 civil society movements in Pakistan. So this session comprised of the discussion on the civil society movements in Pakistan. Because the contemporary history of civil society movements in Pakistan, it can be traced back to events unfolding in 1857 with defeat of natives in war of independence against the British colonial rule. The changes took place in the society of India. And then the struggle against the rulers, the colonial rulers, Muslims initiated, Muslim leadership initiated regarding the unity of Muslims and specifically regarding the awareness about education. And that was the beginning of civil society in context of this region of subcontinent. And we can claim that the Muslim leadership of Saeed Ahmad Khan, they initiated the role of civil society for the betterment and for the awareness of the Muslims. Then Pakistan came into being. And then in Pakistan, the movements regarding education, regarding language, regarding human rights, regarding minority rights, regarding representation. There were a lot of issues that we saw in civil society in Pakistan. And there were a lot of segments that we saw from the beginning of Pakistan and created a sense of awareness in people about how they can influence the government or how they can mobilize their people so that their basic rights are not affected. So Pakistan's civil society has played a key role in four areas specifically. Number one, the social reformation, freedom and social justice, socio-economic development and provision of welfare and social safety net. Now if we look at this, the first thing we want to talk about is social reforms. There were a lot of experiments in every country that did not become free. There were a lot of different types of governments. It was necessary for people to tell people that what kind of social reforms are necessary. These social reforms were about education, these social reforms were about human rights. Then in a country that did not become free, socio-economic development projects were also required. The civil society became active and especially tried a lot for these four areas. And then the civil society made a lot of such plans. What was the meaning of that? That was a special aspect that was associated with social, political and economic forces. They were somehow able to create such an environment in Pakistan where people were able to use their basic rights to work, to take advantage of their own self-respect and awareness of people and do a lot of such basic work, which is related to the ethnic, religious, gender and sectarian interests that were created as a result of that. People were able to tell people that these reforms are actually when you live in a system, you live in a society, you live in a system of government, so you should be so aware of the government and other people that by removing these differences, how can we live a peaceful and peaceful life? For people, the civil society in Pakistan, the sector in which they worked a lot, they also had education, health, human and social development, rural and urban infrastructure development, poverty elevation. Because if we look at it, there are many areas in Pakistan where there is a lot of poverty. Our civil society has made a lot of efforts to get rid of that poverty. There are projects like South Punjab, Blochistan and Sindh, where education and skilled-based programs are initiated in many areas. If we want to divide the civil society movements in Pakistan, how can we categorize them? We know that there are a lot of student movements, there are some interest-based movements as well, which had a special role in groups, then there are some religious-based movements, there are some human rights movements. There are some efforts of the civil society, in which they also worked for the marginalized communities and for their rights. There are also some such initiatives, which were led to solve the problems of people's poverty. Then there are some other initiatives, whose purpose or purpose or purpose was to settle the purpose of people's development and to achieve it. So, the civil society in Pakistan is always making progress, and for the people, for the society, for the society and for the state, they have always done their best to get rid of the poverty. They have done a lot of work, they have been criticized for that, but we cannot deny any of their roles.