 Hello friends, welcome to Civil Spiria current affairs digital library. So today we are going to see four topics. It is saltwater crocodile senses, azure report, Indira Gandhi and Gandhi price influence perspective and sedition law in mains perspective. Okay. Now let us move on to our first topic saltwater crocodile senses. So why this is in use initially, the government has conducted a saltwater or ashrin crocodile senses, which is in vitrachanika national park of Kendra paratastric Odisha. So that is there in the news. It is an annual census which is held recently and for the first time it has used drones to census those crocodile population. Okay. So what are the outcomes of this? So what they have said is this census was not not only conducted in vitrachanika national park. It is also conducted in lakes, inlets, new laws and other areas or deltaic regions of Mahanati. So what they have found it found out is the apart from this vitrachanika, Brahmani, Bhaitarni are also the habitation of this saltwater crocodiles and their population has been significantly increased after a decade. Okay. They have nearly 1042 individuals as per the senses and they have also cited 12 albino crocodiles during this census process. So this is the outcome of this project. Okay. Now let's see what is the background. So saltwater crocodile population was very less during 1970s. So it was nearly 95 individuals which was available including the 34 adults. But in 1975 along with United Nations Development Program FAO and our Ministry of Environment has started a crocodile breeding and rearing projects around vitrachanika national park. Then that has increased the population of this saltwater crocodile to a significant amount. Even 9 years back we have a Guinness Book of World Record that states that the vitrachanika national park holds the largest, world's largest saltwater crocodile of 23 foot long. So this is the thing. And according to this report India we have three species of crocodiles. So one is mugger which is also known as marshy crocodile, saltwater crocodile also known as ashrian crocodile, garyal or gavel. So it is present in both India as well as Nepal. So they have started a breeding program in 34 places including West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh also in Nepal. So these are the areas they have selected for this breeding centers. Okay. Now let's see what are all the types of crocodiles available in India. So first one mugger. So mugger is also known as crocodile as palestris. So it's a scientific name. So this is a freshwater crocodile, a fish eating crocodile and it also it also a social animal. So it lives in a groups. Okay. This mostly prefer the area of marshy lakes, rivers and also the shallow slow moving areas. And the very significant thing about it is it can also survive in artificial reservoirs and tanks. Okay. According to the status. So it is present from southern part of Iran to Sri Lanka covering all the Indian Ocean region. Okay. In the subcontinent region in sites it is considered to be appendix one animal. So which means the export of wild species are banned up and mugger. And in IUCN it is a vulnerable species. So what are all the threats associated with this mugger? So one is habitat destruction because the lands are converted for agriculture and industrial purposes and they are also so killed by entanglement in the nets and drowning also killed by fishermen as they considered to be a competition for the fish resources. And they are also sacrificed in superstitious beliefs and it can also be used as Afro DSF which means it increases the libido effect and addresses the fertility issues. So hence these are all the threat for this mugger species. Okay. Now so this is the thing. So the area of expanse of mugger species. Okay. Now next one is saltwater crocodile. So saltwater crocodile is known as crocodile is porosus. It is the largest living reptile in the world and it is also the largest riparian predator in the world. Okay. Now it is mostly marine species, marine living but it also prefer to live in environment of shallow, brackish rivers, lagoons even in the deltaic regions these are the areas of the expanses. Okay. Now the largest population is seen in Bitar Kanika but whereas a small population can also be seen in India-Bangladesh border of Sundarbans. Okay. In IUCN it is considered to be the least concerned species and according to sites what they have said is it is appendix 1 in most of the countries like the export of wild species is banned whereas in few countries like Indonesia, Australia and Papua New Guinea it is in appendix 2 which means there need to be a permit our permission for exporting this wild species and that is also a permission for exporting the commercially bred species. So this is the appendix 1 and appendix 2. Okay. Now next one is so this is the expanse of this saltwater crocodile. Now next one is gharial. So gharial is the most critically endangered crocodile species in India. So it is also known as Gavialis gangeticus it is also known as Gavial. So it is a fish eating crocodile it is native to the northern part of our Indian subcontinent okay we can see it is in the northern part of Indian subcontinent. This is critically endangered according to IUCN and it is also in appendix 1 of sites. India also protects the species under wildlife protection act 1972 which is under scheduled one which also places animals like leopard and and tigers. Now the project crocodile has also included gharial in this project. Now it is extincted once it was nearly found from all the Indian subcontinent rivers like Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga and Iravadi river but now it is extincted in Indus, Brahmaputra and Iravadi rivers. It is mostly found in Chambal river, Sone, Mahanathi river, Gandak and Ram Ganga. So these are the basic expanse of this gharial population okay. So this is the area of expanse of gharial. So hence there need to be a better breeding program for developing these species okay. Now let's move on to our next topic Acer report. So Acer report why it is in use. So Acer has conducted this 13th annual survey. So Acer means annual status of education reports hence it turns it is an annual report. So this time it has seen about children's schooling status and their basic learning levels. So basic learning levels in reading as well as arithmetic. So this Acer report is facilitated by the Pratham an on governmental organization and apart from other larger surveys this is different because most of the surveys conduct their surveys in schools but it is a household based survey okay. Now Acer 2007 the previous year it was termed as beyond basic survey which means they have thought about the 14 to 18 year old adults so which they wanted to provide a useful and their productive lives in their adult age that is the prospect of that. In 2018 it has conducted from the age of 3 to 16 years in case of reading and 5 to 16 years in case of arithmetic areas okay. Now what are all the major findings they have discovered. So they have said that there was a major gender divide okay there was a major gender divide in this population that is among male and female and there was a steady increase as the children grows and older because the reading capabilities are getting declined when they are growing older at the age of class 8 or above okay then what they had said is in schooling levels the overall enrollment of the school was 2007 till now it was 95 percentage but also the other thing is the girls who are not enrolled it was initially 20 percent in 2008 but now it has reduced to 13.5 percentage. So these are the basic thing but the problem here is the improvement of the skills of children from the lower primary to upper primary are steadily declining. So this is the schooling level program okay now apart from this reading what is this reading they had said. So in reading in 2008 it was 84.8 percent for class 8 students who can read a level of class 2 but now it has steadily declined from 74.6 percentage to 72.8 percentage which shows the lesser amount of skills in children then again arithmetic. So arithmetic has also decreased for a class 8 students who can divide a 3 digit number by a single digit word. So these are also reduced from 44 percentage to 43 percentage. So what is the impact of this arithmetic skills. So what they had said is from 8 to 10 years the boys and girls average is very meager less than 1 percentage of differences in arithmetic capability but when the age increases from 11 to 13 years the gap of this increases to 2 percent and above. Then when it is 14 to 16 years the differences is increasing so much this more than 5 percentage. So what are the factors influencing this arithmetic capability means the most of the girls are getting into the household responsibilities due to this menstruation issues since India being a patriarchy society. So this women need the girls children need to have the household responsibilities as well as the menstruation issues which is stopping them from attending the schools properly and most of the areas the rural areas they have the physical education which is very scarce and this is not seen in many of the schools okay this is the issue then what I had said is the teacher student utterance the other highlights in India the teacher student ratio utterance ratio is equally average for all the areas nearly 85 percentage teacher utterance and student utterance is 72 percentage but above 90 percent student utterance is seen in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu area and 90 percent and above teacher utterance is seen in Jharkhand, Odisha, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. So this is because of the midday male schemes and other welfare programs poverty alleviation programs which make students and teachers to attend schools properly. Next one is sanitation right from the beginning of right to education 2010 that we can see a substantial improvement in sanitation like usable toilets which has grown to 66.4 percentage and even the midday male scheme has increased nearly 80 percentage drinking water has also increased to 65 percentage but this national average hides the variation in many of the areas like Jamun, Kashmir and Northeast which have less than 50 percentage of usable girls toilets usable drinking water supply and usable midday male scheme so these are very less in these areas. So what the report has suggested is there must be a strong foundational skill for these children to develop their breeding and arithmetic capability to cope up with the upper primary standard. So this is the recommendation of this is a report now let's move on to our next topic Indra Gandhi and Gandhi price so we are going to differentiate what is the price. So first let's see international Gandhi peace price. So this is an annual price given by government of India okay to start by start in the year 1995 to commemorate the 125th birthday anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. So this price is a cash price with a citation it is given to both individuals as well as institutions they must contribute towards socio-economic and political transformation using non-violence or other Gandhian principles. So this is open to all persons internationally or internationally apart from the caste, creed or sex anything so it is open to all. The persons choosing these eminent persons like juries, Prime Minister of India, leader of a portion of Lok Sabha, CJI and two eminent persons they choose the recipient of this award. In 2018 Sri Yogi Sasakawa of Japan has received this international Gandhi peace price for eradicating leprosy in Japan, India as well as the world okay. So this is about Gandhi peace price next Indra Gandhi peace price. So Indra Gandhi peace price also an annual award it includes cash price as well as a citation so this is given by Indra Gandhi memorial trust. So this is also given for individuals as well as organizations once they develop international peace, development and new economic order, scientific discoveries for larger human populations as well as if they increase the scope of freedom okay. So here the jury includes the eminent personalities of both international as well as national even the past recipients of awards can also be a jury member. In 2018 the centre for science and environment has received this Indra Gandhi peace price so this is for developing the sustainable model in India. So this is the about Indra Gandhi peace price and India Gandhi peace price okay next. Now it's more on to a main topic sedition law. So what is this sedition law? In recent news there was the sedition charges in Assam as well as JNU we have seen in the news. Now what they had said is in section 124A there must be a prior sanction from the authorities to arrest or file a charge sheet against an individual. So this has raised so many questions like whether the laws relating to seditions are valid. Are they constitutionally valid or the circumstances for invocating a seditions are proper or whether you should stay in the statute or it must be repealed. So there are so many questions raised against the sedition law. Now let's see how the sedition law evolved. So first the sedition law in India has started in a pre-independence era of 1870 which introduced Indian penal code that incorporated section 124A which means the sedition law. According to the Privy Council which is a British court which had said that the accused person must bring or attempt to bring okay it must bring or attempt to bring a hatred or contempt okay or it must attempt to excite disaffection towards the government either even attempting itself causes a sedition. So this is given by Privy Council but using this section 124A the colonial era has crushed most of the nation movement even it has arrested so many leaders like Surendha Nath Banerjee, Bala Gangadathilak, Gandhi even any percent were arrested by this sedition law okay but after independence okay after independence the constitution assembly it has actually passed the judicial scrutiny of constitution so what they had said is the fundamental rights of citizens must not brush the vilification of government hence there must be a counter balance of fundamental right as well as vilification of government hence they said that the sedition law must prevail okay but the basic idea about this sedition law was thrown light in constitution assembly debate by K. M. Munshi. So what he had said is the sedition law which actually strikes the fundamental rights and it must be eliminated from the statute book okay the constitution makers has also accepted his ideas and they have omitted the word called sedition from the fundamental right 19 to part 2 which means the freedom of speech and expression so they have deleted that word from the fundamental right okay then apart from that the federal court of India okay the federal court of India justice Morris Geyer has said that the sedition it must not be a minister who wanted to do the wounded vanity to the government it must actually the sedition must incite a disorder in the community and it must be accepted by majority of the population that it has incited violence only then it can be considered to be as a sedition but in 1959 Allahabad High Court has also said that sedition has struck the root of fundamental rights hence it must be considered to be an unconstitutional but later in 1962 the famous verdict Supreme Court verdict of K. Dhanath versus state of Bihar so Supreme Court has adopted the federal court judgment replacing the private counsel ideas like they what they had said is whether a word is an ill performed or pungent or whatever it may be that word must incite a violence okay incite violence or public disorder only then it can be considered to be as a sedition hence this incitement to violence has become an essential ingredient in the sedition law okay then time and again Supreme Court reiterated its decisions in 1995 Balwant Singh versus state of Panchaw okay what they had said is they applied the K. Dhanath case in this Panchaw case during Sikh riots there were some slogans issued by many people but that slogan did not incite violence in the Sikh community hence what they had said is it does not amount to sedition so this was said in 1995 Balwant Singh committee Balwant Singh case next in 2003 Nazir Khan versus state of Delhi what they had said again Supreme Court what said is this fundamental right of an individual also have their own political theories it doesn't mean that the dissent towards a political party doesn't amount to a incitement of violence or it is not considered to be a sedition so these are the cases evolution of the sedition law even in 2018 the National Crime Record Bureau had said this within the period of 2014 to 16 there are 179 cases filed against the seditions out of that case only 18 cases has come up for this trial and with that only two cases was convicted okay so the range of proving the sedition is very tedious in India so hence it is actually a time-consuming as well as an expensive process hence it must be reviewed okay then in 2018 law commission has also released a paper called consultation paper on sedition to get suggestion from the cross sections whether this sedition law is according to the present time is it's fulfilling the present scenario okay then the interesting thing is the country which has introduced sedition law into India which is United Kingdom has already deleted the sedition section and even US has sedition law but it is very narrower compared to India there are no ground for repealing the sedition law in India this is actually a major issue so hence what we can do to regulate this sedition law so one is there must be a effect based examining of cases that means there must be have to see the effect of the sedition law rather than a content base which means it sees that text which are used in slogans or slogan-eering okay even we must educate the law enforcement agencies about the Kedarnath case that incitement to offense incitement to violence is a case for sedition law okay then penalties of misuse of sedition law must help to regulate this sedition cases and we must also make this law bailable as well as cognisable so this can help to regulate this sedition law the anti-national slogans are not about sedition only when a slogan amount like Indian state is a tyrant or Indian state must be overthrown that can be amounted to a sedition not just a slogan or slogan-eering amounts to sedition so this is the basic about sedition law okay so with this I conclude today's topic so please like share and subscribe to our YouTube channel thank you