 So good afternoon everyone. This research is part of my PhD student research for a PhD at Mokoro University and I had this idea of focusing on disasters based on my own experiences after the 2004 tsunami in Indonesia and at that time I was working with the local government in different places but it got me thinking like how should I act or what should we do as a local government if the tsunami happens in my place. So that's what drives me to do this research. Let me give you a description of how disasters trend globally. As you can see from this picture the number of disasters in the last 110 years or so has increased dramatically especially after since 1950 it goes up exponentially high. So number disasters are occurring and happening more and more nowadays but even though after in the middle of like around 2005 it decreases slightly. So what about number of deaths it has caused? Fortunately as you can see from this graph there has been an exponential decrease in number of deaths as well. So we know that this is the thing that we are doing at the moment for disaster management or disaster risk reduction are working. And then what about the number of people affected? As you can see here it increases as the number of disasters occurred happening more frequently and but it started since the 1970s and then you can we can clearly see the correlation or the relationship here between like increases population increases urbanization from this graph. So putting all these graphs together as you can see here the red line shows that despite the number of death increase the number of disaster decreases as the number of people affected. So as for our conference how does climate change affect disasters? This graph shows that this is the like different types of natural hazards and these are some of the impacts that climate change can impact it on this and then all the blue lines here this is where how the climate change impact can affect all like 75 percent of the natural hazards worldwide. So it's really important that why we need to focus on climate change if we want to reduce the disaster risk. And also there are three like climate change affect disaster in three different ways. It affects the frequency, it affects the intensity and it affects the security. So like from climate change natural hazard can be more frequent, it can be more intense, it can be more deadly and it can happen more frequent. And let's know from that the previous graphs let's aggregate how climate change related disasters differ from geophysical and biological disasters. As you can see on these three lines here like the climate related disaster like climatological, meteorological and hydrological comprises of almost 75 percent of the total number of natural disasters. And also with the number of people killed due to climate related disasters on the three lines there if you combine them together it's still more comprised more than half of the number of people killed. And also even more so the impacts on the number of people affected climatological, meteorological and hydrological disasters impact almost 100 percent of these people affected here. So it's really important and this is the rationale why disaster risk reduction need to be linked to climate change adaptation or vice versa. But how we can actually do that, that's another question that we are going to explore. So through in my PhD I'm looking at this concept called resilience. But what does it resilience mean for disaster risk reduction and in climate change adaptation and how you can build resilience to disasters that's the focus of my research. So throughout my literature review I found I developed this framework to analyze what resilience means in terms of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. So I propose a concept in the middle there called adaptive and integrated disaster resilience. So what I do here I use resilience as the underlying concept for my research by which I define resilience as the ability to resist, to self-organize, to learn and move forward to a better state, a more desirable state in this case sustainable, sustainable societies or sustainable environment. And also because I'm looking at institution here there is a concept that is called adaptive governance. It's one of the key person or key author on this concept is Calfolka by which they define adaptive governance is the governance system that is more flexible and less rigid and it allows for multiple organizations in institution work together and they can learn throughout the process. So these are the four concepts that I'm utilizing for my research. So this is one of my findings. So what is disaster integrated disaster resilience? In this paper I review how resilience or disaster resilience is defined conceptually and practically by different development or usually development organizations and resilience is defined as a positive concept. They all want to be resilient when they implement any project on disaster risk reduction. So what I found here I call it three layers of disaster resilience. If you see the first layer here is the community. Community needs to be the center of any resilient strategy. They need to decide what they want to be resilient for and how they want to do it. And also to be effective any disaster resilience, disaster risk reduction activities need to revolve around these four stages from prevention, preparedness, response and rehabilitation. And one reason we have been able to reduce the number of deaths from disasters are increased preparedness. That's the key to reduce, if we want to reduce number of deaths. And also the third layer from that is these layers of, I call it a sustainable development components. This is the components that provide a supporting environment for the disaster risk reduction activities to take place. And I think our inability to integrate this framework into development and that's why like a number of people affected from natural disasters keep increasing as the number of disaster increases. So that's on the integrated disaster resilience. But also this is not enough. Like how would, we know that uncertainties and complexities of future worlds increases. And also the social and ecological system interacts and this impact, so how should they impact on disaster? And one way of me trying to analyze how we can do about it is to utilize adaptive governance concept. And through my literature review from adaptive governance literature I found four characteristics that are highly influenced for us to increase our adaptiveness for future changes and disasters. They have polycentric governance, participation, self-organization and learning and innovation. So just taking an example for how this concept is related or helped to build resilience. For example, after the 2004 tsunami in Indonesia without the help of NGOs and international organizations in helping the Indonesian government to do our emergency management and rehabilitation, Indonesia will not be at this current situation. So they provide another layer for response within disaster risk reduction cycles. And the second part is participation and collaboration. As my finding, I found that in Indonesia the role, the participation of NGO matters for in building disaster resilience. Without NGO's participation, the Indonesian government will not have enough capacity to build disaster resilience. And the third one, this is emerging trend that I observe on self-organization and networks. Like the increases that we can observe on networks flourishing in, for example, cities, network affitties in dealing with climate change or in dealing with disasters. And that's how I see it. And the fourth key factor that I see for us, so we are able to accommodate or work with these complexities in the future is through learning and innovation. And this is what I see lacks in terms of what the current disaster risk reduction, either in Indonesia or also in the global scale. And that's what I'm pursuing my PhD further. So taking all these findings together, I found this is what I'm proposing an adaptive and integrated disaster resilience framework by which I have explained the components for each of these framework in my paper that I submitted for this conference. So moving from the theory to Indonesia, this map shows world risk index developed by the UNU EHS in Bonn University. And this shows Indonesia is one of the most vulnerable or at risk countries in the world. And that's the rationale for me focusing on Indonesia. And also if I segregated the disasters in Indonesia, climate change related disasters impacted it has it has it's more it's more than a comprise of more than 60% of the number of disasters. It affected more than 80% of the people there. It the cost reached almost 70 or more than 75 70% even though the number of deaths from climate related disaster is so like earthquake and tsunami contributed to the largest number of or the majority of number of deaths in Indonesia. And that's the rationale also for me to argue that we need to link disaster disaster reduction and climate adaptation separately but also but also uniquely like integratedly because of this the three issue on the frequent yeah because of that but also because of the number of deaths contributed from geophysical disaster is higher so we need to focus specifically on that as well. So taking my framework on Indonesia despite all the yeah so before I explain this the current situation for building resilience in Indonesia. There is a framework called Hiogo framework for action. It's a worldwide framework and Indonesia reached 2.8 currently has a level of 2.8 with a maximum level of five like Switzerland reached 4.8 they are the highest and then a country like Komoro they get 0.8. So there has been lots of progress but also these are the things some of the things that I see needs to be done more if we were if we want to to build more adaptiveness or a more build out of capacity in the future if we were to link it with disaster risk reduction. So these are some of my publication that I have written that explains all these findings in detail and thank you for your attention.