 And my paper today will be focused on the colonnade streets of Roman Silesia and Pamphylia, so as to try to understand how local patterns and Syrian influences overlap in these sites. As everybody knows, colonnade streets are monumental structures recurring in several Roman cities of southeastern Anatolia, both in Silesia and in Pamphylia. They were an original creation of the Roman east, whose prototype must be identified in the colonnaded avenue of Antio on the Orontes, who is the real prototype. These colonnaded streets dated back to the early 1st century AD. And starting from this earlier attested case, after a chronological gap of quite a century, which has not been explained yet in a thorough way, the majority of Syrian cities was provided of monumental colonnaded streets since the late 1st and early 2nd century AD. The reign of Trajan can be considered as a turning point, as in the following decades, the major projects of colonnaded streets were realized in the Near East and also in Asia Minor, maybe with a little delay. The construction of colonnaded streets was considered as essential for the self-representation of the cities themselves, both in Silesia and in Pamphylia. This paper aims at analyzing how mutual influences between Syria and Asia Minor affected the diffusion of colonnaded streets in Silesia and Pamphylia. And if these regions, because of their position at the crossroads, played a key role within this process. I will try to examine the development of an innovative and architectural model between Syria and Asia Minor. And at this purpose, it is necessary to analyze both the urban patterns and the architectural features of the portico's line in the streets, not forgetting to shed light on the materials employed and to the functions. So let's start with urban features and overall layout of colonnaded streets. As a matter of fact, the building of such imposing and continuous colonnades during the imperial age was realized quite always along already existing parts, normally the most important urban route or routes, if there are more than one. And when they overlapped from a regular urban grid, the portico's were linear and gave to the street a monumental and regular perspective. Interrupted only by the crossroads with lateral streets or by the projecting propeller of some particular buildings. In other cases, such as that very famous of Palmyra in Syria and Bosra, but also as we can see in Anazarvos in Silesia or Perga in Pamphylia, the street had, due to various reasons, a broken and zigzag pattern. And this is the case of Anazarvos. And this is the case of Perga. And so the colonnades, the newly built colonnades necessarily fall this pattern. And at the crossing points, isolated monuments such as the Trappila, the Trakkiona, and the Trastila were built in order to dissimulate the irregularity. These features appear in many Cilician and Syrian sites and are exactly aimed at correcting the divergences and at giving a better unified perspective to the street. What looks peculiar is that Southeastern Anatolian cities, more than elsewhere, adopted the construction of a colonnaded street even in difficult tourographic conditions. And in this case, we are dealing with newly built streets and newly built colonnaded. So that in some cases, one of these is the very famous site of Antioch and the Pragos on which I will not go on because we have our colleagues from the excavation here. The case of Siedra and Thermesos in Pamphylia where terrace dwells were necessary to support the porticles as there was not enough flat space to accommodate the whole monument. And so in some cases, it was necessary to build a terrace like here in Siedra with only one line of colonnades. In other cases, such as Thermesos and also Antioch and the Pragos, it was necessary to build a double-storied porticle on the sloping side so as to flatten the area. And we are dealing with, this is the case of Thermesos, the colonnaded streets with pedestal for statues as some fragments of statues still on site. And this is Antioch and the Pragos before excavation, a long time ago. And you can see that it's not very exact because it's going like this. The colonnaded streets is on the slope of the hill so it was necessary to build up a double-storied porticle to sustain the street. This city, even if it's not very big, felt the necessity of having a representative monument such as a colonnaded street in the same way as bigger and regular plant cities. And what is worth to be underlined is that some of them, such this case, adopted marble and granite for the columns, so a quite expensive material. But the entablature, as we will see, was in local stone. Let us come to architectural features in order to investigate possible connections between Syrian and Syrian Panthelian trance in colonnaded streets. At the first glance, solution porticles were more similar to Syrian ones being built entirely in local limestone and with columns made of various superimposed drums. Consequently, they could reach even considerable dimensions. This is the case, for instance, of Sulayk-Kompeyopoli before and after the restoration. This fact may be attributed cautiously to the absence of marble quarries in Silesia and also in Syria. But I think that the reasons must be found elsewhere as I think the paper by Marcello Spano, which we'll follow, can explain clearly. But moving towards the west, starting from Antioch in the Kragos and from there towards Panthelia, we assist to the construction of porticles partly or entirely in marble. And these ridges were not provided of marble quarries as well. So the choice of marble was certainly due to other reasons, mainly requirements of magnificence as self-representation. As for our specific features are concerned, we can see here that Sulayk-Kompeyopoli is the only case I know in Silesia used in some portions of the porticles, fluted columns, which are, for example, adopted with vertical and spiral flutes in Apamea on the Oronte in Syria. And also another important feature that appears in some Silesian sites like this one, Sulayk-Kompeyopolis, Diocaisarea, Al-Zarbos and Epifanea. We have consoles aimed at supporting statues inserted in or worked in the same piece of, like this one, the drums. And this peculiarity is quite unattested elsewhere in Asia Minor and seems to be a clear imitation of Syrian models, such as those very famous of Pamera, or Apamea, but also other sites, as the Shiraza and Bosra. Colonized streets became so a sort of theory of statues placed on consoles with inscriptions. In the other regions under consideration, I mean, Meili-Panfilia, the same task was performed by statue bases with statues lining the street and placed in the inter-columniation. So the same function was realized in a different way. Moreover, it is worth underlining the adoption of consoles having structural purpose at Yerapuliska Stabala in Celicia. As we can see here in this photo of Freya Stark in 1958, where a console is still standing, but not projecting towards the carrot way, which is here, but projecting along the line of the colonnades, and this is a fragment I found during my previous researches in Celicia. And these consoles were not certainly aimed at supporting statues, but had a statical purpose. They needed to connect the in-publature of different stretches of porticles laying at a dissimilar height. The case of Yerapuliska Stabala is very interesting because the street is sloping down from east to west, and so it was necessary to realize such infrastructures because the colonnades were not at the same height. And so the stretches of the porticles would be like that. And as far as I know, a similar architectural solution is never attested in marble colonnaded streets, mainly because marble column shafts were carved according to certain standard parameters. Let's get to the functions because these infrastructures were at the same time, monumental buildings contributing to the decor of ancient sites, and functional structures whose utility has often been underestimated. And how distinctive were these aspects in the colonnaded streets of southeastern Anatolia? And how can we compare these aspects with a wider Eastern Mediterranean panorama? I can answer immediately to this question because the colonnaded streets and the examination are exactly the same from this purpose, it's from this point of view as the other ones. As far as the decor, I have already underlined many aspects concerning the magnificence of such buildings from manifold points of view, but I would like to underline, as far as grandiosity, the colonnaded streets of Anazarbos, which is now under excavation, whose width is certainly extraordinary. The carriageway is approximately 29 meters wide, making of this street the largest known example at present time. We have to consider that the average width of a colonnaded street is 12, 15 meters, so 29 is the double. Recent excavations demonstrated that it consisted in reality of two separate carriageways, which is again a unique solution in antiquity. A similar solution, even, okay, here you can see comparison of colonnaded streets of Selisha, which are all approximately the same, and Anazarbos, which is completely different. Another case where a large street, but not so large, is attested, is Pergae, where the carriageways cross longitudinally by a water channel originating from the new film at the foot of the Acropolis. Also the materials employed, mainly in the Stoi, are worth to be considered upon this perspective. Some, mainly those in Selisha, Pedias, and Eastern Trocaea, were built in local stone, as we saw, which was the resource more easily available as happened in Silvia. Limestone is mainly attested. This is the case of Atamea, where the whole colonnaded street, apart from restorations, was in local limestone. But we have also cases of the use of polychrome breaches. The upper images are from Anazarbos, and the lower one from Irapolis Castabala, in order to imitate marble and create a polychromatic effect and contrast. In Western Selisha and in Pamphylia, the Stoi were made, on the contrary, essentially of marble, at least for what concerned the columns. Whereas the upper and tablature could be in local limestone, like in the case of Cedra, or in Turk and the Kragos, and so on, or entirely in marble, like the case of Cedra. An exception can be Tarsos, which is in plain Selisha, and adopted some marble elements for the porticoes. But of course, this is the capital city of the province, and so it could be an exception. A question arises then, why did some cities chose to adopt local stone and others marble? Was it a matter of fashion or expenditure? I will not concentrate on fashion, because it is Marchello's panel's paper. But I will concentrate on the problem of expenditure, as a few years ago, I tried to reconstruct the realization costs of a colony district entirely made in limestone, and to compare it to a colony district entirely made in imported marble, or partly made in imported marble. So I choose the example of Sulaypun Piyopolis and Antiochia on the Kragos. At the end, it resulted that the two buildings had approximately the same cost. But the difference was that the first monument, Sulaypun Piyopolis, was the double in terms of hate, and so had certainly a bigger impact. But on the other side, a portico made in marble was more elegant, and the decorative details, mainly of the capitals, the correction capitals, were more accurate. As far as the utilitas, we know that colony districts had the aim of giving shelter from sun or rain, depending on the season, and protecting pedestrians from vehicles and traffic running along the street. Also, they were used as additional commercial areas to the shops behind the portico, as many inscriptions rate on the colon, such as mainly for laser periods, because in the space in between the colon, movable stands could place, and we know the crowded life under the portico of a colony street in Antioch on the Ronset through the accounts of Libanios. And the third, less considered or underestimated function is the sacred religious one, which not excluded the previous two, but we are dealing with both urban streets and suburban roads, having the peculiarity of connecting the city with the sanctuary or to monumentalize the access to a sacred area within a city. The most famous case is certainly that of Palmyra, where the main street connecting two fundamental reference points, the Temple of Val and the Funerary Temple, was provided of colon dates in a long time scale, approximately one century and a half. But we can find two parallels in Cilicia. The best one is Yerapolis Castabala, where the porticos were probably also at Adonis in the street leading to the sanctuary of the patron goddess and guided the devoted director there. And at Diocesarea, two or maybe three colonial streets were realized on already existent streets around Zeus' obvious temple and certainly had not only but also a religious function for the flow of people, because we must imagine that this century had a very big flow of people. To conclude, I conclude with two historical photos by Gertrude Lotiambal, this one from Yerapolis Castabala before excavation and this one from Soloi Pompiopolis, taken into account from various perspectives the specific characteristics in building and architecture of colonial streets in Southern Anatolia, we can find some clear reference to Syrian models of which local architects were undoubtedly aware. We can perceive also the adoption of peculiar regional features implying a local adaptation of an imported model. An overall stylistic and chronological overview reveals that quite certainly Cilicia and later also Panfilia and Pisidia played a road of intermediary for the transmission of models between Syria and Asia Minor. Colonial avenues in plain Cilicia are closer to their layout to Syrian ones, whereas moving towards the West, we assist to a progressive marmorization and to an adaptation to more, let's say, Asiatic trends. That's the analyzed monuments perfectly fit within the framework of a mixed and composite culture and lead us to consider Southern Anatolia as a real crossroads also upon this perspective. Thank you for your attention.