 Let's continue our discussion on various other departments of ITU which are responsible for executing specific tasks. The ITUT for telecom is one of the most important parts of the ITU which is responsible to execute certain functions which are related to telecommunication networks as such. We'll look at the background first which makes ITUT a necessity. Then we'll look at the mandate of it and then we'll have certain successes which ITUT has been able to accrue over the years. Now imagine the whole traffic of the internet, 90% of it is the submerged fibre optic cable based traffic that is travelling across various continents going into various countries. For instance in Pakistan we have the endpoint for the flag that is fibre laid around the globe and the CME V3 that is south east Asia, middle east western Europe and recently the CME V4 then we have the transworld connectivity that allows us to connect to rest of the world. Now all this is taking place through the optical fibre cable, 90% of the total internet traffic is being carried on that fibre optic cable. Now imagine there has to be some organisation that should be responsible for overseeing the deployment and smooth functioning of it. Then when it comes to the traffic in the core and the access side it means from the ISP perspective the routers which are connected, the internet service providers which are providing internet connectivity to the end users through the edge, the 100% of the traffic is being carried by these networks. We cannot think of any other form of connectivity through which the users are connected to the worldwide web. Now the interesting thing is that the access networks are very diverse in nature. We can imagine some kind of conformity to one standard in the backbone when it is based on fibre. So fibre is the technology so ITUT was good enough to take care of fibre optic based communication at the long haul. But when it comes to the access side we have so much of variety both in wired and wireless that someone, some organisation should be allocated this responsibility. For instance on the wireless side we have the 802.11, 802.16. On the mobile side we have the UMTS CDMA 2000. These are the data networks 2G as the voice network, 3G, 4G, LTE all these are the mobile wireless networks. Then on the fixed side we also have fibre optic cable on the access side. We have copper in the form of coaxial cable and the unshielded twisted pair UTP. Now with such variety there has to be some kind of standardisation otherwise the interfacing of so many access networks over one single internet is not possible. So ITUT as the most important part of the ITU is responsible to provide the broadband access and the transport. It means it actually has to make sure that the users are not only getting access to the network but their traffic is also being carried over long haul in any kind of transport technology. On the access side ITUT recommends the DSL technology because the DSL technology is based on the unshielded twisted pair. The unshielded twisted pair was the de facto connectivity with regards to the plain old telephone systems, the PSTNs for the analog telephone telephony. The variant of DSL which is known as the ADSL or asymmetric digital subscriber line, it provides the fastest migration with the existing infrastructure from the load data rate to the broadband without huge investments. So it means that ITUT adopted DSL and later started providing standardised DSL in the form of ADSL. The very fact that ADSL using some underlying technologies provides high data rates, much much higher of the order of megabits per second from 64 kbps, 128 kbps from the PSTNs and ISTNs to the hundreds of megabits per second. So ADSL is actually the de facto internet connectivity wherever the copper which is based on the UTP based copper is available. If we look at the access side with regards to fiber, we have standardised fiber to the home, fiber to the curb and fiber to the doorstep access networks. It is nothing but an integration of the end to end fiber because at the core and on the long haul we have fiber but if you also provide fiber on the access side, it ensures that end to end highest data rate can be provisioned. Then there are certain standardisation activities which are related to things which we are seeing to be developing in parallel. For instance, when we look at the broadband, one of the most important and obvious aspect of the broadband is the IP television. So using IPTV, we can imagine that different vendors, different service providers could use their own variants. So ITUT is responsible for making sure that a standardised unified form of internet based IPTV is provisioned. Then we are also seeing the emergence of machine to machine communication in which the end hosts or the two parties, the calling party and the call party in literal sense are no more the human and another human or for that matter human interacting with the machine. It is a machine talking to another machine. This in a layman's term is known as the internet of things. Some people also call it the internet of everything. Now ITUT also has to consider it as an obligatory mandate for its own self. Otherwise the integration of the internet of things over the unified internet based on NGN wouldn't be very smooth. So ITUT takes care of that as well. Then we know that a typical architecture we are most familiar with in the internet is the client server architecture. We have the client that sends requests and we have a server that replies to these requests. Now there's an understanding that the client makes some infrequent requests and on the basis of those requests the replies or the request services are made. A deviation or a digression from the typical client server architecture is the evolution of the cloud computing wherein the network itself acts like a cloud. It means now we are no more considering the computing devices to be sitting on the edge of the overall network. In fact we believe that the new form of computing is where the network is itself playing an important part in computing on the go while the traffic is being carried between end hosts. So since it is related to the network now no more an end to end phenomenon for that the cloud computing becomes important. Then we have the migration the long awaited dream to move from the IP version 4 to IP version 6. Although it is the primary mandate of the internet society and the internet engineering task force. Nonetheless ITUT is also taking great interest in it and is ensuring that whatever technological advancements are taking place in this migration. In transit nothing is disrupted and it turns out to be a smooth migration. So we see that with all these areas which are developing in parallel to the so-called telecommunication world all these aspects are directly or indirectly related to ITU and specifically to ITUT. Lastly the ITUT is also responsible for making sure that the telecommunication authorities of the countries which are part of the United Nations are responsible to implement a consistent transparent and smooth technologically advanced solution for their own respective countries so that the international community or the international fraternity does not have isolated islands where one country is unable to communicate with another.