 In 2013, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service entered into a cooperative agreement with the South Dakota No-Till Association and IGRO, SDSU Extension, for delivering the latest soil health and productivity technology to South Dakota farmers and ranchers. This event was held in Mitchell. Actually did you hear what Ray says? He says three mics is about right for me, actually here's, here's the first one they gave me two more. I look at it and I said, hey, I know we like guns in South Dakota, but I don't think guns, I need guns here, so. I know. Am I coming good? Maybe I'm, yeah. I think, alright, let's see how it goes guys. Alright, I actually spent a lot of time in South Dakota and what I'm gonna do, okay, now I can even hear myself, so I must be doing something right. Let's see how it goes. Here's one of the reasons why I like to come to South Dakota. You guys have some of the best fishing. So here's the question. My last name is actually Knezovic. It's not a silent case, a true case. Knezovic, it's one of those funny Slavic, Slavic last names. So I actually spent a lot of time in South Dakota, I wasn't kidding when I said that earlier. Is anybody here from Yankton County or somewhere down south? There's a couple of guys. I have, if you guys know where English height is, just north of the lake, that's where I have a cabin. So that's my playground, South Dakota is my playground, so anyway. Alright, so here's the question. I sent this picture out to a couple of my buddies, you know, and they told me this was like one of those Photoshop deals, you know, and I said, you know how when you have friends and they give you a hard time, and I said, wait a minute, is this a Photoshop? And they said, oh maybe we'll believe you now. So the question is, if you guys tell me what kind of fish is this, you are gonna get a Nebraska weed guide. It's a $15, you can buy this book on UNL Marketplace. So if you type in on your Google, UNLMarketplace.com, it'll take you into University of Nebraska Extension Publications and you get this book, it's about 300 and some pages. And if you guys tell me what's the name of that fish, I'm gonna give a few books out free. Okay, somebody said tuna, somebody said yellow fin tuna. I knew people were gonna say that. I mean, you look at the yellow color of that tail, you know, that's giveaway, but it's actually not, it's not tuna. Keep going. Did somebody else say something? No. No. Well come on, you guys don't know jack about fishing, do you? Actually, I just gave you a clue. Jack. It is a yellow tail jack, that's what it is. So anyway, but at least I'll just have to give only one book away. Sorry, what about this one? This one is easy, everybody's gonna know this one. Okay, raise your hand, who's that, Caldwell? One. Don't be shy. Come on, don't be shy. Am I an easygoing? We're from Nebraska, you know? Just next door. Oh, you caught one, that's where you are. I like them. I won't tell you where we did all that fishing. Okay, so I'm gonna leave one book for me and then I'll give that one out away later. So who was, there was a fellow here, another fellow here. Okay, was that, okay, you, on the end of my presentation, come to me and I'll give you the one that's left. I wanna use that to throw out my talk a couple of times here, so, all right. I actually live in Wayne, Nebraska, which is about 70 miles south of Yankton, of Yankton. So we do have a little bit different accent in Wayne, you know, we talk a little funny, you know, but they tell me people talk funny in South Dakota too, so hopefully we'll get along just fine. Hopefully we'll get along just fine. So let's, let's get the ball rolling, actually you guys have my complete presentation in your handouts, so you can go through and you know, maybe you can study that or whatever and then ask me some questions. So I'm gonna give you a pretty good overview of what's going on now in the world of wheat science, world of wheat science and basically with introduction around the pretty crops, you know, we've been using Roundup, I don't even know which term should I use, we've been using it extensively, we've been using it too much, it works well and then we fall in love with it and we just keep using it way too much and then it all worked great for about, you know, 15 years or so and now we're beginning to see problems and we're gonna see more problems until we start changing our, our wheat control program. So basically what this slide is saying that, you know, we spent about close to 15 years although I say a decade, you know, using Roundup all the time and when Roundup Pretty Corn came on board in 2007 or so, we started using literally, you know, way, way too much Roundup in both, in both crops and then before introduction around the pretty crops, there were three wheat species resistance to Roundup. Now we had about 35 worldwide as you can see on this map and some of these things I'm just gonna walk through relatively fast just to give you a snapshot of what's going on. If you look across United States we have about 16, 16 different wheat species that develop resistance, resistance to Roundup. So anyway on this slide I ran out of space so I just listed only 12. These are some maps of what's been going on over the, over the years, this is the resistance across the country, you know, in 2007 you can see the list of, list of species there. Here we are now in 2012 and it says here at the bottom if you don't have it now, you know, you may have it soon. We do have, we're all guilty of thinking like oh it's not gonna happen on my farm, you know, and if it happens my neighbor farm and then especially if I don't like the neighbor I may think oh that's what he deserved or maybe not but anyway and basically, basically things are not gonna get, not gonna get better. So if you look locally here, you know these are the wheat species that we determined. I'm actually one of the five wheat scientists in Nebraska. I cover eastern part of the state and then we hired a couple of younger fellows now. So I'm the oldest guy in the system so they keep dragging me now all over. Last year I gave a 46 presentations across Nebraska on different topics. I actually do quite a bit of research on organic and non-chemical wheat control using machines like Flaming. We design a machine for flaming weeds using propane which costs about 10 gallons, which is about 10 bucks an acre to do one shot, one shot, a lot of organic producers in Nebraska. Through some parts of South Dakota talking about organic wheat control and so forth. But anyway, so you know these are the species, these are the species that we know or we confirmed resistant to different types of chemistries and as you can see there's five of them that, you know, or six of them that round up or any of the glyphosate based products they don't really control it anymore on the label rate. And speaking of the label rate, it seems to me nobody is really using label rate anymore, especially with the generic round up. So if you can get a generic glyphosate for 10 bucks a gallon and they'll just use the two courts instead of one court and some guys may just use all four courts. Believe me, I've seen all kinds of stories out there. And so I'm going to walk you through three different species here. I'll talk about waterhemp. I'll talk about giant ragweed and marestale. Also, when you checked, when you signed in, you should have received a bunch of articles from Nebraska Crop Protection Clinics. We do a Crop Protection Clinics across the state in the first three weeks of January. This year, we covered, we've been at nine different locations and we had anywhere from 150 to 350 people. We hit more than 3,000 people across the state of Nebraska through our Crop Protection Clinics. So what I emailed to Root was about five or six different articles that we've written about the details of the chemicals for this. So I'm not going to spend too much time on telling you go with the chemical A versus chemical B. You can read all that out in those articles and then also in the weed guide, in our Nebraska weed guide, we actually sell about 18,000 copies of this some years. I think this year, I don't know what are we going to have, but we do have herbicides, efficacy tables, and a lot of Nebraska producers use this. They may not make decisions on their weed control, but they use this book to check, you know, whether they should go with this product or that product. And information in this book comes from our research. We don't read the label. We don't sell the chemicals, guys. You listen to all these commercials on the radio and of course they're going to tell you that their product works the best. There's a lot of good products out there and some are better than others. And we think that our book is a non-biased. We actually received the award from the American Society of Agronomy as one of the best extension publication in the United States a few years back. So anyway, we're very proud. We're very proud of this book. And so let me walk you into a common waterhemp. I'm sure you guys all know what this weed is. In weed science arena now, we have problems with all these weed species, especially with waterhemp, with waterhemp. And here's the field where we actually done a bunch of field days and field tours in Fremont, Nebraska, which is kind of north of Lincoln, a straight north of Lincoln, about 45 minutes or an hour. And this is the farmer you can see there. When he harvested this field, he had like, I think he got like 32 bushels of soybeans and about 40 bushels of waterhemp. So you get the picture and you know what's the really sad story about this field? After he harvested this field, he went across, used the same combine, and was harvesting other fields that didn't have as many waterhemp or some other weeds, or now his whole farm has waterhemp all over. So basically, with his combine, he was reseeding that waterhemp all over the place. So there's one of the methods I know this is easier for us to talk about around the kitchen table or the university, you know, but in the practical terms, how often we really clean our machines, clean our machines, you know. And actually, I just came back last week. I didn't want to really come back to the mainland of U.S. I was down in Puerto Rico, the National Weed Science Society meeting. And the colleagues, this is like obviously from the whole country. So the colleagues from southern part of U.S. from the cotton country, you know, they're actually talking about the rental rates being set based on the how much resistant weeds you have on your farm. So it's becoming a little bit scary. We have waterhemp pretty much across the whole eastern part. These maps are maybe a little bit out of date. We stopped even putting any stars on across these maps because they're all over the place. I'm sure you guys have issues here with waterhemp as well. The one thing that we are finding out, folks, is if I go back to this slide here, as you can see, we have waterhemp that has resistance to about five different modes of actions here. And when the atrazine, we've been using atrazine and triazines for a long, long time when we started getting resistance in the 80s to atrazine or triazine-type chemistries, that didn't last for long because we started getting ALS-based products, things like raptor, septor, pursuit. And then we were just killing all the triazine-resistant weeds. We kind of forgot about them. And then after using ALS chemistries for about four or five years, you guys remember, I see a lot of gray hair in the room here. Pursuit used to be a king of weed control in soybeans. After using pursuit for about five years, things started poof. That's exactly what it says, sir. Yes, you're right. Things happen. And we stopped using pursuit. And actually, then the roundup really came on board. And then we were killing all the triazine-resistant weeds. We were killing all the pursuit-resistant weeds around the work beautifully. I'll tell you my estimate. In Nebraska right now, based on my discussions with people, roundup still works well on about half of the farm. 50% of the farm still works well. In fact, some of the meetings that I go and I ask the guys, all right, tell me, how many of you are still just planting your soybeans and not using any soil-uplined herbicides? You just go in and let the weeds come up. Let the soybeans come up. And you'll spray a couple, three times roundup. And about half of the hands go up. So anyway, so I know it still works well at about half of the farms. It's beginning to fell apart on about 20%, 25% of the farm. And the other 25% of the farm, people have a problem. And those guys, they have a problem. They are using soil-uplined herbicides, and they're spending $50, $60. Some guys are spending $100. And if they have a multiple-resistant water hemp, which means water hemp that has in it all these different resistance, and I'll touch up on that, those guys are spending over $100 an acre, and they're still not killing it. So anyway, so let's go back to this slide. Basically now, since the roundup is failing to control water hemp, we go back and we throw in just about anything that you can find in our weed guide. And then we're finding that actually the ALS resistance is still present there. And the triazine resistance is still present in those water humps. So now we have a triple stack. And I'm using that term purposely because you guys can relate. The industry is selling you all these seeds. We'll multi-stacks on it. Oh, now we have a water hemp that's a triple stack. The mother nature gives you that for free. There's no tech fee on it. So anyway, so maybe we should take that sign as that we're doing something wrong, guys, out there because there's no such thing as a free triple stack. So what we are finding is that in those populations, not all of them, but in many of them, we'll still have ALS resistance present. And we still have a triazine resistance present. So what does that really mean? It means that once you have this resistance in those populations, you own those resistance types as long as you have seeds in your weed seeds of that population in your farm. There was some document in case where the triazine resistance might be diluted over years, ALS is not diluted. So keep that in mind, guys, that once you get the resistance in your farm, it just stays there forever. And the way I explain that is I use this as a joke and it worked most of the time. I hope it's gonna work here. I say, you know, if you have a blue eyes and your wife has a blue eyes and you have a beautiful kid with the dark eyes, maybe you need to worry about it, you know? So anyway, maybe that gene came from the grandpa, you never know, maybe it came from the grandpa back in the family, but what I'm trying to tell you is some of these genes are being carried from generation to generation, you know? So that's why we don't wanna have much of those resistant weeds. Like I said, I'm not gonna spend too much time, you know, on which herbicides should we use? If we cannot kill a water hemp with glyphosate, we still have a lot of good herbicides to take care of that glyphosate resistant water hemp. Here's the list of the stuff that works real well out of our weed guide that we tested. You have the ratings there and you guys are familiar with most of these products here. So like I said, I'm not gonna spend too much time on individual products here too. And then another thing, you know, we're beginning, we're living, we're not beginning, we are living way into the world where you gotta be politely correct unless you're running for president of the United States. Then that's a whole different story. You can say whatever you want. But I've been told before and I got in some hot water by saying, you know, openly in front of everybody, this product is better than that product. The company from that product ended up complaining why am I bashing their products. So I try to avoid saying go and use this product versus that product. What I do as a public weed scientist, I throw all these products in my plots, I test them and I publish the data like this and I say you guys go into our weed guide and you pick whichever product you want and you just watch, make sure to use the products that I gave the numbers eight, nine and 10. So that's another reason why I'm trying to avoid, you know, picking on this company versus that company because believe me, you know, I've been in hot water more than once and I've been doing this for almost 20 years. So anyway, pre and post, we have a lot of good, good combinations. You can see here a lot of two, four D, Hornet distinct status, hormonal chemistries. You know, you put something down pre, you knock the population, if some of them survive or if they come through, you know, we can take care of them later. I understand that a lot of these things cost money. You know, we go, I go on these meetings all over and you know, roundup is still the cheapest and I understand why people use roundup. You know, you guys have bills to pay like anybody else and it's really hard to beat $10 an acre weed control program if roundup works versus, you know, 40, 50, 60 or in some cases might be, might be even more. But the bottom line is that we still have chemistries out there that we can get on the top, on the top of the game. This is in soybeans, again, using bunch of pre's versus post and like I said, you guys do have table with all these chemicals. So I'm not gonna spend some time on it because like I said, I wanna give you a really big picture what may or may not happen down the road and the introduction of some of these new GMO crops gonna help a little bit. They're not gonna solve the problems and I'll tell you why I'm saying that. So anyway, another species here is a giant ragweed. How much of that you guys, you guys should have some giant ragweed around here, don't you? Some hands here, yes or no? Yeah, a lot of that, you know, it's up in Minnesota's, up in Minnesota's. So in Eastern Nebraska, we have it as you can see these maps. Sorry, I don't have maps of South Dakota, but hey, if we have it in Nebraska, you guys should have it. So we've done some tests. This is like going six years ago, some of my colleagues and myself, and this is the resistance level. These are different counties. These are different counties in Nebraska. You can see the resistance level there. Those yellow letters are saying 11X, 5X resistance. 11X, that means if the label rate says 22 ounces of weather power max, I gotta use 240 ounces to kill that weed. You know, is that resistance? That is resistant. You know, so anyway, we have some 3X resistance. Just depends, those are the, but look at the year, that was in 2006. That was five years ago. You know, five years ago. Here is what some of those plants look like. Look at this. These plants survive 176 ounces of roundup. These plants here, this guy survived 352 ounces of roundup guys. I mean, 352 ounces, I might as well drop the jug on it and see is that's gonna kill it. You know, so this is, look at how these plants are regrowing. So the key on some of these glyphosate resistant weeds and I'm gonna show you a video here pretty soon is basically the way, am I going too loud now? A little bit. Maybe I got fired up now. So it's like, I like diesel engines. You know, diesel engines when they warm up, they just keep going, you know. So anyway, slime like on the old diesel engine. Basically, you'll spray roundup and you will see the leaf tissue, the leaf tissue, whether it's at water hemp, whether it's at Maristail, I'll show you some pictures of Maristail, whether it's at, you know, this giant ragweed or common ragweed. The leaves will turn brown within 10 days. It almost looks like they're burning. You know, glyphosate is a systemic chemical. It doesn't burn the leaves. Glyphosate gets inside the plant, shuts down the chikimic acid pathway, which is a pathway needed for ALS production, the amino acid production. So the symptoms of glyphosate injury are, you can see on this slide here, the yellowing of the tips because that's the youngest tissue of the plant. And when you shut down the protein production, the part of the plant that needs most food are the young tissue that needs growth. And that's where you see yellowing. So those are the typical symptoms of roundup killing a plant. But that's not the case anymore in the resistant species. In the resistant species, roundup burns the leaves. Look at this, how they burn the leaves. Although this is 21 days after treatment, that's what VAT stands from. It burns the leaves. So you might be out there, you know, two weeks, even three weeks after spring and your weed is dead and you may think, okay, I'm done now. I can go fishing or whatever. But wait a minute, you wanna go back guys now. So after spraying all of your chemicals, two or three weeks ratings or checking those fields doesn't really count anymore if you're beginning to have some problems with the roundup resistant weeds. You wanna go back and look for these things. Look how they're regrowing. They are coming back. Like I said, look at this guy's arrived 352 ounces. That's a 16X label rate of roundup. Okay, I would say we learn things from this in the big scheme of things. It's not a big deal because it's a single resistance. It's a single type of resistance, single stack of resistance. We do have, look at all these herbicides will kill the giant ragweed. Pre, those are products that we tested. And then pre and post, we have similar products like in the previous. A lot of these tables may look alike because those are the list. If you see the list of these herbicides here, they're all listed alphabetically. Why they're listed alphabetically? Because what I do is I open the Nebraska weed guide and we have a herbicides efficacy tables in here for every crop, for every crop and then all the products that we think that work well, we're no Walmart, University of Nebraska, this weed guide is not a Walmart. We don't sell everything to everybody. You guys have some retailers in this state. I don't wanna mention their names, but we don't work like that. We put the stuff that we know they work well and we give the numbers and the ratings for it. That's why everything is in alphabetical order. And out of these 30 products that I have here, I'm actually showing only 12 because those 12 work well for this particular weed. There might be another 12 that work for another weed. You go across here, you'll find about 20 different weed species, weed species. Like I said, if you think I'm putting a plot for Nebraska weed guide, of course I am. Of course I am because we're proud of this book and this is the best $15. I mean, what do you get for 15 bucks anymore? You can buy three beer or four beer unless you buy cheap ones. Might be more. So this is the best 15 bucks you guys can spend. And so that's the, we do have all kinds of products for ragweed, pre and post in soybeans. Same story. This is some post alone. If you don't wanna spend money on prees and post. Okay, here's the Maristail. Maristail, I do a lot of weed control and range on in a pasture. See, I'm sure you guys all remember Leon when he was a weed specialist in New York State. I love Leon. We were good friends. I used to come to South Dakota a lot. You know, he and I would put programs together. And anyway, the Leon retired, Leon retired. And that kind of put me to the wayside. But then I started doing some other stuff. Anyway, the Maristail is a rangeland and pasture weed. And I used to come in South Dakota and talk about some range and pasture weed control and purple loose strife and fragmites and all those things. Anyway, so this weed used to be along the roadsides and ditches and behind the grain bins and waste areas and so forth. It was never really an issue in field crops. Until we started doing a couple of things. Number one is a no-till. I know you guys are all no-tillers. Don't shoot me. I'm not gonna say anything against no-till. You know, there are actually cases where I tell the guys, if we don't have a chemical, maybe you need to get that blade out and maybe just this, that part of the field. And in particular, I'm talking about a weed species like a scouring rush. Scouring rush is in the wet areas of the farm. Does anybody of you have a problem with scouring rush? Maybe a little bit? Yeah, we have no chemical to kill scouring rush. Believe me, guys, in my Nebraska weed guide, I have a lot of chemicals that we tried and I couldn't kill a scouring rush with anything. So what I tell the guys in Nebraska, you know, it's usually along the edges, creeps in from the ditch, because that's where the wet spots are, going with the disc and maybe this, just a little area in the spring and in the fall. And you do that for a couple of three years and that will set it back for sure. You know, so that's where Maristail, you know, exploded because of the no-till and because of the repeated use around up. Around up and a lack of soil-applied herbicides. Lack of soil-applied herbicide is actually probably a number one reason, although I gave you three, but that might be the number one reason why the Maristail is becoming a problem because we don't use soil-applied herbicides. You look at the biology of this weed species, it will germinate in the fall or in the early spring. And by the time we go on to plant our beans or corn, that thing is already a couple of three feet tall. You want to spray it with the chemicals. Roundup worked well, you know, for a while and in the 2001 was the first case of glyphosate-resistant Maristail in the United States, it was up in Delaware. And in Nebraska, you know, where we had that case confirmed in 2006. In 2006, so you can see the resistance levels, you know, from one to six X resistance levels. You can see it's all over the state. The key in controlling this weed is you want to spray it at the seedling stage or a rosette stage. If you let it develop a stem, you better make sure to catch that stem before it gets to be about half a foot tall or so. And that's all easier said than done. It's really tricky, guys. So basically what I'm going to do right now, I'm going to show you a video and I'm actually going to go, I'm actually going to go with my old way. Oops, hold on, no. I can see the video here, but you guys cannot see it there. So that means that my technology is not working well. Okay, how do I escape? Thank you. And I'm going to minimize this. All right, this is Maristail sprayed with Roundup and it shows its growth for about four weeks of the season. And you can see day by day, this is time-lapse photography that I use in my research now more and more so we can actually document how some of these weeds, so there's now day eight to 14. And notice how the bottom of the plants are turning brown. Look how the weeds around there are turning brown. And see the tip of the plant, how it is actually continuing to grow. This is now day 15 to 21. You see how that tip just continues growing, continues growing, so this is our Roundup-Resistant Maristail guys, you know. And I have similar videos on some other species, but this is the one that I thought it's probably enough to illustrate the point. Look at day 22 to 28. Look how that guy just keeps on growing. The bottom part, the leaves were burned off and everything, but obviously the plant inside is still alive and it just keeps moving and growing. In weed science we have a term we say, wow, we pissed it off so it grows better. You know, I apologize for saying it like that, but you guys understand what I'm trying to say here. But the, okay, so let's go back to my, let's see. Okay, so we'll skip that. In terms of do we have herbicides to kill Maristail? Yes we do guys, yes we do, but we gotta catch them when they're small. That's the key, that's the key. I get phone calls in July, they said hey, we spray Maristail with all kinds of stuff there and then now it's like a three foot and we cannot kill it. I said guys, too late, you missed the boat, whatever the expression is, missed the train. So if you wanna burn it when it's in a rosette stage, we have all kinds of herbicides. You have all this in my handout so I'm not gonna spend too much time, like I said, individually on any of these. In the weed guide, we have a list of products for the fall burn down, for the spring burn down, for pre, post, the key is, like I said, catch them guys when they are small. If you let them grow to be more than a foot tall, a lot of these products we'll say on the label, six inches, we're gonna have a, you know, you're gonna have a problem killing it. We were actually looking at some of the foot tall mare stale with the 2-4-D and with Clarity and the reason why I'm showing those two because the decamba bean's gonna be coming on the market and let's do it, we'll be coming on the market. I'll talk about that quite a bit yet. Quite a bit yet, how am I doing with time? Okay, I have, what, about 30 minutes? You took my minutes with your jokes and all that stuff so I'm not gonna give him that. See, we work in extension, when they give us half an hour, we say, no, give me an hour. When they give me an hour, I said, no, I need two hours. So anyway, this is in beans, you know, it's much harder to control mare stale in beans than in, and then in corn, especially if you wanna go with the post-emerge products later on, you don't have as many products. There's a spring burn down and as you can see there, pre a few and some first rate or reflex flex style we're gonna knock them off a little bit but if it gets too big, it's not gonna, it's not gonna kill them completely. Okay, mare stale in soybeans, like I said, you have all that in the handouts. Palmer Amaranth is another one of the species in Nebraska, it's beginning to show in the south of interstate 80 and we're having some pockets in the northern part, northern part of the state. So that's the one you guys wanna, you're gonna watch, you wanna watch for. We also have a two four D resistant waterhemp. So that's in the southeastern part of Nebraska. And so, but let me actually tell you this is actually, if you wanna remember only one thing from this whole presentation guys, this is what I really wanna hit you with guys. This is what I really want you to take home is individual cases of glyphosate resistant weeds right now, I don't see as a big problem because we do have good herbicides to control them but this is guys what the problem is or may be out there because we already have cases. Are these what I call triple stacks in Nebraska? I have glyphosate ALS and atrazine resistant waterhemp and or atrazine ALS and HPPD, HPPD, those are the Callisto Laudas impact balance flex, those types of chemicals. But look at this guys, we have a five stack waterhemp in United States. In Illinois, we have a single waterhemp plant that has a natural resistance, it develop a resistance to five of those modes of actions guys. Isn't that amazing what these weeds are? You know, and look at this triazine ALS, HPPD, PPO, that's like a Sharpen, those types of chemistries. PPO24D, that's a five way stack. That takes five modes of actions out of the window from your toolbox. It's gone forever, you know. In Missouri, they have a, and they don't have glyphosate in this one here yet, it's just a matter of time. Glyphosate, triazine, ALS, HPPD, and PPO in Missouri. Why are we worried about it? Because the industry put a lot of their money and effort into biotech. There are companies working now 24 seven trying to come up with a new active ingredients, but it's getting harder and harder to do that. It costs, they talk about, I don't know, 200, 300 million, 400 million, it doesn't really matter. You know, is it that number of this number? It takes much more to develop a new, to come up with a new active ingredients. Even with all the high computers out there and the chemical engineers and everything, it's just getting harder and harder to come up with a new active. And then also the governments are having tougher and tougher regulations about registering all these new chemicals. So it's just harder and harder to come up with new actives as opposed to putting a gene into this variety or that variety, you know, which is like literally a small, small percent. And that's all the overall cost of development. That's why all the industry is going into GMO crops. So what is gonna be out on the market, guys? We're gonna see the camber beans. Apparently the Chinese approved it. Europeans, they're waiting for European approval yet. And I was told that once that is approved, the EPA is gonna approve it here. They, the products that you'll be using in the camber, in the camber beans, it's gonna be, they're gonna be advertising Monsanto's form of the camber, which is gonna be called extend or extend max. And then BSF has a compound that's their form of the camber. It's gonna be called ingenia. And so those two will be primarily advertised. Some people are gonna try to probably cheat the system a little bit for lack of a better term. If you wanna do that, we better watch out what kind of the camber you're using out there because you might be killing those beans. And I'll show you some pictures here. You know, you might be, you should be able to get away with clarity. Maybe I shouldn't told you that, but sometimes I tell people when they call me over the phone, which ones they can get away with or not. The Dow Agro is coming up in Enlist Duo, which is a, we do have a 2-4-D aiming and ester formulations. You guys know those, they've been around for a long time. Now they have this new calling, which more or less has the same activity and everything, but it's a little bit less volatile. And the way they're gonna be marketing the audience, gonna be stacked with Roundup, with Glyphos say that's why they call it a duo. And you know, the Enlist Duo is registered, the EPA put a plug for about three months this winter and looks like they lifted that now. So it looks like that Enlist Duo will be sold, the chemical or the herbicides will be sold about the seed. I don't know yet. So that's why I put a question mark there. Balance GT is the, is the another GMO crop that's gonna come out by bear. It's gonna be tolerant to Isoxafluto, which is the active inside the balance flex. And so basically balance flex, you guys been using in corn pre-emerge or early post. And now, you know, in a few years, you might be able to spray that right on the top of your beans. You know, and the same idea with the, the singenta is coming up with the mesotrion resistant or Calisto HPV soya beans, soya beans. But I don't know how much that is gonna change. You guys heard that ChemChina is in a process of buying singenta or the news is saying that it's a done deal. They're working a paperwork now. So I don't wanna be quoted on this. Looks like the Chinese is gonna own singenta now. And then the pioneer DuPont has both soya beans, which is the glyphosate, TLS resistant soya beans. So I work with all these compounds. This is the Dicambatola soya bean program, you know, that the university will be recommending, you know, if you guys gonna go out and start using the Dicamba pre and post and post for the second time, we're gonna drive the Dicamba into ground because we already have the camber resistant weeds out there. Just go to your western part of the state down into Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado. There is the camber resistant kosher out there. So, but if you use something pre and you come back with that Dicamba and you're the camber beans, then that will last much longer. The one thing that I wanted to show you is, you're gonna watch, and I'm sure at the beginning, it's gonna be issues out there. Those chemicals drifting, drifting away. Or here's the deal where we sprayed Ingenia, which is the form of the camber that a BSF is gonna sell. And then we compare that on the beans with the status. Status is a diphylphenzapyr plus the camber, so it does have a Dicamba in it. And then we use the two 4D there. We wanted to see what's the crop tolerance, what's the crop, the camber soybean tolerance to some of the other, what we call the hormonal type chemistries, hormonal type chemistries. And, but it looks like, you know, that it's not good, so you have to stick with the product that they can recommend. And I'll give you an example. This all seems to me, actually let me show you the pictures. Basically, here's the Ingenia. If you spray Ingenia on the camber beans, this is what they're gonna look like, they will be okay. But if you spray status or two 4D, you're gonna kill them. Or you're gonna have this, you know. Anyway, and also, another issue is gonna be there. The tank contamination, the leftovers of the products. I already have dealers down in Nebraska who are saying, oh, where this hits the market, we're gonna get a floater and a sprayer just for the camber beans and a floater and a sprayer just for two 4D enlist beans. Because if we start mixing these things, here's what we've done is we were looking at the contamination rates. If you have a one over 100 of the label rate, and the label rate, I'll show you some pictures here, is gonna be like for the camp, it's gonna be about 12.8, about 13 ounces. So if you have a 0.1 ounce left in your tank, you know, that's gonna be a problem. And also we went as low as 1,000s of the label rate, label rate. So here is the, here is the, in my study there, there's a strip here where we sprayed with the 100s of the label rate. And you can see all the cupping, all the cupping on the leaves and everything. There was no yield reduction in this particular. But then we've done these studies in a bunch of different locations across United States. And there were sites where the soybeans variety was so sensitive to this that actually they had three to five bushels, yield reduction because of the 100s of the label rate contamination. And even if you go at 1,000s of the label rate contamination out there, you'll still have a little bit of cupping it's gonna show there. So this is, I'm just telling you guys how some of that stuff, it's gonna get real tricky, real tricky when you start seeing those crops. Both beans, I'm not gonna spend too much time on this. These are different programs. This is not gonna see the market for another three years or who knows. So to be on a positive note, guys, I didn't come here to scare you or anything. I came here to paint you the picture. Maybe that's my picture, the way I see it. Maybe not. We still have a lot of good products out there. A lot of good products. What I gave you, there is this chart of site of model actions. Site of model actions that's in the, you can download those from the website The group is called Take Action of Weeds, which is about 20 or so wheat scientists that talk the way I talk about these things. And we developed these charts to help you learn some of the model actions of this numbering system. And you'll hear more and more people talk about model actions versus site of action. So the model action is basically how the weed dies and the site of action is where in the plant all this is occurring. So here's the question I'm going to ask you. Do you guys have any idea of how many herbicides products are registered in your state of South Dakota? I know exactly how many are in Nebraska because I'm the senior editor of the weed guide and I'll give you those numbers on the next slide. But do you guys know how many products are registered for weed control in South Dakota? Give me some numbers. 100, 200, 500, 2,000, 100, 200. OK, keep going. Higher? 800, yeah? 7, who said 7? These guys from Yankton County are smart, huh? Or who knows, maybe he's seen some of my talks, you know? OK, so here it is. In Nebraska, and like I said, Nebraska, South Dakota, these products are all less registered in both states. We have over 700 registered, but here's the catch. People say 700. Why do I worry about if a roundup doesn't kill my weeds? But here's the catch, guys. There's always a catch out there, don't you know that? We have out of the 700 products, we have 99 active ingredients, we have 20 families, we have 18 set of action, and we have only 10 modes of action. We have actually only eight modes of action that we use for weed control in our agronomic crops. If I broke even this down by number, you have all this in the handouts. 215 corn, 2 in soybeans, 140, 120 in sorghum, and a wheat pasture, 220 vegetable sugar, beans, aquatic, lawn turf, blah, blah, blah, 220. Look at this, we have glyphosate-based products. We've got 83 of them, Dicamba, we've got 69. We have 87 2-4-D-based products. We have 69 Dicamba-based products, but you cannot use all of them in your Dicamba beans because you better watch out unless you want to kill those beans. So, but let me go back to that multi-stack. So can you imagine now if you have a five-stack water hemp in your field and you want to kill it, and actually, and Steve is telling you, you actually have only eight modes of action. So basically, you just have three modes of actions left out there that can help you. So this is what I'm talking about, the efficacy tables. You know, Nebraska, go to unlmarketplace.com. Ray, did I market this enough here now? Okay, thank you, sir. Make sure you bring it later on too. Ray is from Nebraska too, you know, so. Anyway, and we already sold about 10,000 copies of the book, so, you know, it's not like, but I'm trying to promote it everywhere we go, and so on the beginning of all of my tables, in all of our tables for efficacy, as you can see, different wheat species, different chemicals, we added this column that's called Site of Action Numbering System, which refers to what is in this chart. So when you look at the wheat control, and if you see there that, for example, you know, I have a glyphosate-resistant meristail here, and then you go down the list, and all the glyphosates here, I'm giving low numbers. If it's glyphosate alone, I'm giving number four or five, as you can see here that I'm pointing. You know, then you want to look for some other chemicals that don't have a number nine, because number nine is a group, mode of action, four-round, if it's a chikimic acid, or Ls, Ls acid formation, or protein production. So, basically, you look on those numbers before you decide whether you want to use a product A or product product B. And basically, what that means is like, I'm just giving a hypothetical scenario, you know, let's say in your corn, if you, we have a seven-mode of actions that we could use over a four-year period. You know, this is some chemicals that you can use pre and post, and these are their Site of Action, group 27, group 25, and group four. So a lot of these groups, guys, this is the only way we're gonna slow down the resistance, guys. If we don't take this seriously, you know, we're gonna have a problem. I've been one of the black sheep in the wheat science world. From day one, I was telling people, we're gonna have a problem with roundup radio technology, guys. I love that product, a roundup. Glyphosate is a one-in-a-hundred-year discovery. My generation will, I don't think they'll ever come up with the good chemicals as roundup. I hope I'm wrong. But, you know, I said, if we're gonna be using all these acres of corn, 80 million acres of corn, 80 million acres of soybeans, how many million acres of cotton? And we use roundup three times a year? For how many years? And we think that's gonna last forever? Come on, guys, give me a break. You know, and I was telling people that a lot of crop consultants told me, Steve, whenever it really took you seriously in the beginning, you know, and then now when that thing starts falling apart, they're beginning to listen more and more. But they don't really listen to us unless they have a problem. You know, unfortunately, that's how it works. So you guys, this is gonna be the only way to slow down the resistance that we have across the country. And we better pay attention to some of these numbers. I actually teach a workshop on resistance where I talk about these things for a whole day. I'll show you a slide that we're doing it in March in four locations across the country. So we do have products for corn and products for soybeans. So again, I'm gonna tell you why I'm really concerned about it, guys. And if you didn't get my point now, you will get it from the series of slides that I'm gonna show you now. Here's the table that we're gonna fill out. Look at this here. This is a site of action nine. It's a glyphosate resistant waterhemp. I wanna kill it in corn pre-emerge. So if I have a glyphosate resistant waterhemp in my corn, I wanna kill it in corn pre-emerge. Obviously, I'm not gonna use Roundup because Roundup doesn't have soil activity. So I do have all kinds of products out there that I can kill that glyphosate resistant waterhemp. Like I said, the products are there. If it's a triazine resistant, yeah, I still have a lot of products that I can do it. If it's ALS resistant, yeah, I have a lot of products that I can do it. And if it's HPPD, which is the one, like a Callisto Lauders escort, those types of chemistries, I still have a bunch of herbicides to kill it, as you can see, sad places. Here's the catch now. What about if I have a multi-stack waterhemp on my farm? How many options do I have there? The options are getting limited. The options are getting limited. Basically, what is left out there, and this is pre-emerge guys, soil applied, it's PPO's. So if it's PPO, and there is already PPO resistant down south, so we guys from the north here, hopefully we can learn something from the guys down south because they have that PPO. See, they had these problems earlier, so they started using more of the other products and now they started getting resistance to those too. For some reason, every time the industry comes up with the new herbicides, of course it's gonna work well, and for some reason people fall in love with it and they wanna use it every year, and which was the case with Roundup, but if we keep doing that for so many years, it's just a matter of time because things gonna start falling apart. Let's go back to my table. If it's PPO only, I still have a lot of products, but I already have a five-way stack, this five-way stack in Missouri, I don't have any products to kill it. That's why I said guys, I know it costs money. You know, I go and do these meetings and I tell you, listen guys, you guys are smart, you've been doing this for so long, I'm not gonna tell you anything new, I'm just gonna tell you, go and farm the way you farmed 20 years ago. Put some soil applied down and put some post-emerge, and you can grow GMO crops, but limit application of those chemicals is only one shot per year. And if we've been doing that, if we've been doing that, we wouldn't have a problem. And so everything that I'm telling you here, it's gonna cost you money, I understand that, I understand that, and but I want you to know that some of these things, if we keep doing the way we're doing, we're gonna have a problem. Post-emerging corn, same story. Look at this, we can go down the list, glyphosate, no problem, triazines, no problem, ALS, no problem, HPPD, yeah, there's some issues. If it's a four-way stack, we have only a couple of options. If we get a hormone site, that's a site of action group four, which is that the enlist duo, we already have a two-four-d resistant waterhemp in Nebraska. And then if we start getting that on the top of the previous four, we're running out of chemicals. And your no-till system, guys, it's not gonna work. You may have to get some of those blades, or I do a lot of research on wheat control with propane flaming. Maybe we can help you with something there, too. I'm joking, but I'm half serious, too, guys. Anyway, soybean, same story. Look at this, I can go on and on telling you what are some of the issues that we've had. Like I said, you guys have all this, so now you know, if you look into my handouts and you see all these sad faces, check-offs and all that, that's basically what that is. Soybean, post-emerge, post-emerge, the same deal. This is what I'm afraid of. I'm afraid of these multi-stacks. We're still far away from those. We're still far away, you know, but you wanna keep an eye on what's going on on your farm and spray and go back and check. So where do we go from here? Did I scare you enough? That was not intentional at all, you know. And this is what I call the 10 Commandments of Wheat Control. Like I said, the new GMO crops that are coming on the market, watch out how you use those guys. If you're gonna be using the Canva, you can get residual activity from the Canva, but you gotta put a lot of it out there. You may get a couple of three weeks of residual activity if you put a pint or even a whole quart of the Canva and you'll get a residual activity and then you can come back and if you spray the Canva again and again and you do that for about four or five years, we're gonna have a problem. So that's what I say. Rotate, rotate, rotate modes of actions. The one thing that worries me is like when these companies start coming up with all these new trades, they might be selling those trades to each other. So we may have actually a soybean that has around the pretty Liberty Link, the Canva and List and HPP. There might be a five-way stack and then that would be a nightmare to kill as a volunteer next year in your soybean, in your corn. Believe me guys. So anyway, used full rates. Don't cut the rates. Scout the fields. Like I said, look for those survivors out there. You know, I know you're not gonna like when I say tillage cover crops. We work with cover crops. There is more of that. I know the benefits of cover crops as long they don't behave as weeds. No problem with that. Borders, clean equipment, they know the cost of our poor control. So I'm pretty much done here. The, this is a plug for our workshop. For our workshop, we're gonna have a March 7 in Wayne, Nebraska, 8th and Clay Center, which is way south and west of Lincoln. And then we're gonna do one in Grant, which is in southwestern part of Nebraska from Norplat. You go south and west. And then in Scotts Bluff, which is way over in the Panhandle part, Panhandle part of the state. So believe it or not, I actually did it on time. I actually, something else here I was gonna show you very quickly. Let me, this is gonna take just a one minute. This is a preliminary data. I didn't know if I was gonna have time or not to show you what happened with those soybeans. You plant your soybeans and if you don't use any soil applied, if you don't use any soil applied herbicides, soil applied herbicide. This is what we call the time of removal weed studies. I've done a lot of those with a critical period of weed control. Basically, if you plant your beans and you wait for the weeds to come up, you wait for the crop to come up and then you go in and do a shot, a shot of roundup. This is basically, if you let those weeds state up to a first trifoliate, this is the red line without soil applied herbicides. You'll have about, you know, maybe a close to 5% yield loss. If you let it stay till a third trifoliate, you may have 10%. If you go up to a sixth trifoliate or beginning flowering, it might be 27%. And this is the line that if you put down some soil applied herbicides. Long story short, if you put down a soil applied herbicide in your soybeans, without, in your soybeans, you can wait for about almost a V4 or V5 stage before you go in to do the first shot of roundup. But you got to put something down pre to keep the weeds down. And if you don't have any soil applied products, you got to go in another first second trifoliate to spray that roundup and kill the weeds and that translate into about 21 days versus 41 days. So by doing, by using a soil applied herbicide, you're basically buying yourself about at least three to four weeks before you go in to do a roundup application. And I'm actually, this was just a preliminary study we did this year and I'm going to repeat that, or last year, this year on several locations so I can have a multi-site and I'm going to talk about this from the standpoint that with this we're going to also help with the weed resistance issue because we're going to be using different modes of actions for soil applied. And I think with that I'm going to stop. I probably told you guys more than you wanted to hear but that's just the name of the game. Well, that was fantastic information very timely. Okay, I don't know if I'm more scared about all of the resistance or the fact that China's buying up the world. Turn that camera off and then I'll tell you. All right, we do have some time for some questions and we have a question. Let me bring the mic around so if you want to have fun with the fat Norwegian moderator, I'd ask one up there and then one up there and I'll write it down. Right, right. This is very south of Nebraska. Right. It's a terrible week to control. Yes. Our question is, my question is, how do we protect ourselves from that? Right, thank you very, did you guys hear the question about polymer amaranth? I did my PhD in Kansas and in 91, 92, 93, that's been a long time ago and I worked actually on pigweed species. Kansas has seven different pigweed species. Polymer amaranth is the most aggressive one of those. Traditionally that's been a southern weed. It's been Kansas and south of Kansas. Polymer amaranth is a weed species that literally killed and I apologize for using a term killed but you guys all know what I'm trying to say here. He literally killed a cotton production in United States because that is the species that develop resistance to round up and round up pretty cotton was an example where we didn't use any other herbicides in there just round up. Their growing season is much longer. They were using three, four, five shots of round up and worked beautifully for about five, six, seven years until polymer came in and develop resistance. The plant can grow. We grew polymer down in Garden City, Kansas. I don't know if you know where Garden City, Kansas is down in a south central Kansas. When I was a grad student we were going to go there the first time I got excited. I think, man, that's going to be a nice town flowers, blah, blah, blah. You can smell the town 30 miles before you get to it because of all the feed lots and the local guy says that's the smell of money. I understand that. That's a irrigated, a flood irrigated corn and furrows and we grew polymer there looking at the competition between corn and polymer and corn in those irrigated furrows was growing like a 12 foot high and polymer was growing 14 foot higher, high. Two, three feet higher and the base of the plant was as thick as on my arm as a grad student. I was joking. I said, man, I need a chainsaw to cut this darn thing. So it's an extremely invasive species and it's creeping north. North Dakota already have it. You guys have it. Michigan has it. And it's been coming in with the custom harvesters. We had documented cases of custom harvesters. It's been coming in with a hay. They were buying hay from South and with that they were getting polymer. And so I don't know if I'm really answering your question. How do you protect yourself from those things? Watch out where you're getting stuff and if you see some polymer out there, polymer, I don't have pictures here. Basically all of you guys know what Poinsettia Christmas flower looks like. Early in the season, early in the season you will see a waterhemp and you see a polymer next to each other and this guy is gonna look like a Poinsettia leaf arrangement. It's gonna have a watermark, like a thumbprint on the leaves. That's your polymer. You make sure you kill that. Because polymer has a chance to become a new waterhemp here in the Midwest because it's slowly creeping north. As far as the chemicals, so far what we've seen in Nebraska is things that still work on waterhemp, they work on polymer. So they're both pigweed species. You know, a polymer, it's called a marantus palmeri. So it's a polymer amaranth. The red root pigweed is a marantus retroflexus and a waterhemp is a marantus rubis. They're all coming from the same family. We'll just one more thing here on polymer. Palmer is monoaceous, which means it's got a male and female plants. They're separate, male and females are separate. Waterhemp is the same, male and female. This is the reason. So every time you have hybridization, you have tendency to have children that are better. You know, so every time we see those in weed species, they have tendency to develop resistance and then the worst part is right now I have a study where I'm planting a waterhemp in the middle of the plots and I'm planting palmers down the road going 200 feet in different direction. We call this a gene flow study. So when these plants get to a flowering stage, we have to look and take the males or females. So I'm keeping males of HPPD-resistant waterhemp in the middle because we have cholesterol, that's a cholesterol-lottice impact of balance. We have those that are resistance to those chemicals. That's waterhemp. And then down the road up to about 120 feet in both directions, I'm keeping females of palmer to see if they will hybridize. And they do hybridize. We're finding females of palmer, my student actually, we just came back from the Puerto Rico meeting, I told you that earlier, got the award as the best poster on the conference because we're documenting that those two species can hybridize. So now take this to my slide when I say, if I have a five-way stack of waterhemp out there and then I get a palmer that might be acceptable through pollination, those genes can move into palmer and cause a problem down the road. That's why I said, guys, it's critical that we start using some of the other chemicals. Industry tells me, Steve, you're our best salesman of chemicals. I said, guys, I don't sell chemicals. I'm telling you what are the problems we're gonna face. So I don't know if I really answer your question, but palmer is a tough one, guys. And because of that hybridization, I get phone calls down in your neck of the woods ray where the guy says, we have this funny looking waterhemp. We don't even know what it is. I go out there, I said, guys, this is not waterhemp, this is not palmer. It's a hybrid of the two. So you can see how Mother Nature is mutating for lack of a better term, because we're forcing in with what we do. I told several times and people didn't like it. I said, we have the weed species that we deserve because we selected for them. We selected for them, yes. I'm wondering about the rotations going into a wheat stubble with like a bronate plus or a buck drill or that. Are we getting any help from that or not? Yes, we do. Every time you, like in Eastern Nebraska, is the camera still on? Yes, okay. In Eastern Nebraska, what I wanna say here is my cropping system is actually really boring. I'm doing corn soybeans, corn soybeans. You guys actually across South Dakota, you have more crop, you have more diverse systems than ours. So anytime you can throw in something, what I called to keep weeds off balance. I teach a class on integrated weed management, which I didn't put a slide here. If you guys wanna come to Lincoln on March 1st and 2nd in Lincoln, I'm teaching a two-day workshop on integrated weed management. Talking about these things, what can we do with the system to go away from doing the same thing over and over? So if you have a wheat stubble, you have other chemistry that you throw in, that will help. Anything will help to go away from using the same thing over and over. I like hunting, I like venison. If my wife was cooking me venison all the time, I don't think I have many options either to buy her another meat or change the wife. We don't wanna go there. But am I answering your question? Very similar to your... Right, the bacterial is like a triazine-based product. And if you didn't have any issue with the triazine-resistant weeds in there, then it will help you. If it works for you, probably you didn't have a triazine-resistant weed. One other question, please. Do you guys have a website? I didn't see it anywhere on the literature. A website to get a hold of this. And I want one of those books. Yeah, the book... I don't have the... I probably should have put a slide there. It's called... You go to www.unl.market... No, no, sorry. You go marketplace.unl. Just Google there, unlmarketplace, marketplace. And it will get you into our website, the sales extension publications. You can buy a hard copy for 15 bucks, or you can download a PDF for 15 bucks. A lot of farmers that I know, I give them this book for free just because I've worked with them all the time. They let me put the plots on their field and all that. So... And if you just type in Nebraska weed guide, it'll probably just take you up there. Thank you for saying that, sir. Okay, I have to be the mean guy and shut us down and keep on track. We'll be around for a while. I'll be here through lunch, you know, that's all. Okay, thank you, guys.