 Good evening aspirants welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankar A.S academy for the date 27th of May 2022 Displayed here are the list of news articles. We will be discussing today before getting in the news article discussion We will see two previous year questions from 2019 prelims paper. Okay, let us take up the first question See here four sites are given. They are asking us to find which is not a harpoon site See the correct answer here is option C show Goura in addition to this Let us see some points about so Hora and let us also see some of the points about the harpoon sites mentioned here First, let us take so Goura. See so Hora is not a harpoon site Actually, it is an Ashokan era copper plate inscription the inscription found in so Goura is written in Prakrit in Brahmi script. Now, let us take Chankudaro, where is it located? It is located in Sindh province Pakistan. See Chankudaro is an industrial town Why is it called an industrial town? Because this settlement has a bead making factory along with a furnace One of the striking feature of Chankudaro is this settlement does not have a 45 citadel And this settlement has baked bricks also some of the main items found in this settlement is Copper fish hook terracotta cart model and terracotta bird two statues are found in Chankudaro They are male spear thrower and a dancer. You can look at these two figurines here. Okay. Now moving on to coat DG See coat DG is also found in Sindh province Pakistan. It is located in the eastern bank of Indus See this location has both pre Harappan and Harappan remnants The seals found in coat DG has early Indus script an important figurine found in coat DG is a female figurine You can look at this image here. Okay. Finally, let us take up Desalpur Where is the salpur located? It is located in Kutch district Gujarat. It is known for its large fortification Okay, and the pottery bound here is greyware and glazed ware pottery like coat DG the seals found in Desalpur Also has Indus scripts. Okay. Look at this image This image has all the major and minor settlements of Indus Valley civilization. Just go through it See in the 2021 paper if you noticed UPC has repeated the previous year questions So there's high chance a similar question of this nature can be repeated this year also So kindly with due diligence look at all the major and minor settlements mentioned in this map Okay, with this let us conclude this question and take up the next question. This question is about atel innovation mission They are asking us atel innovation mission is set up under which of the following bodies See here the correct answer is option C Nithya Yoke. Let us take this as an opportunity to revise about atel innovation mission See atel innovation mission is a flagship initiative to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship in our country The main aim of atel innovation mission is to develop new programs for aiding innovation in different areas of the country The atel innovation mission also provides a platform for the stakeholders and it also provides Collaboration opportunities for all the innovators overall the atel innovation mission aims to create an umbrella Structure to oversee the innovation ecosystem in our country here is the list of initiatives of atel innovation mission Let us go through these initiatives very briefly first take atel tinkering lab The main aim of atel tinkering lab is to create problem-solving mindset among school children's okay Now let us take atel incubation centers through incubation centers The government aims to help develop world-class startups in India and next is atel new India challenges See this aims to bring innovation and technologies relevant to the masses The program will be driven by the Indian Space Research Organization that is ISRO and four ministries The ministries are Ministry of Defense Ministry of Food Processing Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs The fourth initiative is the Mentor India campaign see this aims to create a National Mentor Network in collaboration with public sector corporate and educational Institutions to support all the initiatives under this mission the fifth initiative is the atel community innovation center This initiative focuses on the tier 2 and tier 3 cities See this initiative aims to stimulate community-centric innovation in the underserved regions of the country the final Initiative is the atel research and innovation for small enterprises that is arrays see this initiative aims to stimulate Innovation in the MSME sector see know that we have brushed up our knowledge regarding atel innovation mission And since atel innovation mission is under Nithya Yog, we will revise a little bit about Nithya Yog also See I am not going to go into the basics regarding Nithya Yog since you guys should be well-versed in it already So what I am going to do is I am going to list out all the indices prepared by Nithya Yog See the following are the list of indices prepared by Nithya Yog I am not going to discuss all these indices in detail because it will take a long time So what I am suggesting here is you guys download the annual report 2022 21 of Nithya Yog from the Nithya Yog website in that report between pages 39 to 43 These reports are explained in a detailed manner. Just go through those pages and take notes It will be very helpful for your preparation. Okay, so with this let us conclude the previous year questions discussion session And start the news analysis session. Look at this article This article is taken from the text and context page See few days ago at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland Our Minister of Petroleum and Natural gas said that India will emerge as the leader of the Green Hydrogen He said this because Oil India Limited commissioned India's first 99.99% pure green hydrogen plant in Jorhat, Assam. In this context Let us learn about green hydrogen. Why India is attempting to produce it and the Advantages associated with green hydrogen as a fuel. Let's start our discussion by seeing about green hydrogen See we all know hydrogen is a colorless, orderless, tasteless, non-toxics and highly combustible gaseous substance. It is the lightest, simplest and most abundant chemical element in the universe But why are we using the prefix green with hydrogen? We all know hydrogen production involves the process of electrolysis which consumes a lot of electricity So when electricity used to produce green hydrogen is from renewable resources Then the prefix green is used before hydrogen. So to put it in simple words green hydrogen is nothing But the hydrogen produced through electrolysis using renewable resources of energy like solar, wind and hydel power Okay, see hydrogen can also be gray and blue gray hydrogen is generated through Fossil fuels such as coal and gas. This method of production currently accounts for 95% of the total hydrogen production in South Asia Now moving on to blue hydrogen. Blue hydrogen is also produced using electricity generated by burning fossil fuels But it has the technologies to prevent the carbon released in the process from entering the atmosphere So the gray hydrogen coupled with carbon capture process is called blue hydrogen This is the difference between gray and blue hydrogen. Okay. Now, let us see why India is pursuing green hydrogen See under the paris agreement India is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 33 to 35 percent from the 2005 level We know that paris agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change And it has the goal of limiting global warming to below two degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels Again at the 2021 conference of parties in Glasgow India reiterated its commitment to move from a fossil and import dependent economy to a net zero economy by 2070 so note that India's average annual energy import bill is more than 100 billion dollars and the increased consumption of fossil fuels has made the country a high carbon dioxide emitter See currently India accounts for nearly seven percentage of global co2 burden So in order to become energy independent by 2047 The government stressed the need to introduce green hydrogen as an alternative fuel that can make India the global hub And a major exporter of hydrogen. Okay in this regard the national hydrogen mission was launched on august 15th 2021 with the view of cutting down carbon emissions and increasing the use of Renewable source of energy. Now, let us see how much green hydrogen is India producing See India has just begun to generate green hydrogen with the objective of raising non-fossil energy capacity to 500 gigawatts by 2030. We already saw both the oil India limited jorhart green hydrogen plant, right? This green hydrogen plant is powered by a 500 kilowatt solar plant The green hydrogen unit has an installed capacity to produce 10 kilograms of hydrogen per day And it can be scaled up to 30 kilograms per day It also has a specialized blender which blends the green hydrogen produced from this unit with the natural gas See this blended gas will be then supplied to domestic and industrial use This is about green hydrogen capacity in India right now Having discussed about hydrogen and its production Now let us see about the advantages of hydrogen as a fuel See unlike other fuels green hydrogen can be stored for a long periods of time The stored hydrogen can be used to produce electricity using fuel cells What happens in a fuel cell? In a fuel cell hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce electricity and water vapor Experts say the oxygen produced as a byproduct can also be monetized by using it for industrial and medical applications Or for enriching the environment Note that 8 kilograms of oxygen is produced per 1 kg of hydrogen Renewable developers see green hydrogen as an emerging market and some have targeted the transport sector We can see the electric vehicles have begun to catch the imaginations of the consumers today, right? Likewise green hydrogen based electricity will transform electric vehicle industry because it is much cleaner and environmentally sustainable That's all regarding this news article in this discussion. We saw the basics about green hydrogen Then we saw why is india pursuing green hydrogen aggressively after that We saw how much green hydrogen is india producing right now and finally we saw the advantages associated with hydrogen as a fuel Okay, with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article Take a look at this editorial article Recently quad summit was held in tokyo and a joint statement has been released on the functioning and the focus of quad alliance In this backdrop the editorial has been written the author of the editorial has pointed out two major features of the quad joint statement So in this discussion, let us see those features Before getting into the discussion the syllabus regarding this discussion is highlighted here for your reference. You can go through it First what is quad quad stands for quadrilateral framework or quadrilateral security dialogue It is an informal dialogue mechanism among the four countries namely india the united states japan and australia The idea of quad was born in 2007 But it became a reality only in 2017 when a formal consultation meeting was held Involving the four countries that is mentioned here one of quads main objective is to keep the indopacific region free and open What does keeping the indopacific free and open actually mean? It means ensuring that the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states in the indopacific is respected And why must indopacific be kept free and open? It must be kept free and open because it helps in promoting the regional stability and prosperity So coming to author's views what two major features did the author notice from the recent quad summit? The first feature is the groupings differing and opposing stance on two superpowers of the world Here i am talking about russia and china author says quad treats russia differently and china differently If we take russia so far in the 2022 we have seen russia's aggression against an invasion of ukraine This led to a full-blown russia-ukrain war causing the world economy to disrupt Because both these countries that is russia and ukraine are major suppliers of many important commodities For example russia is the world's largest exporter of wheat pig iron natural gas and nickel Russia also accounts for the significant share of cold crude oil fertilizers and refined aluminum products On the other hand ukraine is a key exporter of food commodities such as wheat and sunflower seed oil This scenario that is the russia-ukrain war has not only affected the supply chains but the war actually led to Food shortages which is leading to food inflation That means russia's failure to respect their territorial integrity of ukraine has affected the whole world At such a juncture we would expect an intense reaction from other superpowers like india and the united states So quad provides a better arena for this But there was no direct attack on russia from the quad to some level the united states wanted to use quad In pressuring russia here when i say using quad it indirectly means using india to pressure russia Because we all know that india and russia are long-term allies This did not materialize only the united states and japan ended up condemning russia Whereas india and austalia resorted to a neutral reaction and avoided any direct reference to russia These differing opinions among the quad members itself led to an standpoint where the joint statement of quad Also refrained from condemning russia and just went with showing support to ukraine So we can understand the influence that india has in quad So surely india was behind such a stance of quad this is about russia But then what about china does the country follow the same approaches to russia? See as i already said the approach of quad towards russia and china are totally different Particularly china's aggression in south china c is not taken lightly by the quad Because as we saw free and open indopasific is one of the main objectives of quad South china c is also part of the indopasific region and it is an important trade route also So ensuring freedom of navigation and freedom of navigation operations in the indian ocean and around the indian ocean Is an important objective of quad but china's out of control action are seeking to change the status quo Of indopasific region and is heightening the tensions across the region These actions of china include militarization of disputed territories in the south china c See china is even using its coast guard vessels and maritime militia to handle with these disputed territories China is even making secret attempts to disrupt offshore resource exploitation activities of other nations through this militarization So these actions are against a free and open indopasific thereby attacking the core of quad This is why all the four countries are on the same side in reference to china So time and again quad countries keep reiterating commitment to have their objective and deterring china in the future Okay, this could be seen in the joint statement also because the quad joint statement referred to advocating Adherence to international law as reflected in the united nation convention on law of the seas Then adherence to international law in maintaining freedom of navigation and warflight See the joint statement specifically called actions to meet the challenges of the maritime rule based order in the east and south china seas See this is seen as a direct attack on china unlike in the case of russia So overall the countries agree to strongly oppose the coercive provocative and unilateral actions by china in the indopasific region This was the first feature of the quad joint statement noted by the author in this editorial Now moving on to the second feature the second feature is ensuring that quad is simply not encountered to china But a strong alliance for strengthening the nation's resources in different sectors This is clear from the fact that the joint statement ensured quad vaccine partnership Quad vaccine partnership enables a sustainable manufacturing capacity in the fight against Covid-19 and future pandemics then they agreed on exhibiting supply chain resilience For example, the common statement of principle on critical technology supply chain was launched in this joint statement This common statement is aimed at advancing cooperation on semiconductors and other critical technologies And also realizing a diverse and competitive market for semiconductors Finally, the joint statement also talked about quad partnership on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief in the indopasific This humanitarian assistance and disaster relief partnership will further strengthen the collaboration of the countries to effectively respond to disasters in the indopasific region So like this cooperation coordination and sharing of resources in cyber security And economic cooperation was also part of the agreed course of action of quad So in conclusion quad is much more than a strategic pushback of china's hegemonic intentions in the indopasific region So quad should emerge as the best player in shaping the economic alliances as well as regional security architecture That's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion We saw some important features of the recent quad summit that was held in tokyo While in case of russia there was differing opinion with us and japan condemning russia and india and australia staying neutral But in case of china all the countries opposed china's action in the south china sea Then we saw that quad is not asian natto as china commented as these four countries are involved in Many activities the activities include quad vaccine partnership common statement of principles on critical technology supply chains and quad partnership on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief partnership Okay, so quads role is not limited but evolving in nature Okay, that's all regarding this discussion with this Let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article It talks about an invertebrate faunal survey. This survey was organized by the forest department It has affirmed the status of mankulam reserve forest as a biodiversity hot spot The survey covered all the base camps spread across the mankulam reserve forest The survey covers the unique geographical transition of lower peria valley to the moon or high ranges This is the crux of the news article given here So in this context, let us discuss about the indian forest act 1927 Then we will see about the types of the forest mentioned in the act Lastly, we will see about the invertebrate faunal survey. Okay. First. Let us know a few facts about indian forest act 1927 Then we will see about the types of the forest mentioned in the act See the indian forest act was enacted in 1865, but it was amended ways Firstly, it was amended in the year 1878 and secondly in the year 1927 After the second amendment only, indian forest act 1927 came into being What is the game of the act? The act aimed to regulate the movement of forest produce Also, it aimed to regulate the duty-leviable forest produce It also explains the procedure to be followed for declaring an area as a reserve forest, protected forest or a village forest The act has the details of what and forest offenses and what are the acts prohibited inside a reserve forest And the penalties leviable on violations of the provisions of the act This act classified forest into three. What are they? They are reserve forest, protected forest and village forest Now, let us see these types of forest one by one. First, let us take reserve forest Reserve forest are the most restricted forest They are constituted by the state government on any forest land or wasteland Note that this land is the property of the government In reserve forest, local people are prohibited unless specifically allowed by a forest officer in the course of the settlement This is about reserve forest. Now, let us take up protected forest See the state government is empowered to constitute a land other than a reserve forest as protected forest Note that over these protected forest, the government has the Proprietary rights Also, it has the right or the power to issue rules regarding the use of such forest This power has been used to establish state control over trees whose timber, fruit and other non-wooded products have revenue raising potential So, this is about protected forest Lastly, let us take up village forest Village forest are the one in which the state government may assign to any village community The rights of the government over any land which has been constituted as a reserve forest Okay, so this is about village forest when you take the degree of protection Reserve forest are protected more than protected forest which in turn are protected more than village forest This is about the Indian forest act 1927 and the three types of forest mentioned under it Now we will see about invertebrate faunal survey See as many as 265 butterfly species including 29 western guard endemics were detected in the survey Just look at these images to know some of the interesting finds Also, the biodiversity hotspot also has an odonate population of 111 species including 34 that are endemic to the western guards What is meant by odonate? See, odonate means a predatory insect of the order odonata For example dragonfly or damselfly belongs to this order Okay, just have a look at some of the species that are found here from different time period Now, what is meant by endemic species? Endemic species are those plants and animals that exist only in one geographical region Species can be endemic to large or small areas of the world For example, napanthas kasiana is a carnivorous plant endemic to the kasi hills of mehalaya Then in fauna, if you want an example, take kangaroos They are originally endemic to Australia Okay, now I guess you have understood what an endemic species is See, whenever these endemic species have been spotted outside their natural habitat It is due to humans introducing them in captivity Okay, now moving on See, the team that conducted the survey noted the presence of endemic birds including neelgri wood pigeon, broad-tailed grass bird, etc In addition to this, there are 12 ant species, 3 species of cicadas, 12 species of herpetofona This includes the endemic bush frog, rour chestus Jayaramni and rour chestus Shushili That is all regarding this news article See, from this discussion, for the prelims perspective, just look at the types of forest we discussed and the objectives of Indian Forest Act 1927 These points are important So, with this, let us contour this discussion and take up the next news article Look at this news article This news article states that the Indian Ex-Service League written to the Prime Minister Narendra Modi Against any consideration by the government to remove armed forces from the purview of Right to Information Act That is, they don't want to remove army from the Right to Information Act In this context, let us revise about RTA Act and the Central Information Commission This Act, that is the Right to Information Act, allows citizens to access information under the control of public authorities The basic objective of Right to Information Act is to empower the citizens, promote transparency and accountability in the working of the government It also aims to contain corruption and make our democracy work for the people in real sense See, an informed citizen is better equipped to keep necessary wiggle on the instruments of governance and make the government more accountable to the people So, the Right to Information Act is a big step towards making citizens informed about the activities of the government For this purpose, it constituted Central Information Commission and the State Information Commission Now, let us discuss about the Central Information Commission The central government, by notification, constitutes Central Information Commission The Central Information Commission consists of Chief Information Commissioner and not more than 10 Central Information Commissioners The Chief Information Commissioner and the Information Commissioners are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee See, this committee consists of Prime Minister who is also the chairperson of the committee Then it also consists of Leader of Apportion in the Lokshaba and a Union Cabinet Minister who will be nominated by the Prime Minister See, regarding the qualification, the Chief Information Commissioner and the Information Commissioners should be persons of eminence in public life They should have wide knowledge and experience in law, science and technology, social service, management, journalism, mass media, administration and governance The Chief Information Commissioner or the Information Commissioner should not be a Member of Parliament or a Member of Legislature of any State or Union Territory And he or she should not hold any office of profit or be connected with any political party or carry on any business or pursuing any profession Note that the headquarters of the Central Information Commission is in Delhi And the Central Information Commission may establish offices at other places of India with the previous approval of the Central Government Here an important point to be noted is that Chief Election Commissioner holds office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government It is not a fixed tenure like 3 or 5 years And the Chief Election Commissioner is not eligible for reappointment That is, he or she cannot be appointed as Chief Information Commissioner again And also note that Chief Information Commissioner holds office till the age of 65 years Regarding the Information Commissioners, every Information Commissioner also holds office for such term prescribed by the Central Government They hold office till the age of 65 years Information Commissioners are also not eligible for reappointment as Information Commissioner Although they can be appointed as Chief Information Commissioner Chief Information Commissioner or the Information Commissioner before entering the office must make a vote or affirmation before the President or some other person appointed by the President The Chief Information Commissioner or the Information Commissioner resists from office by writing the resignation letter addressed to the President as they are appointed by him Also, Chief Information Commissioner or any Information Commissioner can be removed from his office only by the order of President That too on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity Here the Supreme Court enquiry will be conducted and if the Supreme Court recommends for the removal Then the Chief Information Commissioner or any Information Commissioner will be removed by the President That's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the important points regarding Central Information Commission for problems With this, let us conclude the news article discussion session and take up the practice problems questions There are three practice problems questions. Let us take them one by one. Let us take up the first question Which of the following statement is the most appropriate definition of green hydrogen option a hydrogen produced from green plants Option b hydrogen produced by using electricity from renewable energy sources to electrolyze water Option c hydrogen produced from natural gas or methane using steam methane reformation and option d hydrogen produced from Natural gas and use carbon capture and storage technology to trap and store carbon See from our discussion We can easily come to a conclusion that option b that is hydrogen produced by using electricity from renewable energy sources To electrolyze water is the correct answer Additional information here option c that is hydrogen produced from natural gas or methane using steam methane reformation denotes gray hydrogen And option d hydrogen produced from natural gas and uses carbon capture storage technology to trap and store carbon denotes blue hydrogen Okay Now moving on to the second question with reference to central information commission Which one of the following statement is not correct option a it is not a constitutional body See this is correct because central information commission is established by the central government in 2005 under the provisions of the Right to information act 2005 So it is not constitutional moving on to the second option chief information commissioner is appointed by the president See this option is also correct The chief information commissioner is appointed by the president on the recommendation of a committee consisting of prime minister Leader of a position lokshaba and a central minister nominated by the prime minister Moving on to the option c the chief information commissioner holds office till the age of 65 years of age See this option is also correct. The chief information commissioner holds office till the age of 65 years Moving on to option d the chief information commissioner has a fixed tenure of five years See this statement or this option is incorrect the term of the chief information commissioner and the information commissioners are fixed by the Central government. There is no fixed term for both chief information commissioner and the information commissioners Since they are asking the incorrect statements in the question The correct answer here is option d moving on to the third question. Look at this question This is a three statement question three statements regarding indian forest act 1927 is given We have to find the correct statements. See this is a quiz question for you today See actually in our discussion today, I haven't discussed this aspect of the indian forest act So to find the answer for this question, you have to do a little bit of research on your own Let us see who all can post the correct answers in the comment section Okay, the main question based on today's discussion is displayed here Write the answers and post it in the comment section If you liked today's video like comment and share it with your friends for more updates regarding upsc preparation Subscribe to Shankar AS Academy youtube channel. Thank you