 The Peterson project was sitting on a hill, a small mountain overlooking a broad plain. The broad plain was an irrigation area and the people down there were getting increasingly concerned that what we were doing was going to affect them. So they organised and they marched and they shut us down. The next thing was to talk about all of these things and attempt another meeting. Another meeting was arranged at site, things got out of hand, one person died. That was kind of it for about 18 months. I was involved in, I had much more of a linguistic capability than most anybody else in the company at that time, at that particular time anyway. I was also a vice president, so I got involved in looking at what had gone wrong and getting us back on the property, although most of that work was actually in the hands of a Bolivian counterpart down there. But my analysis of the situation, to me, was absolutely abundantly clear. We provoked that conflict and I started to really think hard about the way the business was doing business. I said, there's got to be a better way. This isn't right. We're talking about now at a time when this whole indigenous movement, this whole notion of a seriously significant role for civil society and local communities in development was kind of surging. This is right at the beginning of the 90s. This is 93 actually when all of this happened. And we're in Bolivia where there's a history of colonial alienation in the local population and a cultural tradition of negotiation through confrontation, which the company didn't understand. So that got me thinking about things. A year later I met Susan and she's a rural sociologist by training. She was in Bolivia, you'll talk to her about all of this, but she had started, she was down there trying to get a PhD done. She was down there a young single mother, needed money and started and the mining companies were starting to twig to the need for some sort of social analysis. So she was doing that and she and I teamed up. I hired her to do some work. It was more her Bolivian sidekick, Elizabeth, who did the work at Chaiapada. But Susan certainly did some very useful work down there at Don Mario in the Low Country. And we started to talk about this stuff and we started to collaborate. And at that point I could really see, wow, there is a whole other way of doing these things. So I think it must have been, as it was a few years later, we collaborated on various things. We'd done a lot of talking about stuff. And in 1997, at the strong suggestion of some mutual acquaintances, friends, colleagues down there in Bolivia, the two of us turned up at a World Bank meeting in Quito, Ecuador. And it was one of the first of these sessions, think tank type sessions, and it was titled Mines and Communities. I wasn't at all comfortable with what was being said there and Susan shared my thoughts. So I put together a position statement there saying, it's all very well to talk about mines and communities, but by the time there's a mine, there could be anything from five to 50 years of history of exploration and interaction. And in fact, most of the concerns positive and negative about mining are developed during that exploration phase. So what happens in exploration preconditions? A lot of what's going to happen at the mine stage. And that was accepted. There was a bit of a revelation to a whole lot of people. So it was written up in a paper, which was published widely circulated and it just brought this incredible response from a whole lot of people. It was like just taking the genie out of the bottle. Good response? Or were there other? Oh yeah. Or actually it was a divided response. There was a lot of very positive response, which was very well taken on my part. But there was also a negative, there were a lot of people that didn't want to hear this. And there was a certain amount of, oh Captain NGO and why don't you crawl back under your rock? You know, we don't really want to have to do this sort of thing, but that was the same year that Jim Cooney coined the phrase social license to operate.