 Thanks a lot, thanks for inviting me to participate in the session and thanks to the public for being here last day. So I will talk about the Samnite landscape and the Samnite hillfolds. So we have been working in this area in Molise, central Italy, in these projects specifically since the beginning of 2013. So our main goals also of this presentation is first to reflect on the Samnite hillfold phenomena. So it's rolled in the central Apenninic with one less N. So it rolls in the society of the central south Apenninic mountains to examine all the theoretical approaches to the creation of this landscape. So because it's also important to understand how the Samnite landscape was in the moment of the big confrontation with the emerging Roman Empire. I want to assess the advantages of using LIDAR in this area. LIDAR not only LIDAR in its own but also comparing it to other methodologies, mostly field surveys in mountains. So we will see this very challenging approach. And well, we need to find instruments tools to create better instruments rather than this map here. So because we think that cartography is the best way to explain landscapes to people in a standard way for the general public. Well, so we have this, this is our research area. So we have the four, let's say, big blocks, two of them in relation to Roman colonies from the third century BC. First, Isernia in the modern province of, well, Isernia and Molisea and the second one, Venosa in the province of Potenza in Basilica. And then we have two other regions that we want to study to understand better the evolution of the, let's say, indigenous landscape. The second area is the Tapino Valley where we are still doing some research. And the fourth area is the area dominated by also really big hillfort of Casalini-Sotana, a place where we can see the, let's say, the relations of two different people. The Daunians and the Samnites, which were also expanding farther to the south when the Romans were doing the same from Rome to the south. Well, there are Samnites where successful non-urban societies, so that's why it's so interesting for us. So because we wanted to understand how they managed to face the expanding Roman Empire. Rome is, of course, like one of the most paradigmatic urban societies in the Mediterranean. So we need to understand why the Samnite society, coming from the mountains, organized, let's say, in the small nucleus, were able to counter the expansionists of the Roman Empire and also to expand themselves more into the south. Pompeii, for instance, was conquered by the Samnite world and all the Daunian and Lucanian tribes from North Polia were also, well, let's say not conquered, but they were invaded by the expansion of the Samnites at that moment. So we don't have urban settlements, we don't have cities, but we have to look for other elements to understand this society. So we have in one hand the hill forts that were studied some decades ago by Stefan Oakley, and we also have these really big religious sanctuaries that, well, I think there are consensus and understanding that those big sanctuaries with temple theaters were used to, well, they were used as meeting places for the Samnite tribes, especially in moments of conflict, organized armies and so on. So this is one of the better examples. This is the, well, let's say, Sanctuary of Pietragondante, where we see different temple areas and really big theater that follows the Hellenistic examples that appear also as well in Pompeii, and it was built about around 200 years before the first stone theater was built in Rome, so that to highlight the importance of those meeting places in the Samnite landscape. Well, we have, we can count with other examples, other approaches to the Samnite landscape. The first is the Eferno Valley Project, carried out by Barker in the 80s. The Sangro Valley Project, there's more recent one also, carried out by some colleague like Bisham, I think Robi Thierry is also involved in that. These two, so this is the cover of the book published by Graham Barker, and this is one example of one publication of the Sangro Valley Project towards phenomenological understanding of the Samnite hill force, so they represent two different theoretical approaches. So this is interested in the long-term evolution of the landscape already from prehistoric times to late Roman, to late antiquity. And this one is more focused, at least this paper published by Bisham is interested in understanding how those big hill forts have an impact in the understanding of the Samnite themselves in the context of the Iron Age welfare in this area. And then we have two other projects, the sacred rural landscapes, carried out by Tessesteque and Jeremiah Pelgrom from Leiden University and the Dutch Institute in Rome, that are trying to understand the importance of the rural sanctuaries in the creation of these, well, non-European societies. We have an example of all the area studies around one of these temples, the temple of San Giovanni in Gallo in the province of Campo Basso. So they're trying to understand the settlement pattern organized around those rural sanctuaries. And once this project was finished, we started a new one called Landscape of Early Roman Colonization, so trying to study those two colonies, but also the, let's say, indigenous area. So trying to see what happened in between, so those areas with the big sanctuary, let's say the Papino River, which is that white line over there. This is our base in Gelsi. Well, thanks to these projects, we have very detailed information about what happens in the sample area. So here we have the colony of Isernia, here in the center, just in the corner, the Roman colony and the modern city of Isernia. We have all this area covered. We understand very well the settlement dynamics, but there are very large areas where we don't have any kind of data. Specifically those areas high in the mountains, like in the Matese, in the upper area of the Boturnal River. This is already the Mainarde, the natural border with the Abruzzo region. And we don't know what's going on over there because it's a very difficult area to access. So we have very personal information. We know that there's something happening, hill forts, archaic settlements and so on. But we don't have resources to enter those areas, so to carry out the traditional survey that we are applying in other areas. So we have, thanks to the Ministero del Ambiente, we have LiDAR data for this zone of Molise. So here we see our data sets, the data we bought to the minister, and this is the actual, the recent coverage. So we see that it's mostly covering the areas of the three main valleys, so the Trigno, Biferno and Valfortore. Because this LiDAR data was produced in order to manage the geological risk. So the higher part of the Boturno valley with the big old crop, so it's not affected by landslides, as it can happen in the agricultural valleys. So we have to also consider how useful this information is to our approach to the Samnite hill forts and landscapes. Well, as I said, the upper part of the Boturno river is not, let's say, it's covered, so this is that part. This is the Boturno river going to divorce the terrain. And just here is the area of the Colonia of Visenia, which is not covered by LiDAR, which is also a problem. When you want to, let's say, plan extensive survey using remote sensing, the areas that are not covered are always a gap in your understanding of the landscape. So we are trying to also understand this part, south of Visenia. We can cover part of the Matesse mountains and the upper part of the Boturno river with some quite important cases as the San Paolo, which we are going to see soon. Well, we want to use LiDAR, but combined with other methodological approaches. I already mentioned survey, but we are also using other products, like the Historial Photography, mostly from the English American flies during the Second World War. We will see it in detail in a moment. I'm from the 54. We need to adapt also our survey methodology to a mountainous area. So we, in that case, we are working with points, something that we call point samples. So that consists in a grid, let's say a theoretical grid, imposed all over our mountains. And then we go to the corners of the grids and then we clean the leaves, the organic material, and we expose the soil. And in that soil is where we found our pottery. So I don't have a specific picture of the results, but I can already say that there has been very successful to understand better areas with, let's say, zero visibility. So and of course, this is an example of the area we are working in, so forested. So we'll see in the next slide that the forest is again in territory. And then we can already perceive some elements that we have to study further. Okay, this is one example of the use of a historical flight. So there were flights, especially that one from the RAV, from the English bombing airplanes that bombed Isernia in the 43. So we have pictures from before the bombardment because they were targeting the German army, which was in that spot. So because Isernia is also a key place to cross the Appenindic mountains from the Adriatic part to the Terrainic part. We have also pictures during the actual movement. So let's say here you see the bombs exploding in the junction in Isernia. And after evaluating the damage of this bombing in this area. So thanks to those pictures and to the new images from the minister, we can track the pollution of the landscape, right? Okay, so we of course are using LIDAR also. So this is also one interesting study case in Lomónaco south of Isernia in the foothills of the Matese mountain. So there's one side over around 100, sorry, 1100 meters above the sea level. So that we is almost disappearing. So thanks to the LIDAR we are reconstructing more or less the tumbles, the possible walls fencing and so on. And of course we are also carrying out a field survey. Those are examples of very worn flood loss pottery that our colleague, Marlene Termier, also from Leiden University, is studying also to try and to track origins, network contacts according to the production centers of those blood loss, mostly studying the fabrics very much in detail. We have other elements that can also explain a little bit about the network, the contacts of these places, apparently isolated in the mountains, but this is a corner of our lintus mill. So producing the volcanic stone that possibly was part of a trade, the relations of the sites in the longer area, because we are just at the other side of the Apenninic Mountains and at the other side we have the Vesuvius, and towards Rome we also have the Corleal Bani and so on. So well, that's already in formats about the network, the contacts of this particular case. Yeah, sorry. So this is another case, Castel Riposo Longano, also not far away from that place. This is how the place looked like in the aerial photography. So with the lighter we are kind of understanding a little bit better. So the place, we don't have some walls, this polygonal wall, so typical from the Samnite Hillfords. We see the modern terracing, some areas where there have been, well, let's say archaic necropolis has been found in those areas, and with this information we can also plan our survey. So, and then plotting all the, let's say pottery, pottery categories, cartographically using also the lighter. So here we are using lighter to understand the landscape, the creation of the landscape to plan our survey and also to present the results cartographically, so combining with the multi-valued statistics. And this is one of the most important study cases. This is Montaña de Gildone, really large hillfords near Campo Basso, the current capital of Molise. We have this sketch made produced by, published by Stefan Oakley. So here we see the interpretation of the polygonal wall, in a restricted part of the hillford. But thanks to the, well, to the lighter we will see that we can change this interpretation so we can, let's say, refresh or update this information. Here we are also using all the kind of methodologies, more agricultural areas. We are using electro resistivity. We can see a lot of elements, so let's say, elenistic villages, prehistoric sites, all the disposal around the mountains and also surveying very intensively all this area with this method of point samples, because the moment we were working in that area that field was not used for agricultural purposes, it was overgrown completely. Well, using lighter, but not only, so we were able to recognize or to offer an update of the wall system of the small area, so published by Stefan Oakley but we can consider the entire thing as a wall. We are also indeed surveying parts of this wall that we can indeed see that the most of the elenistic material appears very close to the areas that we are interpreting as gates. So here we see one of the main entrances, so also with some, let's say, stone heaps very massively, that we are actually cleaning. So you see here polygonal wall, really big slabs work, so my team is sitting over the wall and here we have another case in the upper part of the hill. So that already also points to a later occupation of the area. Here we see all the work done last summer, so documentation of all those structures that we see in the LiDAR images that we also need to understand in the field. And here, of course, we have other elements like this medieval protomaiolica elements that also help us to understand the later evolution of this landscape in the 8th, 9th century. And, of course, we are also trying to integrate these maps with local information about toponyms, so we know that this area where all those pottery appears is called Cole Casarino, so from Casa, some Hamlets. The other elements over there refer also to Forticella, so a small fort, areas related to cattle husbandry and so on. Well, that's one of the conclusions. So LiDAR, of course, has been proven useful to characterize large parts of the Summonite territory, but we should not depend on LiDAR completely, because at least in that case the coverage is not total. So we are trying indeed to avoid the usage of LiDAR as a positivistic tool only to visualize the landscape and the great, pretty maps. And it, of course, is helping us to develop better methodologies to understand the results in the field, so that we are later on doing our campaigns, trying to, let's say, explore, so doing some kind of what we call in-survey archaeology ground troughing. And, well, our understanding of the total landscape of different parts of the landscape is needed to render the use of LiDAR useful. Thanks a lot for your attention.