 I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls to be College, University of Allahabad. And it is my email ID. The lecture will be in bilingual mode and will be useful for various teaching examinations. And the topic which I am going to discuss today is social change. That is another important topic under educational sociology or sociology. Social change means social change. So let's see what social change is. First, we have to know its concept. Change is the only truth, it is the only truth. This is the only truth, the only truth. There is no constant need in such thing. So in that, social change is inevitable. So, what is social change? Social change is the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure. That is, the social change in the social structure is changed. Then, what will be the change characterized by changes? What will be the change? Cultural symbols, sanskritik, our chins will change. Rules of behaviour, our way of speaking, our rules of behaviour will change. Social organization, social system will change and value systems will change. That is, what is social change? There is a change in the social structure, which can be a change in the cultural symbol, our behaviour, our organization will change, our value system will change. What will be the change in the social system? Then, what is it? It is the process through which social structures and institutions are reconstructed undergoing a cultural transformation. There is a culture, that is, culture and society is formed from one another. Culture is a very broad term. So, the way of sitting up, the norms, everything comes into the culture. So, cultural and social things are completely unbuildable. So, it is not possible to have a social transformation without a cultural transformation. It is the process through which social structures and institutions are reconstructed. That is, the social foundations and our social institutions are re-established again. Why? Because they change and change. So, the old things have not come into the new value system and have become a new organization. So, the cultural transformation will be undergone. That is, the cultural transformation is being completed in the form of sanskritik. Then, it is the process through which social structures... Oh, sorry sir, these are two times. Then, it is the alteration of the social order of the society, may include changes in social institutions, social behaviors and social relations. Is it saying that alteration, that is, change in the social order of the society, which is a social crime in which it is changed? In which it is changed? It is changed in the social system. That is, the family is changing. So, the social behavior of the social institutions, how do we behave in a social manner? How do we sit up in front of elders? Look at the comparison. Now, the whole thing has changed. I don't know how much it will change in the future. Social relations, how much was the first sanctity? How much was the sacredness? How much was the memory? Everything has ended now. Social relations have changed in other ways. We don't talk about good or bad. First, it is good and now it is bad. We don't talk about it. It has changed. So, it is the alteration of the social order of the society. It has changed in the social order of the society. It can be defined as the way in which human interactions, relationships, behavior patterns, and cultural norms change over time. That is, how can we describe it in such a way that the relationship between a person, the interaction that is going on, the relationships that are there, the relations that are there, the rules of behavior, the behavior patterns, and the cultural norms, everything changes over time. So, this is what we call a social change. It is a part of the individual society. So, the way to sit up in the society, the way to talk, the way of the principles, the way of interactions, everything is changing in the social structure. By combining everything, it is called a social change. So, if we want to define it, what do we get in the language of sociologists? What is the definition? M.E. Zones. How do we define this? Social change occurs when social processes, social patterns, social interactions, or social organizations encounter modifications in their everyday functioning. There are different social patterns. The basic patterns are changing, the social acceptance is changing, the social prosperity is changing, the social interaction is changing. encounter modifications, in there, are there modifications, cheap activity causes, everyday function. first of all, the way ofkędika of person's everyday work, whether it is social interaction, social interaction or social content, is a social change, it is called an E-Zones. What is HD Mazumdar, he says that social change may be defined as a new fashion or mode. He says that there is a new fashion or a new way, either modifying or replacing the old, or we have modified the old one, or changed it, in the life of a people or in the operation of a society. In the life of a people, has it changed or modified the old way, or the way of operation of a society? The way of creation of a society, in which we have removed old things and brought a new fashion or a new mode, that is what social change is called as HD Mazumdar. Then what is the Mekaiveran page, he has mentioned it in a grammar of sociology, of this type of definition. Then what is the Mekaiveran page, he says that social change refers to a process. The social change is a process, responsive to many types of changes. That is, in many ways, the process that is going on in the response of the family members is social change. So what is it possible that changes in man-made conditions of life, that is, in the things made by humans, there is a change, to changes in the attitude and beliefs of men, our attitude is changing, our faith is changing, and to changes that go beyond the human control. And the things that are not in our control, beyond our control, that is, the things outside of the human control, to the biological and physical nature of things, all of that mixes and changes in the social change. That is, the things that are man-made are also changing, and the changes in the social change in the human nature, in accordance to the Mekaiveran page and in which they are defining, are mentioned in the Society and Introductory Analysis book. Then what are the specialties? What are the specialties that we can define that yes, these are social changes? Inevitable. It has to be or it has to be. A society like today will not last more than 10 years, 20 years, 50 years from now. It was like 10 years ago, it is not like that now, right? So this is inevitable, it is ubiquitous. It means that it is always everywhere, it is universal, universal. There is no society like today, which was 100 years ago. No society remains static and unchanging. There is no society like today, which is static and unchanging. Micro and macro evens take place to shift the way they function. Whether it is in the form of a substance or a substance, such events continue to happen, from which change happens. Therefore, it must be looked at as a universal phenomena. So we can say that social change is happening everywhere in every society. Multilevel. Society means such a large society with so many micro-levels, not that it is only on the macro level or only on the micro level, but it is changing at every level, in social change. So as discussed above, change occurs both on a macro and micro level. However, social change takes place on all levels and it is not restricted to evolutionary change, right? It is happening at every level. Contagious. I mean, it spreads like a mouse. If there is a change in one place, then it will change everywhere. It will infiltrate the change. Social change is contagious in the sense that change in society can inflict change in another. You can say that if there is a change in another society, then it will be a change in society. If there is a change in another society, then it will be a change in the other society. It is not like that, it stops at one place and then stops. It spreads very quickly. Rate. There is no fixed time duration due to social change. We cannot say that it will change every 10 years. But its rate depends on this issue at hand, can be rapid or gradual. It can be very fast or very slow. Like, COVID has come, pandemic has come, so how many of us have gone from offline to online mode? If it has not come, then it means that COVID has not come. And it is said to us that through motivation, you can go to online mode or there are many benefits. So, you can accept online mode. So, how gradual it would be, it goes very slowly. And how many people accept it, we have doubts about it. But, because it has come in this way that everyone had to do it. Otherwise, we get stuck in the back. We get cut off from the society. How do we connect with our own teachers, students, students, teachers, relatives in the office? So, it has become very fast, very rapid or change. So, change can be rapid or gradual. It depends on the issue. So, this is its characteristic. Measurable. We feel that we cannot measure it, but we can measure it. This is perhaps the most important characteristics of social change. Social change can be measured. You can measure the society and the people and detect it based on scale, gravity and repetition. You cannot measure the social change based on these values. You cannot measure the causes. See, whenever there is a change, there is no reason for it. There is no reason for it. So, change can be brought about due to technological developments. Technology has been developed because of this change. Social institutions, social conflict or the environment. There is a change in the social institutions. This is the social change. There is a social divide, there is a fight, there is an issue. This is why there is a social change or there is a change in the environment. So, these factors can be viewed as the agents of social change. We can say that this is the cause of the social change. It is the agent of the social change. It is the answer to the social change. So, there are so many factors that have to happen to the social change. Inevitable will be there. Ubiquitous will be everywhere. Multi-level will be everywhere. Pandemic will be there. It will not stop. The rate or its cost is not significant. But there is a cost or it can be high or low. You can measure it. And the cause will be the reason. Whenever there is a change, it will be the reason. There are so many theories. Many sociologists have given us so many theories that what can be said about the social change. So, we will talk about three main theories. Let's talk about the surface level. Evolutionary functionalist and conflict. Evolutionary theory of social change was very prominent in the 19th century. It was very prominent in the 19th century. Sociologists led on to Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin's theory of evolution has such an impact that there may be a discipline in which we don't see the impact of Darwin's theory of evolution. Biology is biology. Your education, your sociology, your psychology and I don't know how many of them we don't know. We get the impact of Darwin's theory. How can you say that? He has completely changed everything. Darwin's theory of evolution has changed his perspective. So, sociologists applied Darwin's theory of evolution on sociology and society. That's why it is called evolutionary. So, in August, we know the father of sociology and believed in the evolutionary model. He believed in the evolutionary model and he said that according to this theory, society always evolves to a higher level. Darwin said that the survival of the fittest i.e. the one who has the most yoga will survive. Similarly, society also tries to evolve to a higher level. That's why the change is inevitable and that's why it is called evolutionary theory. That's why it changes. Why? Because society wants it to evolve to a higher level. Then what do functionalists say? Functionalists say that functionalists of social change teaches that society is like a human body. They believe that society is also like a human body. Society is also like a human body. And there are many people in every body. Individual parts cannot survive on their own. They say that the individual is not like a hand, a leg, or a moustache. They say that they cannot survive on their own. They have to come into a system of composite. That's how society works. We cannot say that we are different. We are all different. Society will not be like that. We have to make society a whole. Imil Durgin is a propator of this. And he says that all parts of society must be harmonious. No matter how arduous society is, having harmony should be a thing. The functionalists believe that society always works towards stabilization. What's the reason for social change here? Society always tries to stabilize itself. It tries to bring the truth. That's why social change is present. According to functionalists evolutionary, society always tries to go to a higher level, that is why social change happens. And then there is another approach, conflict approach. This theory states that society is by nature unequal in competition. People believe that society has some sort of an assumption. There is a competition everywhere. So it is not possible that all the people, all the religions, all the Ram Rajas, can't imagine this. This is not achievable anywhere. We have never seen this. We have only heard of Ram Rajas. So they say that by nature, the nature of this theory is that someone will be rich, poor, someone will have power, someone will be powerless and competitive. So Karl Marx has talked about this theory. He says that rich and powerful control the rest of society by exploiting vulnerable groups. So the powerful groups, who have power, who have money, what do they do? Do they exploit people who don't have this? So social change occurs as a result. So you can say that in its reflection, in its response, social change occurs. When a person is suffering from a lot of hardships, he says that he needs a social change. So according to the conflict theory, social change is the reason. Everyone believes that social change is there. Evolutionary belief is that the higher-ups are there. Functionalists believe that society is to be stable. Conflict theory believes that we have to deal with conflicts. So social change is there. Factors. What are the factors that are responsible for social change? Like the conflict theory said, when conflict is important, it will be a problem, it will be a problem, it will be a problem, it will be a problem, then demographic change. When demographic change happens, when the place changes, the territory changes, technological change happens. You can say that 70-60% social change occurs When technology is changing so much, then why social change? Because the way we talk, the way we wake up, the way we change, the behavior, interaction, the value, the patterns, everything is changing because of technology. Then cultural change. If there is a cultural change, then there has to be a social change. These are all the factors that are responsible for the social change. Examples. Civil rights movement. American Civil Rights movement in which there is a lot of time around 1964-1968 in which it did not happen that everyone had rights and all that. Civil rights movement is very popular in literature. Feminist movement was not always the right to vote for women. There were many things that were considered less and subordinate in the state and society. But today we see that we observe equality. So it has not happened like a feminist movement. Many people have worked on it and operated on it. Instead, these things come in this form when we and you see them in this form. So this is a social change. LGDTQ rights movement. High court has passed the order that you will give them equal rights and they can live as they want to live. So how is this a social change? Because they could not live legally. They could have arrested if they were doing wrong work. So what is the form of LGDTQ? It is a bi-sexual trans-general queer group. Queer is not the last one. So it is called LGBT-LGBT. This is a social change movement. Green movement. There is a lot of talk about environmental degradation and depletion. There is a lot of talk about how to stop emissions. So this is a green movement. When the green movement came, it was said that there is a lot of damage to the environment. So we are doing this to keep the environment safe. People are working for the protection of the living entity. That's when it came out that everyone is aware and wants the environment to be safe. Because the environment will be safe. So these are some examples of social change. So is there any benefit from it? Yes, there are many benefits. When there is a movement, it is calmed down that it is not okay. There are many who pass this kind of resolution. The group who went to Andhuland has a lot of benefits. Improves workers' rights. You have to work for hours. You will get a leave. You will get a CLB. Protects the LGBTQ community rights. The rights of the LGBTQ community can be protected only after this movement. Improves racial equality. Race-wise, there is a difference between the racial equality in the community. We have to provide equality. So after the movement, we have to provide equality. This is also a part of the community. Good for business. It is good for the environment. It is good for the green movement. Everything has to go according to you. You will not be able to take out all these bioproductions in the community. There is a check for them. All these things are passed only after the resolution. Keeps the government accountable. The government also has to be accountable if there is a movement against them. If we do something wrong. Addresses problems are the root. No matter how many problems there are, they are the root cause of them. They can be worked on. Empowers the citizens. Empowers them that if you want something in your own interest, you can make a social change, a movement, a revolution. It makes life better for future generations. If there is a green movement, if these things are happening, and the environment is being safeguarded, then for future generations, life needs to be better. There are many other important and five ways of social change. So, social change is such a basic topic. Take the B.A. class, take the M.A. class, B.A. class, M.A. class, even in the books of sociology, students studying sociology, students studying education, all of them are in the course in the competitive examination. If the concept is clear, then we will be able to answer the question in any way. So, I hope that I have covered this topic. One more topic under educational sociology so thank you all and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel, Explore Education. Done from my side.