 I get to spend a lot of time at the museum. One of my favorite parts is the new contemporary art and design length. I am constantly moved and inspired by the art. And I see visitors have the same reaction. So my question to you tonight is, how do we not only take advantage of the problem-solving capabilities of this material set, but also get at the heart of human's fundamental connection and reaction to glass? How do we take this technological moment and create a human moment that help makes the world a more stirring and moving place? I look forward to your thoughts and your questions. And with that, I'll invite Kara back to the stage. I'm going to have to unpack a lot of his presentation. Thank you, Jeff. That was really absolutely fascinating. And this whole research component of glass is not something many of us in the recording that most people are familiar with. So I'd love to spend a few minutes just talking about that aspect of corning and is that? On the bottom. Can you hear me back? Oh, thank you. I can hear myself now. Sorry. So just to say, I'd like to spend the first few moments talking about the research aspect of corning which so many people don't know about. And your talk made me so excited hearing about all the things. And I've got questions about every image that you showed. But how much of the research at Corning ends up in a product? Like what percentage of the research? So we have a balanced portfolio between development projects and research projects. Each year, we spend about $800 million on research and development and an additional $1.3 billion to $1.7 billion on building the capital to actually make the products that we create. About 2 thirds of our research and development investment is dedicated toward the development side. And a very high percentage of those make it to market. The third that we spend on research is a balance among new product opportunities for us and new ideas. But there's more risk in those. There's also much lower investment in each one. And I don't know what percentage at any given time makes it to market. But our lesson is that when we focus on our core capabilities, like glass science, optical physics, and ceramics, or the manufacturing platforms where we are truly world experts like Fusion that we use to make the flat glass for LCD televisions and Gorilla Glass, and now for architecture and automotive or vapor deposition that we use to make optical fiber, that we have a much higher chance of delivering success. So historically, we have a good rate. We have a 165-year track record. And I think through some of the innovations that I talked about that are helping us move away from serendipity and trial and error experimentation, we expect to see a lot higher percentage coming out in the future. And I mean, I've often heard that serendipity is a really important part, or these accidents sometime would turn into something that's just really a golden idea. And so how much of that, like for instance, Gorilla Glass. Let's talk about that, because everybody's familiar with Gorilla Glass. What is what allows us to interact with a lot of our computer technology today. If you could just, I think there may be some people here who don't really know that story, and that was a fascinating story. And what was it originally intended for? Or how did that all happen? Sure, in the 1960s, Corning worked on a product called ChemCorp that's a chemically strengthened glass. There are two basic strategies for strengthening glass beyond the original formulation of the glass itself. The first is heat tempering, which people have used for a long time. I'm sure it's used in windows in your homes, or shower doors, and things like that. The way that we were working on is chemical strengthening. And the idea is that you insert big atoms into the silica matrix. In this case, we start out with sand, and we put in a healthy dose of sodium, and we use an ion bath to replace that sodium with potassium ions. The way to think of it is if the sodium atoms are viewed as maybe a wall of tennis balls very closely packed, we pull out some of the tennis balls and stick in soft balls that creates extra tension. And Corning scientists worked on this in the late 1950s and 1960s as a new glass for cars. I believe it was only used once in the Ford Mustang, but it did not take off. It was expensive relative to the laminates that people were using at the time. We put it on the shelf. We remembered a lot about it. And in the middle 2000s, around 2006, when Apple was thinking about making an iPhone, they wanted a cover that was much more damage resistant than plastic. And they talked to us about, would glass be an alternative? We took this product off the shelf and were able to come up with a product that was used on the original iPhone fairly rapidly. And that's been on the iPhone ever since. And today covers more than 4 and 1 half billion mobile devices. Unbelievable, absolutely unbelievable. In fact, I think it's so fascinating. I'm going to have to ask you to tell us a little bit more about Gorilla Glass. So when I dropped my iPhone and it shatters, and the first iPhone, and I picked it up, I could still interact with it. Because it didn't, as you said, it didn't really completely shatter and it won't fall apart. How does that happen? How does it? I mean, does it all shatter and you can still, I could still interact with it. The glue on the back helps. I'm not so sure it's anything. You have two choices. Glass breaks that I know of. One is it breaks into pieces like will unfortunately happen if you drop it hard enough. That's the number one thing that people ask for. As we think about how to evolve glass and capture that full 15 gigapascals of strength, that is a big area of research for us. And if you think of the original iPhone, which was coming in with a piece of glass, there was, I think, around a millimeter thick in the original formulation of Gorilla Glass. Gorilla Glass 5 is usually deployed at about 0.4 millimeters, so about four sheets of paper thick, and less than half as thick as the original iPhone. If you look at the difference between Gorilla Glass 4 and Gorilla Glass 5, Gorilla Glass 5 will survive falls about 80% higher. So Gorilla Glass 4 is good when you pull your phone out of your pocket. Gorilla Glass 5, for me, works when it's at the top of my forehead, so about 1.8 meters. So we've made a lot of improvements for that, and I think you can continue watching for improvements in that field, too. Wow, absolutely, absolutely fascinating. And I might also add with all those layers, as you said, it's you still achieve this extraordinary fineness, this flatness, this precision, and continuity, which is absolutely essential to the interaction. Yeah, the glass that we make using the fusion process is remarkably flat without any polishing at all. So how the fusion process works, and I will describe it, is think of the end of a pig trough. So it looks like a big triangle. The glass flows over both sides simultaneously, and then forms and fuses together at the bottom of the draw. We're able to produce pieces of glass that way that come off the draw more than twice as big as two king-sized beds, about five sheets of paper thick, and flat to within 200 atoms. So the way to think of that is that if instead that the glass were as deep as the Pacific Ocean, we produce the glass with no waves bigger than six inches. I told you I'd be mind-boggling. So let's, I'd like to just back up now again to some of your other research, because I know you were doing, you touched on so many topics. What about this really flexible glass that you, is that called, is that the Willow Glass that I've heard of? The one you saw a photograph of tonight is Willow Glass. That was really paper thin, could be bent. And when I look at that, it strikes me that it's the same type of technological, I mean who would think that glass, I guess with fiber optics, I can see them sort of waving. But if you have it now in a plane, and that you could actually roll it, right? We actually, the way we sell Willow Glass, it comes on rolls that are about a yard wide and the length of a football field when you roll them out. Wow. And is that for shipping mostly, or is that just easy transport to transport a, you can't make a crate the size of a football field. That's exactly right. And the reason that the, we stop at the length of a football field, we manufacture it continuously, is because that's pretty much a big, as big a rule as you could practically with normal forklifts and things like that. So how do you manufacture that? Isn't it, you don't have a table the size of a football field. It comes right off the fusion draw tank, as I described, we have special equipment that takes it from the draw, cools it very rapidly, and it goes on to the rolls directly, and we cut it. So it's a continuous manufacturing process. And you do that in the United States? We do that in the United States. Wow. Love to see that. You are invited to Harrisburg, Kentucky. Okay. Fascinating. So great, Native America. So it strikes me when you were talking about that today that it would be really, it's a great answer for architecture. You know, I know one of the, I think about the conservatory here at Cooper Hewitt, it's one of our gems of a room that's all glass, rounded glass, but it strikes me that it was ideal for creating architecture with rounded facades and corners and... You know, I think that curves are a really exciting architectural opportunity, but we're now making the gorilla glass thin enough that you can cold bend it. A lot of the curved glass that you see today is actually manufactured flat and then bent using heat. It's a very expensive process, but when you make the glass thin enough, like gorilla and give it enough residual strength, you could actually bend it to the dimensions that you would want for a room. So that's a really exciting opportunity for us in architecture. The first place that I think you're likely to see products deployed for this, however, is in the automotive space, and there are two advantages of doing it. One is as cars become more connected, automakers are looking for ways to deliver more real estate for touch and information display. So by using curves, you can fit it very naturally in terms of an interface into the car. The other thing that you can do with the curves is that you can manage reflections in the car. With your smartphone, reflections in sunlight reading make it tough to read, but you can always navigate around it by moving appropriately. That's very tough to do at a stoplight. So we've been working with firms to make car interiors. We showed our first one at the Paris Auto Show, which was a partnership with Feritia and got a great response. So look forward to that soon. Wow, so talking about that, and I assume in car interiors, it's also very much the window. I mean, it's a touch, like the dashboard and then the windshields. But how, you mentioned something in your talk about being able to impact the structural properties or create like, you don't need shades, in the future we might not need shades. With electrochromic windows, yes. So the electrochromic windows that we've been working on in full disclosure, Corning owns a share of Vue, the company that I talked about, and I sit on the board. Those are designed for commercial buildings at this time. I think over time, thinking about using it in other places like the automotive space could definitely be an attractive opportunity. So stay tuned on those things. Right now, how people are thinking about using engineered glass. Our glass in car windows is for several purposes. First, because it's thinner and stronger, you can make windows that are much lighter weight. And if you make car windows lighter weight, you reduce the overall mass of the car. Its performance goes up, as does maybe even more importantly, its fuel efficiency. And that applies whether you have an electric vehicle or a normal gasoline vehicle. So that's one reason people use it. It also is a pristine surface that has superior optics. And that makes it the ultimate surface for head-up displays, which are becoming increasingly popular in cars. And I think as we move to a timespeed vehicle, we'll become even more popular. So a couple big reasons that people are choosing our glass in cars. Now, so far we're on six cars. And I think that's a nice parallel to the story that Corning scientists in the 60s were working on ChemCor for the automotive market and it had no traction because people didn't care as much about fuel economy or making a connected car in those days. And times have changed. Fuel economy and connectedness are very important characteristics for auto manufacturers. And now they're moving toward Gorilla Glass. So it shows how important that exploratory research is and it's very reason it's really hard to say what our percentage success rate is from our research organization because it makes a lot of difference what time frame you're talking about. Well, so just in terms of like the future of our cities and for the future of our cities and the auto mobility, let's say, we are definitely looking at autonomous vehicles and connectivity. So when you said that the glass will become probably even more important part of vehicles in the future is it that interactive part or is there something else that I'm... You know, the best suggestion I can make is to look at the concept cars being produced right now. And as we look across the concept cars that have been shown over the last year or two, we observe that the amount of glass used on the exterior is approximately the same as the amount used on the interior. So I think there are dramatic changes about to happen in the way glass gets used in cars. Today, the exterior is much bigger than the interior market. I'll have to follow up with you on that. So let's, I'd like to go back to architecture a little bit again because that's, I know there's some architects in the audience and you tell us about what we can expect from the interior of our buildings, of our houses, say in 2030 or 2050. What are your scientists thinking about? Well, I think advances in glass are starting from the outside of the house, likely to continue to collapse the divide between the interior and the exterior. Your options in a sense of mid-century modern architecture to integrate the inside and the outside will increase significantly. And I think that will happen because of advances in glass fabrication and new features like electrochromic windows. So I think there are some really exciting things on that. But then I think that there are some functional roles of screens that will allow you to have screens in places that you might not today. I think they will continue to get thinner, lighter weight, have smaller bezels becoming even more desirable to put in different places in your house. I think that you'll see innovations that allow you to choose the color even when the screen is turned off. I think some of the things that we're doing with thin glass as a laminate material that can be processed on site will make glass a very attractive alternative to tiles and things like that or perhaps even a new form of wallpaper. Maybe we'll have wall glass. We can print glass with incredibly high integrity colors or images. I think all of those things are possible. And then when you add in things like you can make an antimicrobial, you can make surfaces like stainless steel much more scratch resistant and easier to clean. I think that there are a lot of novel applications that glass that you'll see over the next decade plus. Sounds like we will probably be seeing a lot of them in hospitals as well. Are there a lot of glass, a lot more glass in hospitals? I don't know if it's possible that you'll see a lot more glass in hospitals. I think that you'll see different glass in hospitals. That's one of the earliest places that is adopting electrochromic windows and they're doing it for two reasons. One is you eliminate the shade that's much more difficult to clean than a piece of glass. But there are also some early clinical studies that show that patients have better recovery in rooms with electrochromic windows than not. So there's a pretty cool study done at a hospital in Utah that they alternated electrochromic windows and conventional windows on the maternity floor. And moms who've been in rooms with electrochromic windows had a clinically significant less instance of postpartum depression. So I think that's the type of thing you're guaranteed to see and we're working to use our antimicrobial glass in hospitals as well. And then there are obviously the uses for diagnostics and therapeutic delivery all the way from more sensitive tools to diagnosed disease to new ways to deliver drugs. So I think you're right, there's gonna be a lot more glass use in hospitals. And the great thing is it sounds to me that it is material that we're not going to run out of, correct? I feel in very good shape that we're gonna be able to produce very high quality and increasingly tuned glass for specific applications for a very, very long time. In a way, it's the original renewable resource. Glass just melts better if you mix in, hold glass into the mix. So it's very attractive from that perspective as well. One of the things that's of interest, you talk a lot about Cooper Hewitt these days is sustainability. And I wonder if you could talk a little bit about what Corning is doing in terms of glass sustainability and production of glass because I know it uses ginormous amounts of fuel to create glass. Yeah, I don't know if ginormous is the use of that term that I would use. If you think about producing crystals, which we also do and are absolutely necessary for some things, that uses ginormous amounts of energy. Glass is significantly less than that. But it still is a fairly energy-intensive thing to do. We're always looking for ways to use energy more efficiently. Last year, we took a significant portion of Duke Energy's new solar farm in North Carolina. That energy also can exactly offset the energy consumption of our plant in Kentucky. And it's on the same grid, so that we're able to utilize that glass. And I'm really proud of the back record we have. We've just won the Energy Star Award for the last three consecutive years for the progress we've made. Thanks. And how many competitors is Corning at around the world? When I've traveled around the world, it doesn't strike me that there are a lot of companies making glass or even small hot shops. You know, we have a unique collection of assets that is challenging for anybody to reproduce even one of those. And when we combine them, it becomes especially difficult. The number of competitors we have varies by segment a lot. But in general, in our markets, we have over half the market share. And sometimes we have a lot more than that because our products are differentiated and it's difficult for anybody else to play. In the LCD glass, which is our largest business, there are essentially two competitors, both located in Japan. And it occurred to me the other day when I was thinking about this, does Corning ever work with the Smithsonian? Because as you know, or you might know, the history, art, and culture units of the Smithsonian are actually a very small percentage of what the overall Smithsonian is. We've got research centers all over the world that use these cutting-edge, our telescopes, and does, do you work with Corning? Are you aware of it? So certainly some of our materials are, we're honored to have them in the Smithsonian. We've done some specific projects as collaborations in the past around the class. And we're also patrons of fellow Smithsonian affiliate, the Rockwell Museum in Corning. Right, right, thank you. You're welcome. And now, because we are at Museum, I really would love to ask you a little bit about the relation between the research facility at Corning and the museum, which is a marvelous museum. I highly recommend anybody go there. It's well worth a weekend trip up there. You will be rewarded. It's really the best glass collection I've seen anywhere in the world. It's really unrivaled, so. Oh, thank you. And lots of wonderful demonstrations. I'm just curious, we have, what's interesting is Cooper Hewitt's collection was formed as part of the Cooper Union School for Art and Architecture at the end of the 19th century, and it was meant to be a point of inspiration and visual inspiration for the students and for the public. And now it is here in Cooper Hewitt, which is part of the Smithsonian. How much does the Museum at Corning serve as inspiration for some of your scientists? It's a huge inspiration for us, and we have many informal and formal programs. Mike Pambianke, our head of last research, requires everybody who's new in his lab to go to the studio at the museum because there's also a teaching component to our museum. That we also, when we have customers come, we always post them at the museum. We sponsor artists to be fellows in our research group and especially artists who come from a different material set and they're finding new inspiration in glass. So for example, Albert Paley, who's best known for metalworking, was our first fellow. And his work on how you can blind glass with metal really inspired some new thinking that we had. And there are many other examples of that. Tudzinski, who I saw that the Cooper Hewitt has a piece from on my way in this afternoon and I showed a piece of hers that's inspiring, is one of our most recent fellows. Tom Patty has been there recently working on it and he was working on a modern version of the glasses that go into the LeCurge's cup and what you do with that. So it is exciting, it's fun, it's great to have a very bright, vibrant global glass community that comes through Corning on a regular basis and there are many examples of specific inspirations that we get from that. I think it brings designers to us. It's, we're so lucky to have that in our backyard. I know I'm so sorry about this, I have two questions at some point and I'm happy to start taking them if, yes. As you... Oh yes, I'm sorry, there's a microphone there. Just cutting across the subjects that you've touched upon. Sure. Do you have a special working relationship with Dale Chiguli? Is one, and you talked about pretty. Do you offer a 3D printable glass? Sure, thanks for the questions. Dale Chiguli has a very special... I think that was Dale visiting us today. He has a really special relationship with us in the museum. As you walk into our admissions lobby, it's his piece that you see. He was a member of our board of directors and people from his studio, like Jimmy Montgrain, we're in the museum earlier this year, so it's a great relationship that we have with him. In terms of 3D printed glass, it's a really interesting topic. I was extremely excited about that when I first came to Corning. I would say that... I'll answer the question in several ways. One is in terms of 3D printed glass, we make optical fiber that way. So it is probably the largest and most precise 3D printing in the world of how it's done. But it's a one-trick pony. All you can make is that optical fiber. When you try to assemble it otherwise, it's extremely challenging to get the optical properties and homogeneity that make glass beautiful by doing the types of 3D printing at a level that you like. So if you type 3D printing of glass into YouTube, you'll see a great example of a student, I think, who took mirrors and lenses out into the desert in the Middle East and used the heat to 3D print a bowl. It worked, but it's a pretty ugly bowl. And it's really hard to go that way. The way that I have seen 3D printing done and Steve Gibbs is in the back, he is an expert on this, is that you actually do something like you have a vessel of glass that's hot and you let the glass run out at the bottom and you start making spirals. When I was a physicist, I was very excited about a particular way to do quantum mechanics and I convinced my teacher that he should teach us that way and he did, and an older professor said to him, why would you waste their time doing that? That there's nothing you could do with that technique that you can't do quite easily another way. Unfortunately, so far I would say the same thing about 3D glass printing, but I would encourage people to keep working on it and certainly we try it too. Italy and the Great Britain are doing research with the bioactive glass 3D printing. For example, they're using it for cartilage replacement. Is any research being done in the United States? Could you comment on that? I don't know about glass used for cartilage replacement. I'm sorry. Yes, what kind of innovative and affordable things are you doing for greenhouses? Glass for greenhouses. Glass for greenhouses is generally made using flow processes. To date, I haven't really seen that what I would call an engineered glass or an advanced glass. It's usually pretty thick. Flatness isn't as important and the optical properties most value are usually transparency. My guess is corning itself would not produce that type of glass unless people found some value to the precision control of light through electronics or that there was some coating that you could put on it that required a huge flatness that added a lot of value. We have thought about using our thin glass for lightweight greenhouse covers that are also really strong. So that's another possibility, but we don't do any specific research that I know of on that topic by itself. We're excited by the Tesla announcement of photovoltaic roof tiles that are made out of glass. I'd love to hear your involvement in this. Maybe none, but what is your thought? Would you be involved in this in the future? I can't talk about any specific relationships that we had, so let me just talk about that opportunity in general. The idea is that the materials that can convert the light from the sun into energy are going down in price. So in the old days, when you went from something that was incredibly perfect and expensive and had high conversion efficiency, maybe there are opportunities to do big area things that are less efficient but still get a lot of energy out and could power things, keep the snow off your roof, all sorts of things like that. What would it take to make that happen? One is you would have to meet the technical requirements of the solar conversion. So in general, you have to seal it perfectly. Her medical seals keep everything out, water, air, especially oxygen to keep that active material over a long period of time. Glass is great at doing that. You need it to last for a very long time to remain transparent for the lifetime of the roof. Glass relative to polymers, plastics is extremely effective at doing that. You probably need a surface that was very damaged resistant so it would last over time, keep out the elements, continue to let the light through with high efficacy. And then finally, you need the aesthetic properties that there are a lot of beautiful roofs ranging from copper and other metals to wood shingles. And is it possible to give somebody the texture and glass that reproduces the aesthetic effect that they want? Absolutely. Can you do that at the same time as you meet all the other requirements of the solar cell? Maybe. I think that's an exciting topic of research. That's one that I think is a great transition. Other places people think about using area that's just open for other reasons are like wood tiles. I personally am more excited about starting on a roof because you don't have the requirement that there are cars driving over it with rocks stuck in the tire and things like that. I think it's an easier problem to solve. So I love the announcement. It's an area of research that I'd be extremely supportive of. Hi. I'm an industrial design student at Pratt and a lot of the time we spend is doing materials research. So trying to figure out how different things interact and how it feels and how it feels in different ways. But glass tends to provide a pretty big barrier to entry into those types of experiments. So I was wondering if there was a channel through which we could operate with corning that would allow us to do this type of thing. Yeah. One channel. So thanks for the question. There's several responses to it that I think you're right. There are a lot of barriers to doing experiments in glass and altering the material. There's a lot of equipment and specialized expertise. That's one of the reasons for corning that we really have a whole HR program that is designed that we are your only employer for many people because there's very little of what we do that you can find in a book. We are thinking about ways to open up to the outside world. Our guest artist program is one of those ways. Our collaborations through the studio at the Corning Museum of Glass is another way. We have an innovation officer, Marty Curran, who is focused on architectural applications of glass, among other things, and he has a team that are looking into new ideas. So I think those are all some of the ways that you could participate, and if you have a great idea, we'd definitely love to consider it. There's kind of an extension of his question. It was back to your question you left to us at the end of your talk, was how do people establish the emotional connection to glass if I'm paraphrasing that correctly? That it seems that most other materials you have ability to work with and mold and do things with the glass we always see as a finished product because it's difficult to work with. Are you guys thinking of ways to make that more accessible or ways that people, a child could think of interacting with glass before it's already finished? I suppose that it depends on the child's age and the parent's risk tolerance. Specialized processing of glass has been a major issue. I think our thin glass is one way to do that. When you make a glass incredibly tough like Gorilla Glass, it's also incredibly difficult to process afterwards. So you can cut Gorilla Glass, but the tool that we use to do it costs over a million dollars for a very specialized laser. In fact, we were so excited about the tool that we bought the company to do it. We had a lot of applications. I think there are always going to be some barriers. I think that our challenge is to build an ecosystem that lets people plug in to some kind of interface to our capabilities and get access to those for particular areas. An early step toward doing that is what we've done with our invention called Vibrance. Vibrance is a special kind of optical fiber that instead of keeping the light in like you want to do for optical communications, you let the light out in a uniform way. People have thought about using it for everything from task lighting and decorative lighting to safety lighting for runners, to accents in cars to even perhaps running UV light through it and using it to treat drug-resistant bacteria. I think all of those are great ideas. The way that we chose to commercialize that one and open up the innovations to the world is by creating a new company called Versalum. I think you'll see us do more things like that in the future. I know that artists would love to get a hold of our glass. We need to improve over time in making that happen and it would be a great thing, but it's a long road to doing that because while we are on a journey from magic to science, we have a ways to go to make an engineering handbook that creates it as accessible to everybody. I'd be interested if you could talk a little more about the sustainability aspect of glass in terms of recycling glass on one side or using where is the biggest opportunity to use glass to create more solar energy or to make those more efficient? I think there are a number of aspects of sustainability. One is the reuse of the material itself and glass is readily recyclable. Corning certainly recycles a lot of its own glass in our manufacturing process. In fact, sometimes we just produce colored that we want to recycle as the primary purpose. Another aspect to sustainability is energy consumption and when we target applications like lighter weight car windows that reduces fuel consumption. We've worked on solar optimized glass that allows you to do these hermetic seals that has surface properties that are designed for the solar process and opportunities along those lines. So I think that it plays a big role in sustainability. Also, the close cousin of our glass capabilities is our ceramics capabilities and that's what we used to make the material that's at the heart of catalytic converters, heavy duty diesel filters that were used in our trucks and now gas particulate filters. So you can also use glass related capabilities to make materials for mobile emissions control. We're working on ways to advance that technology into carbon capture. We're part of an MIT consortium to do that. I think we have a tiny part of the idea but that's going to take a lot of collaboration to make it happen. So those are some of the activities that we're working on in terms of new products aimed at sustainability. Do older TVs use as much glass as LCDs and do you know what the expectation is for that adoption? So I'll start by, for those of you in the audience who don't know how an LCD television is made, it's kind of a glass sandwich. So there are two pieces of precision glass and in between there's transistor layer and then the liquid crystals themselves that actually move in response to a field. You then pass light through the glass sandwich and a color filter and that's what gives you the excellent picture. OLED TVs use a different technique. So OLED stands for organic light emitting diode. When you pass a current through an OLED it actually emits light and that's what produces the light itself. Today there's only one manufacturer in the world that produces OLED TVs. It's LG in Korea and they currently use only one piece of glass and they use a solid material on the back. Whether they can continue doing that and push to the resolutions of new TVs I think is an open question. So I think that the answer today is it uses one piece of glass and it uses less. The answer going forward is not clear. Do you have time for just one more question? So I know you said it's important to get people interested in glass so that people still want to research it. Yes. And I know that several years ago the museum hired its first curator of science and technology, Marvin Bull. And I was wondering what he's doing in the museum to teach the public about the science and technology of glass. Sure. I think Marvin's most recent exhibit is on microscopes and I think it's a great example of showing how science and glass innovations came forward together. I believe it's actually the only time of on the Linhook microscope has been shown in the U.S. so I invite you to the Ray Cal Library adjacent to the studio to check that out. But an important aspect for us is it shows that to go to the type of glass that you need to make an advanced microscope required a lot of research on how to make the glass flat in terms of its optical transmission, how to make glass that was optimized for lenses in terms of its formulation, how to make the curves that you need for a compound microscope, I think is a terrific example. He also co-curated the current Blashka exhibit which shows the marine invertebrates from the Cornell collection. So those are the two things that he's doing right now and we're working hard on redoing our entire science exhibit and if there's anyone who would like to help fund that I'm happy to talk to you. I'd just like to add a little PSV that actually showed one of the Lovenhoek microscopes here in 2015 as part of a tools exhibition that was one of our opening exhibitions after Cooper Hewitt reopened and I noticed he had his birthday a week ago. So thanks to Google. Is that the last question? Okay. Well this flew by but thank you very much. You're all as stimulated as I am about this really, still it's a magical material to me. I know there's a lot of science behind it now but it's just absolutely magical. Thank you for coming.