thailand was one of those countries that was selected and we're working closely with the IOM right now to have stakeholder meetings in three or four provinces to iron out the most important issues among these six issues for migrants in Thailand, migrant laborers in Thailand. And of course to insert the issue of vulnerability ultimately into the global compact on migrants. Now how do we do that? Inserting the issue of vulnerability, highlighting vulnerability in the GCM. Well there might be different ways now. I think many countries are also moving on this track. Also discussing with stakeholders starting this month until end of the year before we start discussing negotiating the draft, the first draft of the GCM for Thailand. We show us four crucial provinces with different types of migrants, with different situations, with different reasons to be vulnerable. So it can also be issue-based and it's also going to be area-based. Just an example, Tak province. Tak province. That's the entry point where migrants from our neighbouring countries move into. So the issue of human trafficking and smuggling and ethical recruitment starts there. So that's area-based vulnerability in Tak province. That's our first stakeholder meeting with IOM will be hold it there. And that's actually the exit point where the mass exodus happened last month as well. So it's the entry point, the border crossing Tak province. The second one is Ranong province in the south. That's where the rubber plantations are. So that's about sustainability, about jobs, about migrants having continuous jobs and contributing to the economy's sustainability. That's one of the issues among the six issues. The other one is Samut Sakon province. That's where the fishing industry is. That's where the issue of human rights and abuse should be discussed. So our stakeholder meeting in Samut Sakon province, we would choose to focus area-based and substance-wise to focus on human rights issues. So it can also be area-based and issue-based. That's what I'm trying to get at. And the fourth stakeholder meeting that we'll have with IOM leading to the GCM in Thailand is in Bangkok. So that's where all the hospitals, as I mentioned in the beginning, with signage in Myanmar language, with services provided to migrant labour are. So that's probably one idea on how to insert the vulnerability issue. Look at the area-based as well, just as one example. So finally, just to conclude, the legal channels of complaint must be there. I mean, I think for many countries, sometimes we overlook that the victims of abuse are often non-nationals. And sometimes, like in my country, we cannot distinguish who is Thai national or not, because we all look and speak the same similar language. At the same time, victims of abuse, there are also victims of the law as well. What I'm talking about is the rule of law. The rule of law is related to development, of course. And the rule of law is law that is just. Sometimes we have laws, we have regulations, we have ministerial regulations that come about for our own good, national security, rule of law, enforcing it fully. But it causes a mass exodus. It causes fear, it causes an anxiety that does the country not want migrants anymore? Does the country not want to protect vulnerable migrants anymore? That's probably not the case. So the rule of law, a law that is just to all groups, not only nationals would be important, not just enforcing the law literally. So I would say the law cannot be enforced literally per its term to widely varying circumstances. And we talk about vulnerability, that's a very widely varying circumstance. The law cannot be enforced literally. I think there's something in Latin on that. Sumum jusuma injuria. So just finally to conclude that situational and structural wise, each country will be different. But I guess our goal would be the same. We could define vulnerability different, but I guess the track leading to that would be the same. And what's important is the dialogue and discussion inside the country, the stakeholders meeting that we're trying to embark on. I hope it's successful. And all of this would of course be for the benefit of society because a less vulnerable society, a healthy migrant population means a healthy Thai population as well. So all of this is for the benefit of society, of economy. And of course we're talking about for the good benefit of humanity as well. And this includes the importance of migrants for every country as human beings as well. So thank you very much. Thank you very much. So we have about 25 minutes for some discussion. Before I open the floor I'll just remind the questions of the discussion that you will also have the guiding questions for this panel. How should the issues related to migrants and vulnerable situations be addressed in the GCM, the global compact? The protection needs of different legally recognised categories, health determinants. Can the assistance to vulnerable migrants framework address the protection needs of those who are falling out? And can the international community promote effective and coherent response to protection of everybody regardless of their migration status or the context? UNHCR had asked for the floor first. I might just abuse my role as moderator to quickly ask one question first directly to the representative from Thailand, please. You were saying that with the Labour Protection Act you're working to ensure equal rights for all migrants. Does that extend then to workers in a regular situation? Would they be able to enforce their labour rights under the current framework in Thailand? Yes, unfortunately the Fifth Labour Protection Act is there for the purpose of helping migrants to access more social services and for the protection in terms of health services and other rights as well as fighting against child labour. For irregular migrants it does not cover this issue yet, but in terms of addressing the effects of what they have been abused about, the system also caters to that, but not through this particular act. For example, there are remedies and there are agencies that deal with irregular migrants, even though this law does not cover it, in terms of regular migrants who are victims of human trafficking. The Social Development Ministry has shelters and all the other services through a multidisciplinarity with different agencies, meaning interior, labour, health services as well to address their needs as well. Is there a representative from UNHCR who wanted the floor first? Thank you Madam Chair. Yes, I should say perhaps first of all we're looking very much forward to hearing the views of states and other partners of course, unless thank you for giving us the floor and thank you to all of the panellists for their extremely useful and concrete examples and insights into the challenges we face in this area. UNHCR agrees that a holistic approach firstly to identifying and secondly to responding to the vulnerabilities of all persons on the move is essential. To this end we have sought over time to develop a number of tools to ensure that the immediate and the specific needs of all persons identified with vulnerabilities are met regardless of their status. We've developed these with the aim of assisting states, international partners and civil society organisations as well as other practitioners in their efforts to identify and assist vulnerable people on the move. I'll mention three concrete examples among those available. Firstly, UNHCR's vulnerability screening tool which was developed together with the international detention coalition and other partners in light of the severe operational exigencies which can live at interview time for example when individuals are in detention or when actors are forced to work remotely including for security reasons. Secondly, UNHCR's heightened risk identification tool was developed to enhance efforts to identify refugees at risk by linking community based assessments with individual assessment methodologies. Furthermore, in relation to children UNHCR has developed a rapid best interest assessment form which can be used as soon as a child is identified as being separated, unaccompanied or otherwise at risk or with vulnerabilities in order to gather brief information spanning current care arrangements, protection and psychosocial needs as well as education, health and security aspects. These resources and more developed not only by UNHCR but by other partners including states and organisations worldwide are included in UNHCR's recently updated 10 point plan in action on refugee protection and mixed migration. We're ready to work with partners to develop further tools also to assist in these processes in particular on focusing on identification of migrant and refugee vulnerabilities in diverse and challenging contexts. UNHCR recalls the importance of distinguishing between identifying and responding to those specific needs which migrants and refugees may share because they are in a vulnerable situation, because of situational or individual factors and the need for international protection. As previously mentioned, persons in need of international protection such as refugees are entitled to protection against reform or require permission to remain because of a serious threat to life, physical integrity or freedom as a result of persecution, armed conflict, violence or serious public disorder against which their country is unwilling or unable to protect them. Making the distinction between the need for international protection and responding to specific needs of migrants in vulnerable situations can help ensure that responses are targeted to the need of each individual, an important aspect which several panellists have also highlighted. UNHCR looks forward to continuing to work with IOM and other partners to improve ways to identify vulnerabilities and to meet the specific needs of all persons on the move and we look forward to continuing to contribute this important work throughout the process of preparation for the global compact on migration. Thank you. Thank you. So can we hear from Morocco? Merci Madame, la présidence, tout d'abord je voudrais remercier l'OM pour l'invitation et féliciter l'équipe pour la qualité de l'organisation de ce dialogue. Merci également panellist pour la contribution. Fawr interessant. J'aurais trois commentaires à faire. Le premier toujours revenir pour attirer l'intention de ne pas coller l'étiquette vulnérable en migrant. C'est dangereux parce qu'on voudrait véhiculer l'image que le migrant est un acteur qui contribue au développement des pays d'accueil mais également de son pays d'origine. Il ne faut pas, à partir de là, le considérer comme un ffardo pour la société d'accueil qui doit le considérer comme un citoyen à part entière et c'est une responsabilité de cet état d'accueil plus que la responsabilité bien évidemment d'immigrants lui même qui doit faire preuve d'adaptation pour s'intégrer dans la société d'accueil. A partir de là, nous parlerons moins des notions de protection et d'assistance mais plutôt d'intégration et d'autonomisation. A titre d'exemple, les femmes par exemple qui sont particulièrement et abusivement qualifiées de vulnérables alors que leur autonomisation permet de libérer leur énorme potentielle et leur pouvoir de transformer toute la société. Deuxième commentaire, c'est ce dilem qui a été rappelé par Peter Sutherland dans son rapport sur sa vision sur le pact mondial pour l'immigration. Ce dilem consiste à ce que les états font face au migrant doivent assumer des coû immédiats pour des bien faits qui n'appellent que plus tard. A lŵr o'r prys o'n charg des migrants parles les sociétés d'accueil doivent être considérés comme un investissement à moyen et long terme pour parler des termes plutôt économiques sinon on prend le risque de les laisser entre les mains. D'autre investissement a court terme, cela dangereu pour ces même sociétés en termes d'exploitation ou de traite et d'exploitation également dangereu par des réseaux criminels et terroristes. Troisièm i dernier commentaire, c'est la discrimination à l'accès au service de base qui rend les migrants vénérables particulièrement au niveau de l'emploi. C'est toute la famille qui suivit les conséquences d'o la nécessité de mettre un niveau les lois nationales pour garantir l'égalité à l'accès au service de base, notamment la préférence nationale qui existe dans beaucoup de pays en termes d'accès à l'emploi, des fois sauter ce verou de préférence nationale permet aux migrants d'accéder à des emplois durables etc. Le sous emploi et l'emploi informelle expose les migrants à la fragilité et la précarité. Je cite à dire d'exemple la crise économique de 2008 en Europe par exemple qui a touché en premier lieu les travailleurs migrants et les travailleurs marocains en Europe. On a beaucoup, on l'a senti au niveau du Maroc donc c'était les premiers à toucher par la crise économique donc quand on perd son emploi c'est toute une situation sociale qui est déstabilisée. Voila donc la discrimination à l'accès au service de base c'est mon lidé principale. Cette discrimination là provoque où rungendre la vulnérabilité dans un cercle vicieux persilent. Libya. Thank you, moderator. Actually my first comment actually goes to the first two panellists. The one from the Republic of Tanzania actually did a great job and I'm very much very much admirable of the excellent presentation that she had presented to us as well as the second panellist. And here I wanted to focus on the issue of vulnerability in the beginning. I guess that migrants themselves they are the ones who put themselves in the vulnerability situation from the beginning, from the irregular migratory path or route. Let them themselves be falling in the hands of smugglers and human traffickers. It is also a cause and it's a reason behind being in a vulnerable situation. The second thing is the second point regarding the differences or differentiations between migrants and refugees. I have to also endorse that because I've been saying that time and time again that usually refugees flee their homes searching for shelter from a natural disaster or an armed conflict without a dream, without a plan, without a destination. What matters for them is to seek shelter whereas migrants from the beginning they leave their homelands with a dream, with a destination and with a plan. I think this one should be taken into consideration. Now finally the solution, the durable solution to the vulnerability of migrants and seeking protection, gaining protection for their rights is one thing. It comes from the theme of the global compact that is endorsed by the New York Declaration and how is it? The theme or the title of the compact is a compact on safe, orderly and regular migration. That means obviously that the migration which is unsafe is not acceptable. Migration that is out of order is not acceptable. Migration that is irregular is not acceptable. Once this document is adopted, I understand that unless somebody else understands something different because it's pretty obvious from the title, from the theme of the compact. So we have to, in order to find this solution for the vulnerability is to make migration safe, orderly and regular. Thank you very much. Medicine demand international network. Thank you Madam Chair. I think there is a large consensus that there is no predetermination of being vulnerable, you become vulnerable. We must answer the question why in 31 cities in Europe 77% of our patients don't access healthcare. Why is it that 30% of our patients are restricting themselves to access healthcare because of the fear of being arrested? Why is it that 69% of our pregnant mothers in our consultations don't seek healthcare and don't have a single antenatal consultation? Those are the questions we must answer. So how it seems that one of the observation that we came across is member states and the policies, the migration policies create an environment which is harmful for the migrants. And so it's a bit of a shift of a paradigm. Of looking into vulnerability criteria, the global compact on migration should look first and foremost into how the policies at stake are harmful and violent for the migrants. I think this will prevent violence and harm to the migrant and we look into not only about service provision. Of course migrants have specific needs but it will go beyond those specific needs. It will help us create an environment without harm. For instance, we will look into ways not to check about research and rescue guidelines but avoid migrants to endanger their life and take the sea. We will look into different situations instead of trying to protect children in retention centres is to ban detention for the children. Instead of looking into a variety of care for the children pregnant women and migrants in the healthcare system, it's about our colleague from Thailand is ensuring there is universal healthcare for all. It is about our minister of Canada this morning is to ensure that they are safe and legal pathway for asylum. Thank you. The migrant is not. It is not done either. The migrant is faced with an adverse environment generated by the states and society. I wanted to do this intervention and it is very brief because I have heard here in the issue of migration there are many myths. We have to identify certain things. This morning the director of operations and emergency situations of the OEM said that we have a complete international legal framework that what is needed is the link between politics and practice. That is a myth and that is a fact. It is also respectable, that position as respectable was the position that had at the moment Norway's delegation telling us that it was also that framework and that the important thing was not to create new norms because these new norms were going to weaken existing norms. The existing norms are completely weakened. If we talk about the international normative, the most approximate international normative in the issue of migrations is precisely the international convention for the protection of the rights of migrant workers and their families. But it turns out that practically none of the states of destiny has affirmed it. In short, it does not work. If it worked what it said this morning, the OEM delegation, it would not have called that great conference in New York and would not have given the mandate to negotiate that great world pact for a regular and secure migration. What is clear here is that we have to carry out these negotiations of this pact, have an identity, that pact of having an identity with clear commitments of all, of the states, of destiny and of origin, but also of the international organizations of the private sector. So, let's begin to identify those myths that harm migration. At the moment, there is no international norm that actually carries regular, secure and secure flows. She has indicated that in Tanzania, security is a priority and to this end I take it that to Tanzania migration is a security issue or rather security takes precedence over other migration considerations. If this is the case, how does Tanzania go about reconciling security considerations and protection issues? I see the two security and protection on extreme ends of the migration continent. This is bearing in mind that the GCM, which we are going to be discussing, will be seeking among other issues to find a middle ground between the two issues, security and protection. Thank you. Ethiopia. Thank you, Madam Moderator. I would also like to thank the panelist. Madam, while it is important to keep the distinction between refugees and migrants, but very often times the movements are of mixed nature. So, my question to the panelist is how should the global compact on migration address the concerns of the protection of migrants in vulnerable situations in the case of mixed movements. I thank you. We have Guatemala is back in the room please. Thank you very much, Madam Moderator. I would also like to thank OIM for the document of precedence, in which we see a first differentiation between the different structural factors that lead us to vulnerable situations. We believe that it is necessary to strengthen the prevention of irregular migration, reintegration, the incidence of migratory regularisation, the specialised consular protection and differentiated for children and adolescent migrants, and in general the attention, assistance and protection of the entire migrant population. In the case of Guatemala, the current typical and penalised legislation is the human trafficking crime. The Ministry of Public Affairs' section on human trafficking has functional communities for the distribution of cases around various human trafficking crime modalities, as well as the specialised personal designation to address the issue of human trafficking of migrants. It is important to tell specific communities that address these issues by identifying the vulnerability of migrant people, not only in transit, but also in the country of destiny. Thank you very much. I wrote. It is important to tell specific communities about the number or the number of information that can be available to migrants and the sea of information about these migrants, or the migrants, so that we can stand up to them according to their social status. It is important to tell specific communities about the number of information that can be available to migrants and the sea of information about these migrants, so that we can stand up to them according to their social status. I think Mauritius is the last. Thank you, Madam Moderator. Mauritius has a keen interest in regard to the issue of migration. Recognising the importance of migration as a vehicle for development, we are actively participating to regional consultations on the global compact for migration. At national level, we are currently working on the formulation of national migration policy, which will provide for an appropriate framework to address all issues relating to migration. We are very much concerned with all aspects pertaining to the preservation of human rights or migrants, especially as we are increasingly having recourse to foreign workers, and we ensure that they benefit from the same rights and facilities as our own citizens. However, we are often faced with challenges such as malpractices and abuses by recruiting agents, which even lead to cases of human trafficking. We already have since 2009 enacted our legislation on trafficking in persons, and we are currently working on a national action plan on trafficking in persons in consultations with all stakeholders. We have initiated procedures for the appointment of a migration service provider who will in Teralia facilitate security and health screening for migrant workers and also monitor the management of compliance with international standards by recruitment agents. In spite of government's commitment to address such issues linked to vulnerabilities of migrants, we still find difficulties in dealing with such cases. We therefore welcome this initiative relating to a better understanding of vulnerabilities faced by migrants and look forward to the framework for protection of different categories of migrants. Thank you, Madam. By implementing these issues, we have national, as I said before, and international laws which emphasise human rights. These venerable migrants are provided with protections and assistance, but that's why we say some of them fail to comply with the law in the country, some of them engage in the criminal offences, so that we have the duties and the responsibility, although we protect them, but we put priority security to make the country or places safe for everyone. Thank you very much. Thank you. So with that, we should close to move on to the next panel. We heard a lot of different practical examples really focusing around information provision registries or other kinds of tools that could facilitate monitoring of rights, implementing the existing norms and standards, the human rights framework, participation in governance procedures to actually involve migrants and migrant organisations, looking at the policy framework which actually causes the harm in which people that make migrants in situations, whether at risk of rights violations or violence or exploitation, and regular channels looking at why people are embarking on unsafe routes and making sure those regular channels are also decent and promoting a safe migration once in the country. Thanks very much to everybody and we'll move to the next panel.