 who is here today to talk about space-making and space-shaping. Like I said, maps are a huge part of our reality today. We use maps a lot, and they change the way we see the world, and maybe they also change our perspective on a lot of other things. And so today we have a talk here with Traeger, whom I'm welcoming very warm today. He will give you some more insights about what's possible and what we can do with maps. So give him a warm applause. Welcome Ulf. Thank you for the announcement and the invitation. I will talk in German. There is a live translation in English. I want to talk about maps. I want to talk about digital maps in the next half hour. I will also explain that maps and their digitalization are getting more and more important for our world view. And I want to show you some examples of the pre-digitalized age to show you that maps are not value-neutral. They always have a world view behind them, and they always have been created with a certain intention behind them. And I also want to show you how maps, what an impression maps have on us today. I will show you three examples, how map technologies, digital map technologies today have been developed, how further development will happen, what the political meaning of this development. I already said that maps are never value-neutral. They always have a social and political background. And I want to explain a constructive handling of this political background. I also want to show you alternative maps that have another viewpoint, another political viewpoint behind them. I also want to show you that the view on a card will also be... I will start with a very old card because it's interesting, the form, how it presents space. This is a card which was used for hundreds of years. This is called a wheel card because of the round form. The interesting thing about this card is it has metaphysical information, feelings, myths, monsters, dragons, next to rational things like space, rivers, and this connects these two things. And since this was a Christian map, the point in the middle is Jerusalem. The exact position is not important, it's just the overview of the world. These cards existed for a long time, but at some point they lost their use. There was much more demand of cards that are actually usable for navigation like cards we have today. The main pressure for these cards to exist was sea travelling by boat because they wanted to have exact cards for exact navigation. And someone who did this successfully was Mekatwa. He did good projection of the world ball on an area. Up to today is the main map. We will see it today, it's natural maps. Where later, in the 70s, the 20th century, there was the first criticism on these maps and this type of maps, this projection of those maps, and this projection of these maps. For navigation, it works. The term of use is conformal, you can start somewhere and you get up in your hand where you want to be. It works for fun, but it is completely wrong if you look at the land itself. If you have an extra explanation, for example, on the northern coast, the land is way too big, but around the equator, where it's here in the middle, you can see it, I'll show it here, especially in the south continents, the lands are too small. You see that very well, a green land, if you look at top, it's about the same size as Africa, but in fact it's just about 112 as big as Africa and the criticism was, you just get used to this, you think it's true, but in fact it is wrong, because the equatorialism is not true and it favors this wrong image you get because it's the European image of the world we have and Europe, we have a very small country compared to other ones, and so in this grotesque bigger thing and we take this into account and accept this wrong image of reality. This led not to the fact that we have new maps because the navigation was the main point and this works, but it opened the space, we have to understand there are other maps, so maps are never neutral and mistakes in maps are often based on idealism and they're accepted on this base. Another important point in the history of maps is a conference held in 1884, it was held in New York, it's called the International Meridian Conference, this conference is very important because meanwhile there were very important tools for navigation especially you see, but still there was still a lot of confusion in the coordination system and especially in time zones. Every big unit had their own coordination system such as Denmark had a ruling about Altenau, Tom of Hamburg and they had their own coordination system and they had their own time system, so if you take a train to North America you had like 35 local times, so every time you get out of the train you had to orientate yourself in this new time zone and you had to ask people what is the local time now so to get rid of this confusion and to get a solution of this, there was this conference, we wanted to find a solution to unify everything, so for example transport of people gets easier, so the most important imperium of the Great UK, you know everyone here knows zero million goes to okay, it goes to Greenwich, the Republic of London which also time for segregation of time and what you see is that there are all these different aspects of time are just get together and space and area was taken into one whole thing and we wanted to have a global system of coordinates which was very important for the further development and one example, one example which shows how important this is is standardizing, was another conference, it was held shortly after, it was held at a conference in Berlin, it's called the Congo Conference 1884 to 1885, it was very long conference taking over four months, there were many rich people sitting together and discussing countries such as Germany or UK or Spain were sitting there and they were discussing all these issues especially about Africa, you can see it here on the map, how you can deal with it, the point was there are parts of Africa from a western point of view are not colonized yet, they are not known yet so we haven't done anything about it and basically they wanted to see how they can split it among them but this only works if you can define territory you have to have the maps and the standards that everyone is talking about the same thing so we have to take into account all the interests we can take all the boundaries also talking about military was defending which point so it was a very interesting point and it was close to the Meridian Conference and this example shows that how these maps are also important for colonism that we can defend the areas we've already gathered and decades show their interests so in the colonism was of course a so these maps were also important for the power of the cities another example which chronoclotion does not really is said but which is also important as well it's the aerial photography which was important for aerial making pictures out of planes because it simplifies cartography immensely one was able to fly over an area where the cartography categorized it and this is much easier than sending people on ground and measuring distances so you can just make picture area pictures out of planes and then at home measure the distances on the pictures and so that means that our maps became a lot more precise so this was made in the first world war in 1916 the first world war the plane photography was everybody used it but after the first world war everybody did the measurements on the maps and then this information went through society and everybody was able to access the more precise maps one example is this an architect in the 20th century he used the aerial photography so this he used the aerial photographs to look at urban structures to look at cities and he used it to form structures and city planning from an aesthetic point of view so he used the aerial photography to make aesthetic city planning and of course it was afterwards criticized that somebody does this structuring from above not taking into account the view of the individual living in the city what is also some other areas that aerial photography had influences on was somebody used aerial photography to show social problems in cities he showed that typical structures of poor areas in cities you can see from aerial photography because for example the buildings are very close together and his results were discussed because he used the objective cartography to get results about poverty many scientists criticized this type for example there are some people with aerial photography it's just as your audience so they refused to accept this because the perspective on the ground, the perspective from the individuals living in the cities is way more important than this point of view from on top and also other people having every huge debate and discussing this new technology and discussing where it's going what mustn't be forgot we always have to recall these maps were very detailed, very sharp and the pictures of course they were but still it's still their presentation of the reality they just got more complex and technology more advanced so they seem to be more natural but still it's just representation and this point is something that gets shaped so one example, oh no from the global positioning system, GPS in the 80s I think it's what, 89, 90 something like that, it was also open for private usage so there's also a Russian system today opinion is working on our system but this form of a global positioning system brought one new fact in cartography, the automatic relatively precisely representation of your own position on a map and this made possible what you know, Automobily already said it's a navigation system which lets you through the city which tells you exactly your own position in the city there are happening other things due to this global positioning system, GPS and through this form of this navigation system first of all the map changes maps used to be a big picture of a orientation system even though you only used it for navigation from A to B you always had the context, so you could read the map you could collect all the information on your ways, you could see the whole picture this has changed, the focus is much more narrow it's much smaller, we only see navigation screen we don't see the context anymore we don't read it anymore, we just read, look at the map somehow, we get additional information if you want to or not so they're moderated from someone else, someone else has put them together we don't have to take care of this and that's one very very important change in this navigation form of course the perspective saw something which changed, you don't have this like perspective from top to bottom but now you have this egoshooter perspective when you walk on the ground and another important point which is shown here it used to be that maps were always being made prior so the usage of the map was always afterwards the generation of the map but now using the GPS system, when you're mobile in your navigation system, they're always recording sometimes you don't want to have this, sometimes you don't want to for example to software or surveillance whatever whatever you do, wherever you go, it's recorded so the creation and the usage of the map is happening at the exact same moment so you can't take this apart, so the maps are always modificated during my movement and there are new levels of information because I move through the space or the area so that's a very interesting point because there are different points of view how we can use the area around us but your knowledge about how a person moves through the space, how he or she is using the map is very happening at the same moment as you're creating the map and this brings me to the next point when you look at the future or when you look at the moment, what's happening right now what is interesting at the moment, which makes cartography which makes it changing which will give it more powerful tools so we can use in politics and social points or in cultural roles I would like to show three aspects the first aspect is satellite photography which is kind of something similar as aerial photography so we go into a new satellite photography in the public space 1994-1995 some people know this better but in the moment there are about 100-120 satellites produced and most of them are deployed or they will be deployed next year they're very small, they're small as a refrigerator and they're produced by small companies but they will improve the quality of the pictures drastically the second example is a satellite picture from 2012 which has a very good resolution it doesn't have the top-down perspective it has a slightly asymmetric view and of course the second thing is the mass the raw number of satellites you will get a lot more pictures so at the moment it is normal that a random place in the world will be visited every few days and soon we will have the situation that every single location in the world will be visited every day up to 10 times so of course this is also troubling because of surveillance aspects and also it's interesting of every commercial usage of maps the second thing is, and there is not a lot of information about this, like in other parts of digitalization you can build algorithms that replace humans and in this case it's about machine learning, self-learning algorithms that learn to cartography and for example this nice picture was produced in February 2016 by Facebook and they announced that they use such a mechanism they want to use the population density and they want to measure it worldwide and they use satellites for that so it's not very sophisticated technology uses the photographs of satellites to count buildings and then estimates how many how many humans live in every building so it's not very sophisticated but this is already troubling that you can do something like this and the photography on the one side but this other example I will show now is real-time data flows produced all the time together with photography you can do a lot of data analysis so for example this real-time data flow is from traffic traffic data flows so industry has a strong interest in this being active in this, collecting the data and do something with it so one is auto, the car industry there is also other interests platform economics Uber, also the state has an interest in this so on different levels there are different companies and interest groups collect this data this is city data this is very concrete, this is a project from Hamburg smart city project, this is a screenshot from the supervision monitor in Hamburg Harbour this shows how the trucks are supervised in real-time and it shows how the trucks are going through the city in real-time and this shows how something we know from everyday can be represented as data and this massive use of digital technology and cartography can help you to keep alive systems that already exist and to improve them so another important point if you look at the cartography and machine learning and big data in city space there will be different kinds of maps HSS has made the maps but now it's changing for private operators such as alphabets or smaller companies as Uber they're using higher precise maps and they're also taking to the movement made there which is in these maps and what's happening there are maps as we can look at them as users or as drivers we don't see what Uber sees so there are more classes of cartography so this is a screenshot how Uber sees the maps so in the command centre in San Francisco this information is written down here in this map as a normal people person you can't see this map and it's something which is going to be happening more and more different filters of maps what you see in the city the access to the maps and the second aspect and I have to hurry up a little bit the second very important effect which is happening is what you can see in this example it's a our cultural hype such as Pokemon Go as trees, factors, satellite photography algorithms and map construction and the third one the big data flow if they come together people get a complete new geography from the city that lets you the city, for example you see here one of these Pokemon Go meetings in San Francisco, Freshman's Frogs but completely new ways and new patterns of movement in the city occurred because from this melange of these three factors there was a general overview of these tenancies maybe in Q&A we can discuss a little later or after the talk I just wanted to show some ideas and was just as important was always said in the beginning so next to this functional maps for example for vacation it's as important that you make cards which show different views on the world, a different point of view from the city so I think it's very important that those maps are opening a new space and show what's possible so they give you a new point of view, what we in the space is more than the structure so one example that's a little bit older I really like it, it's from an institute from 2001 it's a flash application it shows a very nice tool, that's New York you see these red squares, there's white cameras and the tool allows you to set your one position and the destination you want to go and it shows you the way you have to go that you have to lease cameras on your way so it's a very nice example for a tactical tool that has a message, so this institute for applied autonomy has made similar things, they said it's a tool we've made, but also it's a criticism on this society of survival and we want to show how you can access room for example another example, we are more into storytelling which is also important or is as important it's not a project from the US, it's called Anti-Eviction Mapping Project in San Francisco we have a problem for over 30 years you have a change so the people we have been living there are made to move there and new people are coming and this project has the task they want to document this process of change, for example how people have to leave their flats and they do not only look at numbers which I display in maps but they also want to give information from the people we have been living there so this map is kind of a tool to get access to the stories to the stories of these people it's not as an archive as a museum, it's just a living construct somehow you really see what's happening there and you have to be active because there's always a human being which is a victim of this this one is an example from this project how this map is projected into the city and it's a last project I want to show you it's from Munich I already showed you the Congo conference about colonialism Germany was also part of colonialism was very active in this part so in all the bigger cities in Germany you have traces of colonialism and in most of them you have also people documenting this tracing not only from historical reasons but more of we want to have to talk about it discuss this and the nice thing about this project over here they took a real map which we coordinates but the thing we usually know like streets and other systems we know they took the systems they took their information and put their information in there and their information and the shape of their storytelling is made through this I think it's a very important project because it completely breaks off the image you have from maps the last point I have 30 things left I want to show you some other things digital cartography is very important it's very easy to use, the technologies are very easy to use and just to say something there is open street map with open data so you can make cards there is also free software which helps you doing so so 2Qi systems it makes sense to make your own maps and maybe to get rid of this classical car maps and draw your own base layers and as I showed in these 3 images there are very different aspects you can take into this so you can take the whole context of these maps and show the social relevance very important, if there are no open data, please collect them and share it, open street map is one of these projects it's a very good basement for this map data and this also has the aim to so that we can influence the maps and we are not only influenced by the maps we have to think about the future narrative of the maps, thank you I hope that was awesome are there any questions about this topic we have a little bit of time, 1 or 2 questions we can answer if somebody wants to ask something hello, thank you for the lecture I have a few comments cards at the same time producing cards and using cards he does not think that this already in the 7th century it was just a common other question do we have a question? this is it, there will be no more questions we don't have time, thank you