 okay good evening everyone I got delayed so that's why I couldn't start the session before so as I told before today's session would be on Constitution I'm in SAT so in that app selected Constitution I'll start from here I have been telling you time and again that you should be I can see people leaving let me tell you those who are thinking that they can do mad questions and they'll crack NTSC they're actually wasting their time here time and again we have told that SAT is equally important so I have selected Constitution today so try to understand first thing is that this is Karnataka board we are following Karnataka board books 9th and 10th and not a single question mark this in social sciences 99% questions would be from these two books so if you are preparing properly from these two books you will be getting good score now try to understand so let me start what it covers this chapter covers two three things which is constituent assembly of Constitution drafting committee and framing of Constitution preamble salient features fundamental rights duties and directive principle of state policy so I will cover from here to here and if I get time I will cover another chapter also so try to understand we got independence on 15th August 1947 but preparation for independence was going on before that like at least two years back in 1945 44 45 only British us where British us had made their mind that they leave India so challenge in front of the British government which was ruling India at that point of time was that once they leave how Indians will rule India so we all know that there were different committees like vowels committee and other committees including cabinet committee which is mentioned here I discuss about cabinet committee over here and few of the committee supported partition of India few of the committees did not support partition of India so finally India got divided into two part one became India and one became Pakistan so united India I mean when Pakistan and Bangladesh where Pakistan was not separated how the Indian government was I mean what was the method of governing India so try to understand method of governing India now it is if you look we have three tier government so we have union government we have state government we also have in states we have union territories duties different duties and we have panchayat or municipalities at third level municipal corporations we have so we will not discuss this because this this is creation of this is after independence creation now we will discuss these two so before independence union government was there and we had state government as that point of time was called provincial assemblies there was like we have utes now which is directly governed by central government and they appoint lieutenant governors over there so we had four chief commissioner states states governed by chief commissioners and then we had another category over here which is not present now which were princely states like most of you might be knowing that Karnataka was not named Karnataka at that point of time Karnataka came under Mysore princely state major part of Karnataka and it was run by Bodears with I mean if you go to Mysore palace now so that used to be there governing place from where they go on and and and it was under the Kings name Bodears so these were the four categories union government provincial assemblies fourth chief commissioner constituencies and princely states now try to understand that let me write few things for you on on the board so till now I have discussed union government before independence or let me tell you not union let me tell you central government so before 1947 we had central government we have Prince state provincial assemblies we had state states run by chief commissioners and we have we had princely states so look at here it it has been written that India had to face many problems soon after independence rehabilitating the refugees who migrated from Pakistan merger of princely states maintenance of law and order are the challenges during the beginning of the independence is now question comes like this so I'm not only doing I'm not only teaching I'm also finding out questions from here so you can be directly asked that before independence which of the following were challenges which India faced so this is the first challenge rehabilitating the refugees who migrated from Pakistan second challenge is merger of princely states third challenge is maintenance of law and order these are few challenges and they can give you fourth challenge as some random thing which is not related like sending some some satellite to moon or something like that so that was not the challenge so remember like this then we have Sardar Patel successfully achieved the merger of princely states and provinces with union of India even challenge of framing a constitution in order to enable us to govern the country was fulfilled now let us know about structure of our constant constitution characteristics fundamental rights and duties so before you start understanding these things try to understand why constitution was needed how constitution was built what was different what were the different things taken into consideration so there is a committee which has been mentioned here which is cabinet committee so cabinet committee when Britishers started when Britishers decided that they leave India so it's not that we demanded constitution with its best country ours is a constitution best country every rule every law that we make has to be in accordance to law in accordance to laws of constitution so it's not that we demanded the constitution in 1946 or something like that our independence struggle the later part of our independence struggle one of the main demands that we put forward in front of the Britishers was that our country should be governed should be governed by us and it should be governed according according to the written constitution so we had two demands one was Poon Swaraj and second was with Poon Swaraj came drafting of constitution for running a nation why constitution what is constitution constitution is a set of law or is a set of rules can is it necessary that constitution has to be written no constitution can be written like in India it is written constitution can be unwritten also which is the major country where constitution is unwritten it's UK where constitution is unwritten so constitution is a set of law by which we are able to govern our country so demand of constitution first name I mean first time constitution was mentioned by Gopal Krishna Gokhale perhaps in 1911 or something like that and major demand was put forward by 19 in 1934 by communist leader M.N. Roy he mentioned the constitution and creation of constituent assembly now understand what is constituents assembly a group of people who were designated to draft constitution is known as constituents assembly or you can understand that people responsible a group of people responsible for drafting the constitution was known as constituents assembly so in 1934 M.N. Roy demanded who was a communist leader so he demanded framing of constitution and constituent assembly setting of constituents assembly then in 1939 Motilal Nehru committee made or this committee was given a task of framing few demands which we were which we we were supposed to put in front of the British government so what we what he did was it was a 14 point agenda and in that the major point was Motilal Nehru committee recommended framing of constitution or sorry framing of constitution yes framing of constitution and this Motilal Nehru committee was endorsed in 1939 session a congress session of Karachi so this happened in congress session of Karachi what used to happen that congress every year used to meet in at one place anywhere across complete India undivided India so few places you may hear like Karachi is now in Pakistan but in 1939 it was united India so congress used to meet every year and they used to make policies they used to put forward demands which were which were required at that point of time and they put it in front of the central government run by Britishers and there there were I mean this was conducted to set different agenda for freedom of the country I mean this was the central body see there were different groups which were fighting Indian independence sometimes together sometimes separately but congress was one of the media I mean not one of the major congress was the major platform for bringing together all the national freedom fighters and and and through this platform they put forward different policies as an agenda structure to the national freedom independence movement national independence movement sorry so in 1939 in Karachi session which is which is an annual session of congress Motilal Nehru committee made recommendations in that recommendation there was one demand that the constitution should be framed and that was endorsed by congress so this was the first formal first formal mention of constitution so you should understand that I told it before that in 1946 this cabinet committee came they were not the first person or this was not the first committee which came here with an objective of framing the constitution for independent India we demanded it long back so it started the demand started not demand but it was mentioned by MN Roy and formally it was demanded in 1939 so this is our this is our pre-history I mean pre-independence history of constitution in 1946 with the same objective that now India is getting free so a constitution should be framed for in free India and for that cabinet commission came there were three members and name of these three members are time and against again asked so look at here the three members are lord Patrick Lawrence you don't need to remember secretary of parliamentary affairs and all those things Stanford Cripps and AV Alexander so the three names are Patrick Lawrence Stanford Cripps and AV Alexander these were the three members of cabinet commission this is very very important so you may be directly asked which of the following is not the member of cabinet commission sent to India in 1946 and generally the fourth name that they write is Richard Attlee at that point of time Richard Attlee was prime minister of England so you should take this answer he's not Richard Attlee is not the member of cabinet commission so there were only three members I have written their names so these three members suggested few measures and what were those measures so they told that the Indian Constituents Assembly Indian Constituent Assembly which was responsible for framing of constitution or I should write body responsible for for framing of constitution so this is the case so they they suggested that in the Constituents Constituents Assembly there should be 389 members and how these 389 members were divided among different part or different type of states so they told that 292 members should come from provincial states I mean states where provincial assemblies were there so let me write states with provincial assemblies four members from four chief commissioner states I mean ruled by chief commissioners and 93 members from the third type which is princely states so this question this this particular because provincial assemblies are there so if you know Rajya Sabha our parliament is our now parliament we have upper house which is Rajya Sabha and we have lower house which is Lok Sabha so Lok Sabha elections just happened on in in in May 2019 April May 2019 and we have system of direct elections Rajya Sabha is about indirect election in which MLAs vote so these 292 members were indirectly elected on the basis from different provincial assemblies so how they were indirectly elected so let me write here members of provincial assemblies PAs let me write this as PA elected members of CA Constituents Assembly is it okay this is your CA and this was nominated members of princely states were nominated by the kings taking care of princely states and this was nominated by central government so this is through nomination so one question is generally asked that how election of constituents assembly was done so you should remember that election of constituents assembly was partially done through election and partially done through nomination it was not by all the members were not elected by elections all the members were not nominated so it is election plus nomination now try to understand this this was the case when India was not divided but in between there was so look at here in your book it might be written so look at here whatever I have taught till now that constitution is a set of rules and regulation guiding the administration of a state just remember this line properly the recommendations of Motilal Nehru committee and decisions taken by the meeting of national congress at Karachi 1939 emphasize the need of formation of constituents assembly why constituents assembly because constituents assembly will frame constitution as per the recommendation of cabinet commission a constituents assembly with Indian members was formed in 1946 the assembly had three nine eighty nine members as I have told you but these three eighty nine members try to understand these three eighty nine members where when the partition was not decided so for united India when it was decided that India would be bifurcated so for or right let me write like this after separation after division the number of members in Indian constituents assembly now it became Indian and Pakistan so Indian CC the number came down to two 99 members so I hope you are writing these things so you see here it came down to two 99 members and there were there were seven members from Mysore provincial states so I have already told you that members were also nominated from princely states so these seven members were nominated I mean their names are not important so the question from here can be that how many members were nominated from Mysore provincial states in in constituents assembly you should remember this as seven now let me move to another thing so what was the duty of constitutional constitution constituents assembly the duty of constituents assembly I have already discussed so constituents assembly CA was for it is a body responsible for framing of constitution so first meeting of constituents assembly first meeting was done on 9th December first meeting was done on 9th December 1946 the constitution was finally accepted it was signed by the members on 26th November 1949 so it took nearly two years not nearly two years remember this 11 month 11 months and 18 days for constitution to get framed for constitution framing so look at here it would be it would be written somewhere on 9th December 1946 first meeting was done second was done on 11th December under the chairmanship of Rajendra Prasad the imminent persons like Jawaharlal Nehru Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel B. R. Ambedkar Abdul Kalam Ajat C. Raju Vapalachari K. M. Munsi T. T. Krishna Machari Sarojini Naidu Chucheta Kriplani all these people prominent people from Karnataka you can write these names are important S. Nejalin Gappa K. C. Reddy Kengal Hanumanth Hanumanthaiya Tekur Subramanya these are the four names which is important in this particular case so let me remove everything these four names are important which is S. Nejalin Gappa K. C. Reddy Kengal Hanumanthaiya and Tekur Subramanyam so these four names are important you may be asked that which of the following personality from Karnataka were part of Indian constituents first meeting or second meeting of Indian constituents assembly and these four names are important so you need to remember these four names it's important now what has been given it is drafting committee see here it has been written wrong in your book it took not 11 months you add if two years 11 month and 18 days to complete its work so drafting committee two three questions are important so constituents assembly does not only have a only drafting committee it had 22 committees as it and it has been written here so there were 22 committees in in in in constituents assembly and five subcommittees to examine in in detail all the issues related to country out of these 22 committees one committee of was a drafting committee which was given responsibility of writing down the constitution and in this drafting committee that member of sorry chairman of this drafting committee was B. R. Ambedkar that is why he is known as father of constitution chief architect of Indian constitution he was given names such as modern Manu and all those things so modern Manu then chief architect of constitution and all those things so these are the things that you need to take care now in drafting of Indian constitution nothing else you need to you you can remember these names Bhopalaswamy Iyengar if you read it read this book for two three times you will already remember these names so nothing to worry about now framing of constitution I have already told framing of constitution it took two years 11 months and 18 days now there is one thing which is very important over here in the book that I discussed that poor Swaraj was demanded by Congress so it was demanded in Lahore session of Congress so try to understand two Pakistani major Pakistani city Lahore session in Lahore session poor Swaraj was demanded why what is poor Swaraj complete independence and it was demanded on 26 January 1930 and that is why even if we approved the constitution on look at here there would be two things coming when the constitution was approved and when the constitution came into force or adopted so approved I am coming to this difference approved and adopted adopted so Lahore session 19 26 January Lahore session 1930 poor Swaraj was demanded in Congress session and that is why if the constitution was approved on 26 November 1949 we waited for two months and we adopted it or it came into force on 26 January 1950 and that is why 26 January is celebrated every year as Republic Day because on that day we became Republic of India and we became Republic of India by the virtue of constitution which was adopted on that particular day so 26 January 1950 now try to understand what are the sources of Indian constitution this is very important so sources of I mean when constitution was get getting drafted in yes whether it is ninth grade NTS is that so when Indian constitution was getting drafted the members of the drafting committee took reference to a lot of constitutions from different countries across world and as India was governed by different rules and policies which were implemented by British government we also took references from those laws which which were already there so like to go on India on I mean at different intervals Britishers used to bring different we used to call it acts so just look at here we used to call it they used to call it acts so like 1909 act this is called Minto Morley reforms 1919 act which is called Montford reform so these were the two acts and then 1935 Federation of India Act 1935 act Federation of India Act always remember this Federation of India Act 1935 has maximum impact on Indian constitution so 1935 act the question is asked that which of the following affected or which of the following has the has the highest influence of something like this on the Indian constitution it is 1935 Federation of India Act so apart from these three different constitution of countries across the world were sourced like we took parliamentary system from Britain we took fundamental rights from American Bill of Rights we took directive policy of state principles from Ireland and we incorporated it from in we incorporated it in our constitution so our constitution is a mix and blend of all the good policies and all the good things in different constitutions across the world and that is why because it has been taken from so many different sources it has been taken from so many different pre-independence acts of British governments it is one of it is the lindiest constitution in the world I'll come to that how constitution has been divided into different parts and articles all those things so it is the lindiest constitution in the world and its effect can be I mean the why it is lindiest because the source is so many that most of the good things from most of the constitutions and pre-independence acts have been incorporated in our constitution so that is why it is one of the lindiest constitution now let me okay Swamiya what was the need to wait for two months to adopt the constitution so there was I mean it's not about need they waited for 26 January because 26 January was very important day in in Indian constitution full independence was demanded on 26 January 1930 in Lahore session of congress and that is why they wanted to mark this day 26 January as their republic day as the day when the constitution is getting constitution will come into force so that is why they waited for two months for the constitution to be adopted so that that is why the region that we celebrate our republic day on 26 January it you look at here it was to commemorate this event that the new constitution was adopted on January 26 1950 so don't get confused between approved and adopted it was approved on 26th November look at here and it it came into force came into force synonyms is adopted on 26 January 1950 so don't get confused by all these things preamble to constitution what is preamble to constitution so look at here Indian constitution let me see whether the constitution has been written here or not yes it is here so I will discuss all the important words over here so what I was discussing now was the that has been written here Indian constitution has combined in itself the best features of different constitution of the world and has its own preamble the preamble contains fundamental policies and the ideals of quantity constitution fundamental give gives a brief of Indian constitution you can say what are the ideologies which has been incorporated principles ideologies all these things has been incorporated in preamble of Indian constitution so that it it can give a glimpse of what has been written inside so preamble contains fundamental policies and ideals of constitution it is the sum of structure values principle and goals of Indian constitution it is based on the aspirations and the ideals of people of India so try to understand one thing is very clear that constitution and which has been said in the preamble of constitution also that the constitution is not only for the government or it's not only for the state government central government if you read the constitution before I have to discuss a few things but if you read the first two three lines of Indian constitution it say that we the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into sovereign socialist secular democratic republic so it's not the government of India which is which is which is doing it it's from the side of the people of India so constitution has been made in such a way that it takes care of everyone whether it is a normal person or whether it is a public servant or whether it is a minister or prime minister it is same for all of them and that is why when the preamble was written it was not written that we the government of India it was written that we the people of India who who is responsible for constituting India as these different words sovereign socialist secular democratic republic so from the very beginning of the writing of the constitution it has been established that importance equal importance has to be given to each and every person who is the citizen of India now try to understand preamble is a part of objective revolution put forward by Jawaharlal Nehru on 13th December 1946 and approved by Constituent Assembly on January 22nd 1947 I want to discuss this a little bit okay Shreyas I will discuss once again let me read read your messages I'll explain the election of 398 members once again just give me a moment let me finish it so yes few people are saying that wasn't the case that 26 this January 26 January before independence people used to hoist flag on that day saying that we are not going by Britishers yes as 26 January was 26 January 1930 in Lahore session Poon Swaraj was demanded after that it was decided that we will host the flag of India at that point of time flag of India was not as it is today it has also developed during the course of independence and after independence but after 1930 26 January was considered as a day when full independence was demanded and people used to hoist flag on the banks of different rivers at different public places though it attracted severe non-human measures from British government but yes it was at few places I'm not saying that across India it happened but yes it happened at at few places so people used to hoist flag flags now I want to discuss this which I have marked here Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the Constituents Assembly on 13th December 1946 and in his address he made clear that what should be or he tried to make it clear that what should be the objective of frame of constitution and in his speech he gave few points which became part of preamble that is why it has been explained here that it is part of objective revolution objective resolution means why we are framing the constitution what is the objective of framing the constitution so in his speech Jawaharlal Nehru gave different points I mean gave different objectives for framing of constitution this preamble is a part of that speech plus few other things I will come to different amendments done in preamble now let's go to preamble and let's understand the different words written over here on in the preamble so preamble say that we the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into sovereign so what do you mean by sovereign sovereign means a country is supposed to be sovereign when it is free to take its own decisions so sovereign means independence in taking decision of national interest so what do I mean by this so suppose there is a like Prime Minister went to G20 meeting in Osaka Japan just a week or 10 days back now India is a member of this G20 group by its will India wants to become group of this no one can force India to become a part of any group or any particular institution whether global or regional or anything or for that matter we had a pulvama attack and after that India strived Pakistan back so nobody will force India to take those kind of decisions and that is why we are a sovereign country second one is socialist now write down these two words this here I am writing socialist and secular these two words and look at here here there is third word integrity these three words were not there in original cons preamble I mean the preamble which was accepted in 1949 approved in 1949 and adopted on 1950 these three words were not there these three words came in 1976 42nd constitutional amendment act I will discuss everything don't worry yes Veda international rights also everything if if see you no one can force you to be in any international treaty like we have not signed a non proliferation proliferation treaty of nuclear bombs because we are sovereign nation but if you sign any international treaty then you have to follow it because you have signed it from by your will by by your interest so when you when you have signed some international treaty you have to follow its rule but nobody can force you to sign those national treaties so or any particular group nobody can force you to join so first of all try to understand write these three words that they were not in the question would be which of the following was not present in the original constitution so one among the three words can be given when did it come when these three words were added year is 1976 nobody will ask you constitutional amendment act this is not in your syllabus but just for your information I told it now you might be wondering what is constitutional amendment act I am calling it CAA so constitutional amendment act by word amendment you might have got a sense of it saying that if I need to change few things in constitution constitution can only be changed by parliament and and in few cases by state assemblies help of state assemblies are also taken but for that there has to be constitutional amendment act so any change in constitution is possible only with the help of constitutional amendment act can the complete constitution be changed no there is something called basic structure of constitution that cannot be changed I will come to this basic structure later so it came in 1976 so I have I have discussed with you socialist secular democratic sorry sovereign and socialist secular and this one integrity I am not discussed but I have told that they have come later in 1976 what is socialist so try to understand socialist let me see how much in what extent it has been given in your book so it has been given here the goal of our constitution is to create social equality and promote welfare of all people in our country so socialist means we are socialist why because we wanted to create social equality and welfare of all the people in country so I told you initially only that equality among people has been taken as basic agenda and if we want to do it there should be something which should I mean just by writing or just by saying that we want to be socialist society doesn't give any I mean governments can come and they may not be socialists so what constitution has done constitution has incorporated few articles which are called directive principle of state policy and it has been incorporated in constitution by 42nd now it can come because it has been written in the book 42nd amendment act done in 1976 so 42nd constitutional amendment act I have told you two three things socialist secular integrity and then comes DPP DPSP sorry directive principle of state policy that was also with 42nd amendment act now let's go to secular the word secular has been has been incorporated in constitution through 42nd constitutional amendment act what do I mean by secular no religion has been given the status of national religion so we don't have an any national religion that's the main thing of secular that government does not have any official religion incorporated to its policy so India is a secular country citizens have liberty to practice any religion that desire all religions have equal status in India so you should remember three things here that secular means that no religion is official religion this is one thing and second one is all religions have equal status in India now the fourth word which came was democratic democratic you know by the people of the people for the people it means that the government would be chosen by elections and what do I mean by republic so republic means head of the state remember this is very very important people this is us time and again republic means head of state is elected like our head of state is not prime minister it is president of India so our president is elected by members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha I mean elected members of Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha and legislative assemblies in the state so head of the state is elected in India now is there any other case now can countries be non-republic also yes countries can be non-republic when the head of state is not elected like for that in England England is not a republic non-republic why because head of the state there is queen and queen is not elected the position of queen is hereditary so that is why England is non-republic India is republic yes why the head of state is president and president of India is elected so that's why we are republic of India India if you see different countries which are not secular for that matter Pakistan no it doesn't mean that we had national religion until 1966 it was just not written in the constitution that is why it got written in the constitution so it doesn't mean that India was a country where secular secularism was practiced in ethos but as it was not written in constitution it was given a place in constitution it's not yes anything that comes yes okay next I don't know the answer is no secularism was practiced in ethos but it was given an official status in 1976 so I have explained most of the thing now we come to the justice justice liberty and equality fraternity I don't need to explain you just need to know it it the objective of the Indian constitution is to provide social economic and political justice to each person in India what kind of liberty India Indian constitution gives it gives liberty of thought expression belief faith and worship so look at here even if secular was not given in preamble it was already mentioned that liberty of worship is there liberty of faith is there liberty of belief is there thought and expression is there equality of what equality of status and opportunity so status means what so irrespective of status of the person in society or due to job or any other thing constitution and its right would be same for all the people in India so that is equality what is fraternity so among fraternity assuring the dignity of individual and the unity and integrity of the nation so this word integrity was incorporated in the constitution in 1976 that I have already told you so you look at here this is very important word socialist and secular were added by second constitutional amendment act 1976 so remember this okay now let's go to salient features of Indian constitution so salient features of Indian constitution first of all it's the lendiest constitution and written constitution I have already told you the power and functions of the organs of government like legislature executive GD series have been delineated in the constitution it means that try to understand what it is trying to say that Indian constitution clearly defines what are the powers and the functions of see there are three organs of government in India one is called legislature so legislature we have union legislature state legislature and then three tiers of government you understand in India then we have executives so in executive ministers come and then under ministers bureaucracy comes so your is IPS everyone comes over here and the third one an independent organ is judiciary so all three have their tasks and powers and functions clearly defined clearly delineated means it has been separated like what they do what this this this organ will do and what they'll do has been clearly defined over there so there is no gray area out there then different rights like fundamental rights fundamental duties directive principle of state policy for equality and social welfare this is all in written form now this is very important this is asked in the examination original constitution original means which has been approved and and adopted in 1950 there were 22 chapters which is also called 22 parts now in each part each part was for different objective so like part one is for definition of india and state part two is about citizenship who all are citizens of india part three is fundamental rights part four is fundamental duties and directive principle of state policies and likewise now each part has been divided into articles like in part one there are article number one to four is there in part two article number five to eleven is there part three article from 12 to 35 is there part four this is article 36 to 51 sorry this this dpsp is 36 to 51 fundamental duties are in 51 a so what i'm trying to say is that that constitution has been divided into different chapters so initial constitution has 22 chapters and each chapter was divided into different articles if you count the number of articles in original constitution 395 articles were there and schedules schedules means different parts like appendix in the book that we have where we add different additional points so there were eight schedules now nearly 465 articles are there 466 nearly so in your book 465 has been given you take this only 465 articles are there which are divided into 25 parts and there are 12 schedules now stress i'll explain don't worry sir i'll end the class with definition of election so you remember these things these are very very important okay so first was written and lengthy constitution second one is partly flexible and partly rigid what do i mean by it partly flexible means few of the provisions can be changed few of the provisions cannot be changed so constitution which can be easily amended is known as flexible so that's why i told that why it is partly flexible and partly rigid because i told that basic structure of the constitution so there are few articles of the constitution which can never be changed any government comes that has been specified by supreme court of India so that is why it is rigid in nature for for those articles there are few articles which can be changed easily so those that part of the constitution is very flexible so that is why we say that our constitution is a mix of flexible and and rigid articles so partly flexible and partly rigid constitution now there are two forms of government so you might be wondering that in few countries prime minister has importance like India Pakistan Bangladesh Britain there we don't hear i mean main importance is of prime minister and then there are few countries where presidents have more importance we don't even know like America if i'll ask you who is the prime minister of America you won't have any idea about it similarly France similarly Canada all these countries you will only hear the name of the president you will not hear the name of prime minister over there why this is the case because there are two forms of government one is called parliamentary form of government and second one is called federal form of government so parliamentary form of government is also known as prime ministerial type of government federal type of government is known as presidential form of government so we have selected parliamentary form of government our constitution provides for a parliamentary form of government the sovereign power of the nation is vested in elected parliament so all the rules laws acts bills everything is prepared passed by the parliament and it has power to enact any law the executive is responsible put to the legislature at the central and state levels the cabinet shall be in power as long as they enjoy so try to understand like in Karnataka now a crisis is going on if you read today's newspaper i mean 11 mls have resigned there is a news that 11 mls have resigned what does it say it says that the government which enjoys the majority what is majority whatever is the total number of seat the government can only be formed by a party or a coalition or coalition of parties if they have at least one more than half the total members so like if in Karnataka 224 seats are there in legislative assembly government can own or 229 seats are there government can only be formed if they have 115 seats so 115 members if they have less than 115 members they can they can the government cannot be formed so that is why it has been that is what is known as enjoying the confidence confidence means having majority so if any party or coalition does not have majority in in in the assembly or in the parliament that party cannot form the government which is called they cannot enjoy the confidence of legislature as soon as it loses the confidence of the legislator it has to reside now we are republican system republican system means the head of the country is indirectly elected by citizens so we elect our MPs and MLAs and on behalf of us our MPs and MLAs elect president the this one is federal system what do we mean by federal system so federal system is nothing but giving power to the states so if you look at we have why why do we have different forms of government why do we have central government then we have state government then we have panchayats and and municipalities it is because the reason behind it is because ours is a federal type of government in which different subjects what do I mean by subjects subjects means area of governance like for that matter if something is related to education who will make rule for it how will we come to know that for education whether the central government will make the rule or state government will make the rule so it has to be there is a list in which different governance areas has been divided into three parts first one is called central list so in central list whatever is there like railways now anything related to railways only central government can do state government has nothing to do with it similarly we have space we have aviation central aviation so all these things has to be done by central government only then we have state list so law and order in the is in the hand like national security is here so if somebody attacks India government of karnataka then only support central government law and order then other things I mean agriculture health this is all in the hands of state government and then there is concurrent list so in concurrent list the major part is education so you should understand like this so this is what federal system is where different areas of governance has has been divided among central government and state government so if certain things are listed in the purview of central government rules on those governance areas can only be made by central government so government any state government cannot come and say that the chandrayan would be not sent tomorrow sunday three days later i'm not ready for it because it is not in the hands of state government similarly public health public health comes in in the state government so the there are few few things out of public health or or health which is under a central government also but most of it is with the um state government so similarly education so education is in concurrent list so you can see central schools also so you have different central schools like central boards are there so we all are part of cvc medium so cvc medium is under on national level under central government now we have state boards also so because both of them can make rule they have they have made separate rules so state boards karnataka board is there then delhi board is there mijoram board is there up board is there behar board is there likewise tamil adu board is there kerala board is there so every state has separate board so this is what federal system and distribution of different areas of governance specifically between central and states then fundamental rights what do we mean by fundamental rights so i have already discussed that in part three of the constitution government of india sorry constitution has provided different rights to the citizens of india so which are called fundamental rights they have been taken from bill of rights so remember this is asked fundamental rights have been taken for from bill of rights mentioned in us usa constitution and this fundamental rights fundamental rights in indian constitution is more elaborate it is more elaborate than fundamental rights mentioned in in in bill of rights in usa constitution so ours fundamental rights are is i mean they are more elaborate than what it has been mentioned in bill of rights fundamental duties i told that in part four it is in clause 51 a article 51 a uh so it has been taken this is very important fundamental right duties have been taken duties has been taken from constitution of russia so ussr soviet union of russia it has been taken from there now try to understand if there is a breach of fundamental rights i can go to court high court supreme court anywhere so fundamental right is our right against the government operation or or any operation by government or government related or organizations agencies so i can go to high court like for that matter i'm giving one example if i'm if if somebody is arrested that person should know the reason why he has been arrested and within 24 hours of arrest the person has to be presented in in front of the magistrate stating why he has been arrested and if magistrate permits then only the person would be under the arrest otherwise the person has to be if magistrate does not agree with the regions of arrest the person would be left free so this is one fundamental right how it helps us so if i'm speaking against the government and government feels like that this person is speaking against me if this kind of rules are not available government will start putting if somebody comes who does not like his criticism as prime minister or president or or CEO of any particular government agency or something like that so what they do is they will start putting everyone behind the bar if they feel like so that should not happen so that is why these rules are there now if if if these rules are broken i can move to directly supreme court only in fundamental rights i can move directly to the supreme court i don't need to go to any other court or if if if i feel like i can also go to high court then there is fundamental duties what do i mean by fundamental duties fundamental duties are our responsibility towards our country now if i don't follow my duty the government cannot go to the court saying that this person is not following fundamental duty so this is called fundamental rights are enforced by law because if you breach it breach it i can move to and this is not enforced by law so if i don't do any duty the government cannot go to the court and say that he is not following the duty so 11 duties have been mentioned in the constitution this is the case now now 11th duty mentioned in the constitution so this is one thing now let me go to directive principle of state policy so i already told that in fourth not scheduled this is wrong here in fourth part of constitution north in fourth schedule so in your book also you make change directive principle of state policy is in fourth part or fourth chapter of indian constitution part is synonyms with chapter so directive principle of state policy we have already discussed that this is to promote social welfare and equality in economic equality it has been taken from where it has been taken from ireland so it has been taken from constitution of ireland directive principle of economic policy this is also not forced by law so if any rule government is trying to make which is against directive principle of state policy this cannot be enforced by law so this is one thing then we have independent and centralized judiciary so our first of all our judiciary is independent and centralized what do you mean by centralized so first you go to your local court at your place then if you lose a case there then you go to high court in in in the state capital or wherever the high court is situated it is not necessary that the courts high courts are in capital of the states only like UP the capital of UP is Lucknow and high court is in Allahabad in Madhya Pradesh similarly the high court has is in Jabalpur so there are places where the high court is not situated in the state capital it is somewhere situated somewhere else so we have centralized judiciary and neither legislature nor executive has the right to interfere with the working of judiciary this is a very very important line if supreme court or high court or any particular court gives a judgment nobody can go and question that judgment saying that why you have given such judgment so they are completely free to take their decisions and their decisions cannot be discussed in parliament that their decisions cannot be questioned in parliament sorry and and and no one has right to question their decision the supreme court is the highest court in the land and all the high courts and subordinate courts function under the under it so that I have already explained next one is single citizenship so supreme court makes provision for single citizenship so in USA if you will go there is a concept of dual citizenship so there are 50 states and those 50 states have agreed to make a federation which is known as united states of America now each state gives its own citizenship and apart from this we have a central citizenship also which is what do we say which is also the union citizenship in India we have only single citizenship adult franchise means everybody above the age of 18 years is has the right to vote irrespective of caste creed religion place of birth gender anything the the citizen of citizens of India having more than 18 years of age has a right to exercise their vote in in by the constitution what do I mean by bicameral legislature bicameral legislature means presence of two houses so we have I have already discussed we have lower house which is loksabha and we have upper house which is rajasabha party system different political parties are there which are pillars of democracy so different party multiple party systems we have in in in in India the party which wins the majority votes not majority votes majority seats in general election becomes the ruling party whereas the rest will be the opposition parties so in India we have different parties like we have BJP congress in in karnataka we have a regional party which is what do you say which is jds several other regional parties like dmk aia dmk and samaj waji party bahujan samaj party all those things are there so that's the case no dual citizenship does not now let me take your questions sit is i'm not getting your question so write your question once again tanisha dual citizenship is not there in india we have a concept of single citizenship now somebody was asking me so from fundamental rights what i'll try to do is fundamental rights how many of you have this book or let me know how many of you don't have this book those who have it don't write anything those who don't have it soft copy i'm asking everyone will have pdf form only madhu mitha doesn't have shreyas k doesn't have right to education is not i mean right to education is fundamental right but if the parents are not willing to send their children like child labor was there or even if there there are rules again child labor the parents can not send us to the the parents cannot send their or they they they may say that they are not willing to send their children to to the school due to any reason even if they are not working somewhere so that is why it has been made duty one is to provide the education second one is to ensure the education so government is providing the education to ensure the education in that case the the child can sue the parent or even the government can sue the parent so madhu mitha and shreyas k you can take it from there so what is your this thing today i'm stopping the class here what is your um homework for for the next week your homework for the next week is you go through only fundamental rights from page number 101 to page number it's not that i'll not teach you i'll explain everything to you to page number 106 solve all the questions given over there just look into it and page number 101 to 105 read everything and finish this second chapter before next class so if you'll finish it it will be easier for me to just run through it yes or next class also would be sad class so your homework i have already given next class i'll start from fundamental rights and i'll go i'll i'll finish off the second chapter i want each one of you to complete second chapter and then we will go to there are three four chapters out here we will complete it in next coming 15 days and then i'll move to grade 10 civics that's the thing talus was um see you bye bye