 This paper discusses the increasing number of electric vehicles worldwide, which are powered by lithium ion, leion, batteries, and presents a comparison of their key components and battery management systems, while also exploring approaches to improve efficiency, capacity, and lifespan. The material and thermal characteristics of leion batteries are identified as critical to performance, with discussions on positive and negative electrode materials, electrolytes, and physical implementation. Additionally, the paper presents current research on high-energy density batteries and opportunities for repurposing and recycling them. This article was authored by Yu Miao, Patrick Hynan, Annette Von Juwan, and others.