 Hello everyone and good morning, good afternoon or good evening depending on where you're joining us from today. Welcome to Engineering for Change or E4C for short. Today we're pleased to bring you this month's installment of the E4C webinar series focusing on a tool to measure household water and security globally. My name is Yana Randa and I am the president of Engineering for Change and I am pleased to be your moderator for today's webinar. The webinar you're participating in today will be archived on our webinars page and the E4C YouTube channel. Both of the URLs for those areas are listed on this slide. Information on upcoming webinars is available on our webinars page. E4C members will receive invitations to upcoming webinars directly. If you have any questions, comments and recommendations for future topics and speakers, please contact the E4C webinar series team at webinars at engineeringforchange.org. If you're following us on Twitter today, I invite you to join us in conversation with our dedicated hashtag, hashtag E4C webinars. Now before we move on to our presenter, I'd like to tell you a bit about E4C. E4C is a knowledgeable organization, digital platform and global community of more than one million engineers, designers, development practitioners and social scientists who are leveraging technology to self quality of life challenges faced by underserved communities. Some of those challenges include access to clean water and sanitation, sustainable energy, improved agriculture and more. We invite you to become a member. E4C membership is free and provides access to news and thought leaders, insights on hundreds of essential technologies in our solutions library, professional development resources and current opportunities such as jobs, funding calls, fellowships and more. E4C members also enjoy a unique user experience based on their site behavior and engagement. Essentially, the more you interact with the E4C site, the better we will be able to survey resources aligned to your interests. We invite you to visit our website to learn more and sign up. Now one thing here to note about the E4C solutions library is if you're interested in learning more about tools that enable data collection related to water systems, we invite you to explore our solutions library after the webinar. An example of the type of technology that you'll find is the MWater Explorer mobile app, which allows users to map water sources and sanitation facilities and report functionality, water quality or sanitary inspection reports using standard forms. The app allows users to test a water source, take a picture of the results and upload them to an online database for other users to see and reference. The full report in the solutions library provides more details about technical performance, compliance with standards, academic research and user provision models related to this particular solution. All the information in the solutions library is sourced by E4C's research fellows and reviewed by our community of experts. All of this is available to E4C members free of charge. Now we have to take care of a few housekeeping items before we get started. We're going to start with practicing our WebEx platform skills and I'm going to do this first by asking you where you all are joining us from today. So in the chat window, which is located at the bottom right of your screen, please type in your location. If the chat is not open on your screen, try clicking the chat icon at the bottom of the screen in the middle of the slides and I'll also join you here. So I see folks from Chicago. I'm here today from Brooklyn. I see folks. I see that are putting answers also into the Q and a window Colorado South Carolina, Yemen. Welcome everyone. Pennsylvania so excited to have you all here. All right. Again, if you do not see the chat window, you should be seeing the icons in the middle of the screen on the bottom there is a little chat bubble. So from India North Carolina. Welcome. Welcome everyone. All right. So you can use the chat window to share remarks during the webinar and share any resources that you might also be familiar with. If you have technical questions or questions specifically for the presenter towards the end of the webinar, please use the Q and a window, which is located below the chat. So you can we can be sure to keep track of those questions. Again, if you don't see the Q and a window, please click the Q and a icon at the bottom of the screen in the middle of the slide. All right. And if you have a technical challenges specifically that you want us to address also feel free to send a private chat to the engineering for change admin. If you are listening to the audio broadcast and encounter the troubles, try hitting stop and then start. You may also want to try opening up WebEx in a different browser. In the first 11 hours qualify engineers for one professional development hour to request your pH, please sign in and go to your member dashboard to access the pH form. And you'll see it on your dashboard link or you can go directly to the link listed on this slide. So with this, I'm very excited to introduce our speaker today. Mary Young is an assisting professor of anthropology and global health at Northwestern University. Methodologically, she draws on her training, excuse me, in medical anthropology, international nutrition and public health to take bio cultural approach to understanding how mothers, especially low resource settings hope to preserve their health and that of their families. Most recently, she has led efforts to develop the household water insecurity experiences scale, which she'll share with us today across culturally valid tools to measure household water insecurity. So I'm not going to go to deeply disturbing you because that is what she will be doing with you today. And we're very excited to have her join us by video. I'm going to go ahead and turn over control to Sarah. All right, and welcome Sarah on. We're keen to hear all about a twice. Thank you. Good morning, everybody. I have to say I'm thrilled to be here. And even more thrilled when I can advance. Yes, great. I'm thrilled to be here to discuss this metric, this measurement tool that we've come up with. And I would really like to hear from people who are actually doing useful things on people on this call, how this would be helpful or how this isn't helpful so that we can make it as useful and simple to use as possible. So we're, we have something practical, I think, and represented by this user manual that we're making public. I can say how much I appreciate engineering for change generally. So I teach a class on water and security, and we draw from your references including this particular article on on successes and failures and I think it's important to talk about failures, much more than we do. So thank you, engineering for change. Today in this webinar, I'm not going to talk for the whole time. I really do want to hear from you. I'm going to spend about 25 to 30 minutes answering three questions. Maybe four, the first is what are the links between food insecurity and water insecurity. The second is why is measuring experiences with water important. The third is how do we measure experiences with water and security. And lastly, what will we learn from measuring those experiences and I think questions three and four will be the most interesting to the to the group. So let's get started. So the backstory is, and it's always fun to tell these sorts of things that don't go into the peer reviewed manuscripts and the manuals is that I'm not trained in water. I have a degree in anthropology, medical anthropology, and public health nutrition, and everything that I do focuses around the first 1000 days of life. So I think a lot about women before they're pregnant during pregnancy, and then their health and that of their children in those first. It's called the first 1000 days a year before two years after delivery. It's really a vital time for the well being of society. And I with my nutrition hat on was thinking about the role of food insecurity, which I think is a concept that's pretty familiar it's not overt starvation but not sure when and how and what the meals will be. And in that first 1000 days, the consequences of food insecurity, hadn't been assessed. And so I had a big grant from the National Institute of Health to quantify those, those impacts. We know how to measure food insecurity. It's quite simple. USAID has come up with something called the HFIA, the household food insecurity access scale. And that's nine simple questions where the phrasing is how often the last month have you, and they asked about experiences with food, worried about not having enough to eat all the way to going for a day and a night without eating. And the responses can be never which is weighted as zero, or often which is scored as a three such that nine items times the maximum of three for the waiting is 27. Anybody food insecurity can easily be quantified. So with my nutrition hat on, I'm thinking about all the consequences of this exposure to food insecurity. And we're measuring food insecurity at all of these time points in this observational cohort. And with my nutrition with my anthropology hat on, I want to make sure that we're asking questions that are relevant and interesting to the people we're working with. So I knew food insecurity was important, but I want to make sure I was looking at what people in this community in Western Kenya thought were. So I did something called photo elicitation interviews, which is a fancy way of saying you give people a camera, and you ask them to go and take pictures of whatever phenomenon you're interested in. It could be sanitation stuff, it could be safety on the way to school. In this case, we did what shaped how you feed your infant. And to my surprise, we got pictures like this pictures of water back, and I expected failed crops, you know, six chicken theft, but the number of pictures like this that I got back really surprised me and made me pay attention. People were saying that they had to choose. So this is a photo that one woman took that this is water that comes from downstream from a prison. So it's really dirty and they needed to choose between buying food for their family or buying water. And so I ran to the literature I had this beautiful study designed, if I can say that beautiful studies I ran to the literature to try to find the the analogous measurement of of water and security. Turns out there's lots of hydrologic indicators of water. Many of you are more familiar with them than I am. We have data on per capital water availability at the level of the state. There's the water poverty index, which is useful if you want to know community assets, but it doesn't get it those individual experiences. And of course, there are plenty of ways of looking at water quality from colony forming units to parts per billion of whatever heavy metal. But what I wasn't finding at the household level was something like the household food and security access scale. What I found was the very useful JMP module on drinking source, drinking water source, but of course there are many more things that we do with water than drink it. So we developed a scale from the bottom up to measure water and security. And it's, it taught us a lot about how water and security works in people's lives. And now we can quantify these women's scale these women's water and security, much like we can with the household food and security scale and this is open access available anyone can have it. And doing this has taught us that there are far reaching consequences of problems with water ones that I never saw coming. This, this is also published in global public health. I'll give you just three examples of some of our findings. And the first is that of all of the problems that water and security causes, like the stress and the fear and the worry about not having water is by far the biggest problem. When we talked about losing sleep and having the weight of worrying about water on their mind. In terms of physical health, we would expect problems with sanitation, waterborne disease, even some of the physical hardships of carrying water people talked about complications like miscarriage from from water but from carrying water but the one that was the most salient and that I didn't see coming was gender based violence. And so women said that not having water in the house was a perfectly okay in quotes reason for your husband beating you up. This woman says I fear beatings and if that's what will lead to beatings I'll make sure my husband at least gets the water and then receive the water that I have for him not such as it. Nutrition was another consequence so people talked a lot about reducing their quality and quantity of food and in this picture that a woman took. And how her children didn't have enough porridge, not because they didn't have the meal for making the porridge like the powder, the flower, but that they didn't have enough water to make more poor. So that's a little inside of what not having enough water can do in Kenya. But if you look at the world, many people are experiencing problems with water. Based on satellite data, this is blue water. 4 billion people don't have enough water for at least one month of the year and in some places as you can see as it gets darker, more people and many more months of the year people don't have enough. There's not enough surface water. And then of course there are problems with water access like flooding and water quality with pathogens or chemicals contaminated. And for these reasons that the World Economic Forum has listed water in when they fight their global risks, these are the top five, four of these touch on problems with water. So the answer to my first question is one of the links between food and water insecurity is that there are many and therefore measuring them will be a very powerful tool in trying to affect change. So let's talk about that. I think it's a nice moment to reflect on how special we are on planet Earth for the abundance of water. I mean a few molecules of water have been identified on Mars. As far as we know the abundance of water distinguishes us from anywhere else in the universe. And we are full of water. I mean sitting here, 70% of our body is composed of water. And when we came to life, when we floated on water for nine months, drinking is perhaps the most common that comes to mind is the most obvious thing we do with water. But irrigation both small scale and large scale cooking and cleaning up after the cooking and keeping our grubby little kids clean after we feed them as well as ourselves. They're all really visceral uses of water, but water is also transcendent and it brings spiritual meaning. It brings us together as a society and previous experiential scales of a household level have been transformative. I mean the measurement of food insecurity has most often been done using us aid scale. But there are other flavors of measuring food insecurity and it has changed how we think about policy. It's changed how we prioritize funding. And so I would argue that we need a sister scale to these food insecurity brother scale. And I think that the household water and security experience of scale is going to fill that niche. So measuring experiences are going to really provide us relevant and actionable data. So my third question that I will pose and then answer is how, how do we measure experiences with water and security? The short answer is very carefully. I'll give you the medium answer and then if you want the longer answer, there's some papers that we've published that you can look into the statistics on and be happy to have a follow up call. So I'm presenting this today, but this work is really the product of a group of people across a number of disciplines. So I worked with people in global health and development clinicians anthropologists and geographers and statisticians and nutritionists and engineering is not on here but I'm married to an engineer. So that sort of counts de facto engineering has been a part of this and engineers have been listening and informing what we're doing for the last couple of years. So this is the protocol and this is published and available for how we develop the scale. I'll touch on just a little bit. There are kind of three phases of scale development and I will say scale development is not for the faint of heart. I don't know if any of you have done so, but it's, it takes a lot more work than just getting together a couple of questions that you think would be useful. So in the first phase, you develop items and you, you make sure you're asking questions about your topic of interest from there you test those questions and implement the scale. And then lastly, you evaluate the scale to see if those items that you're asking are getting at what you want them to be getting at. So I'll say like two things about item development. The way we did that is we reviewed the literature on household water and security and how it had been measured to date. So you know that there's a site specific scale for Kenya. There's another great one for Ethiopia and another one for Bolivia, the Texas Mexico border. We looked at those and we, we developed a definition based on how everyone had been thinking of water and security. And then from those site specific skills, we extracted the ones that we thought would be most salient in a global perspective. Because remember what we're trying to do is measure water and security in an equivalent way across all these sites. So we started with 32 items that we thought had potential at being globally relevant. And they were scored similarly from zero to three for often are always in the last month. Then we pre tested those questions made sure that they were translated appropriately in linguistically but also culturally and contextually. And then we administered those in a similar way as possible across the site. And in the end we had 28 sites in 24 countries, maybe 25. And we selected those sites to maximize the heterogeneity. So we wanted to make sure these questions could work in all sorts of constellations of infrastructure and climate and water problem. So flooding, these could work in areas of flooding like Colombia, they could work in urban pipe settings like Kathmandu or urban Kathmandu and everywhere in between. So when we asked these questions we would get, so here's 32 items at the top, they could either be affirmed, which will be shown in gray. They could be never experienced, which is black, or those experiences could be not applicable in that particular setting, or in some cases we will not have asked the questions at all. So I think you can see here, like the item care for children or take medications, those have been dropped at this point you can see this version 2.0 over here, if you can see my arrow. And you can see that in Lebanon, not surprisingly a lot of people didn't grow crops or didn't have livestock so that became not applicable. Taking the data all together, this is not something you should be able to read, but this is the just loving looking at the slides because it represents so much work, so much data, so many experiences of water and security. But nobody wants 32 items in a scale if they can have 10 or 12. And so we wanted to shed all of those items that we weren't feeling that will not feeling that empirically weren't contributing to our understanding. So we reduce the items based both on a lot of statistics from item response theory and class test theory, as well as from thinking through what made sense and what didn't. So we had a number of meetings across time, and we, after much discussion, dropped items that were not affirmed very often that weren't universal, that were tangential to the definition of water and security. There's a rash statistic called inter-item correlation, they had low inter-item correlation, or they were highly correlated with other items. So in the course of many meetings with site PIs, and you can see there's a real range of representation in this meeting, Bangladesh, Ghana, Nigeria, Indonesia, Lebanon, Beirut, sorry, Lebanon. My little kids, lots of Skype calls from five time zones. We went from 32 items to 12 items. Drum roll please. Here they are. Often in the last month, has anyone in your, you or anyone in your household worried you wouldn't have enough water for all of your household needs? Had your water source be interrupted or limited? Had there not been enough water to wash clothes? And then these other nine more for a total of 12. I'll let you look at those just for a second. So we thought we had the items, but did we? And I will skip all of the statistics to show you what we found. Now, in addition to collecting those 32 items about experiences of water and security, we also collected data on sociodemographics, the JMP module about food insecurity and perceived stress. And there's no kind of gold standard for measuring water and security. It's not like you're measuring something in somebody's blood. You can't pinch them and know if they were water and secure or not. You can't take a piece of hair and know that. But we can see how these different experiences triangulate and if they do so in the ways we would expect. So we would expect water and security scores to be associated with greater stress with more food insecurity with time to collect water and a bunch of other phenomenon. And they were, here's just one example. So we asked a question if you had been injured while fetching water and those people who had been injured scored on average 4.5 points higher than those people who hadn't been injured when they were fetching water. But this is all suggesting that the HY scale is valid. It was also really important for us to know that a seven in Nepal meant a seven in Kenya or a seven in Pakistan so that we could compare experiences of water and security globally. And using the statistical package M plus, that would be the royal we using that statistical package of my postdoc, like gunny and man, you saw a few slides back. We landed on the fact that indeed these were highly invariant. In other words that the scores are equivalent across sites. So the scale is now ready for broad implementation. And it couldn't have come at a better time. So, um, last, you know, six months ago, the high level UN high level panel on water called for higher resolution data on water. And they talk about not being able to manage what you can't measure. And the need for this, this scale, the scale of data. And I mean, USA is also very interested in measuring water and security as are many other NGOs. So I would, I hope I've convinced you that the HY scale is a robust way of measuring water and security experiences easily implemented takes about three minutes to do. So what will we learn from measuring water and security. And this is my last question that I will pose an answer. So the first thing that the HY scale will tell us is will help us to assess problems will be able to identify vulnerable populations because water and security is often heterogeneous does not similar access within a community. Um, I've made a pitch to DHS to include it in their surveys demographic health survey. We'll see if that happens, but very excitingly UNESCO heard me give a talk with the Royal Geographic Society in November last year, and have proposed partnering with. UNESCO and then Gallup world polls. So Gallup polls do polling of many things, but in the last five or six years they've created this global architecture to measure to get representative sampling in 140 countries, which is very exciting when you're interested in comparison of phenomenon like water and security. So we had a launch cocktail party launch in this in February of this year where they sent their ambassador to discuss how she on behalf of UNESCO is really exciting to be producing the first global picture of water security at the household level. Um, and I think everyone here is familiar with the sustainable development goals. And what what you might not be familiar with is that Gallup world polls have this precedent of being able to collect data worldwide, a couple of years, a couple of years, a couple rounds. And then that those questions become indicators for the SDG. So there's precedent for their food and security. Questions becoming an indicator, same for financial inclusion, same for indicators of modern slavery. However, it ain't cheap. I don't know if any of you know Cardi B's song money. It takes money. So for three minutes of survey, which is how long Gallup estimates that these questions will take to implement. It's 1.4 million dollars. Um, and but I'm not interested in spending my the rest of my life raising a million dollars every year. We think we need just three years of data for to be in time for the 2023 agenda with the development goals are reevaluated. New indicators are set. And these modules often become based international statistic forms so that, for example, there's an, well, there is an example with food and security. So this, these nine items on food and security are now part of whatever what 60 countries collect every year on as national indicators. So the voices of the hungry project, they are the metric of food security for the world. And it's based on people's experiences. So we'll know about prevalence and vulnerable populations will also understand what water and security what's causing water and security as well as what are the consequences of water and security. So you remember this conceptual framework from when I was first thinking about food and security. These pathways are likely very salient around the world for water and security and we saw them in Kenya that there was a lot going on driven by water and security. And the science on this is wide open. So you've seen now these brother scales on food and security. If you do a Google search of in quotes household food and security, you'll see something like 16,000 references come up. If you do the same search for household water and security, you'll get a measly 180 references and you know, half of those are from our consortium. So this, we're just because we haven't been able to measure it, we're just starting to understand what water and security can do. Both how, how deleterious it is. And that will bring I think I think thinking about this, the role of food and security and water and security can really bring together the SDGs on food and the SDGs on water. So just one little peek at some data that we have that we have showing their causal relationship between food and water and security. You'll recall, we had this observational study in Western Kenya. And by the last three visits, so seven 15 months postpartum 18 months and 21 months postpartum we had both the food and security scale, the SFIS in place, as well as the validated water and security scale. And so we measured those two exposures concurrently. And you can see at the top, this is a structural equation model of the relationships between food and water and security. And what you see at the top is a scores for food and security in the bottom is water and security. And not surprisingly, water and security at 15 months drives subsequent water and security. But what is like super exciting is that water and security is underpinning food and security. And that matters a lot because, as I said at the beginning, a lot of institutions and organizations are prioritizing food and security as their primary outcome. Okay, the last thing that HWI will tell us is the impact of intervention. And for that, I'm pleased to say a number of NGOs are we're in discussions with or have already taken up this, the HWI scale to measure how, how the construction of a dam or how construction of wells or how changes in pricing structure of water are impacted by, by whatever the intervention is, and how that changes water and security. So here's just one little peek at what we're finding. So Oxfam implemented this, the HWI scale in Zambia. And they found that this is at a baseline so without an intervention that people who had higher water HWI score so who are more water and secure had worse overall health were self reported more of their normal activities were interrupted and they were less resilient to cholera outbreaks. So this scale is capturing things in ways that are fairly subtle. And I was just at an American Geographic Society meeting where other people were presenting and who had implemented the HWI scale and they were saying HWI scale is predictive of diarrhea and of dengue infections. So all this is to say is that when we want to, by quantifying these experiences with water and security will gain tremendous insights into what we consume and what we grow and how we take care of our families and even how we relate as society. And with that, I just want to thank my own research group who are awesome. The HWI analytic team who did wonderful things to, to make the scale happen. The executive committee who really we've, it's not always easy to work across disciplines, and we've played together very nicely despite being from quite different disciplines. And of course, I want to thank our funders for making this work happen. So that I would be happy to take any questions or clarifications or remind me of questions on water and security we should have asked. Thank you. Thank you so much, Sarah. This is a beautiful presentation and certainly really insightful. So there's a few questions I've already come up and encourage folks to enter their questions into the Q&A window. Immediately, I'm going to start with one which is comes from one of our listeners who's curious about how populations are chosen of who to survey or how they are accessed. So how are you, how are you conducting those surveys via cell phones, what's up or direct visits to villages by foreigners or local partners? Are surveys given verbally or written formats? So if you can speak to that part of the methodology that would be insightful. Sure. So the, the protocol for this was all surveys were face to face. And in some sites paper, paper forms were used in other sites. We programmed it into tablets or phones using ODK. That was the open desk. And that was a great way to, well, they both had their strengths. So here's another backstory. When I wrote the grant to do this study, we said we would implement in six sites around the world, but people got word of what we were doing. Oh, yes, let's do this. We can do this. Let's add it into our clinical trial or let's add it into this PhD dissertation that are already collecting data here. USAID already had something there. So we were very, we're, I'm confident that we asked these 32 items in the same way across places in terms of what the content of the question was. How it was asked was different in that sometimes it was using a tablet. Sometimes it was using a paper. It was always local people who are asking the questions. And then people were selected. So, and in most cases, we don't have contact data. The contact information was a cross sectional, hit it and quit it kind of survey where we said, like, are you over the age of 16? And are you familiar with the water situation in your household? And if people said they weren't, then we didn't ask them. But if they were, then, then we did. And those households themselves that were asked were usually randomly sampled. So we identified communities where there were no problems with water insecurity. And the sampling within those was more or less always random. But in the protocol paper that I showed you that's in VMJ open, it shows exactly the sampling strategy per site. Thank you for that. And I'm going to build on that question a little bit myself. And for those of you who are interested, Sarah referenced ODK and I put into the chat window a link. We have a mobile data collection series that we hosted back in 2016 on engineering for change where we actually looked at a variety of platforms and ODK was one of them open data kit. So the link is available there, the recording is available there so that if you're interested in learning more about that particular platform and its applications, you can get a sort of demo via this recorded webinar. So that's just more for reference. But on that note or extending from that, you mentioned, and by the way, I do love the Cardi B reference. How expensive the Gallup poll is, it's really, it makes good sense. So what, what approaches have you considered for democratizing data collection? At the start of the webinar, I mentioned the MWater app that kind of decentralizes data collection. And can you speak a little bit to that if you know, if this cost is the cost prohibitive to, you know, purchase something like Gallup, what other options are, you know, you considering? Well, it's not really fair to do this, but I would turn that question back to the group because I'm open for this to be implemented widely. I mean, I, this is not anything I'm from. And I feel like I did the, if I can say hard and slightly scale development, like, now it gets interesting. I mean, now we get to see these relationships between stress or loss of GDP or time use or opportunity costs or diarrhea. I mean, I don't, I don't know what, perceived stress. There are so many things that we can look at that now that this scale is out there. So like I beg of everyone to please go ahead and implement this and implement it widely. And if you do implement it, I beg of you to please use the 12 core items that we've identified so that data can be comparable across, you know, from this to Japan. Okay, that's bad from the United States. But and if you want, though, if you're interested in agriculture, add the egg questions back in. If you're interested in child health, add the like children missing school question back in or washing your kids or breastfeeding questions. So, but it. No, please. So, for those individuals who are listening to this webinar and do integrate the scale into their work, the data that they collect where, beyond publishing in an academic paper, which frankly, most practitioners don't necessarily end up doing. What, what means do they have for providing or sharing back the data so it can be aggregated more globally? Like, what is the preferred pathway? Yeah. So right now we say like, Oh, if you want to use this data, like please send us an email and tell us in what context you want to use it. Are you using it to evaluate a large study or is this to tell us how you're using it and and what kind of population and then we're just keeping track. I mean, as this works and it's growing quickly, we're going to have to think of something better. But we're just keeping track of who's using it, which organizations, what they think they're going to use it for. And then like in six months or eight months or nine months, we'll say like, Hey, do you have those data? Do you want any help looking at it? Would you mind sharing them back? No one is obliged to share the data back with us at all. We've done a good job of shepherding those 28 sites into a really robust data set that we're now answering asking really interesting questions with. Okay. And about the Gallup endeavor. So I've been really insistent that if we do this and UNS go has also been assistant that if those data are collected that those would be publicly available data. Because I could never analyze all of that in my career. I wouldn't want to. I mean, we want to get this out so that people can be asking questions about how water and security relates to for a station or urbanization or a rainfall or all these other types of exposures and consequences that we also have data on. So I'm glad for democratization of data. I would like to vote that as much as I can. Fantastic. All right. I would think that's a very comprehensive answer. And for those of you who are looking at the slide, you'll see that there has listed a number of pathways to kind of get in touch with her and at work will give you obviously more information. So one more question has come up that is quite specific regarding the development of a choice, which is, did you take the role or consider the role of micro financing institutions or MFIs and market systems development into account while developing a choice? No, I didn't. How should I have done that? What should we have done different? Perhaps this listener can can shed some light on that in the chat. Perhaps they're thinking more so if those organizations are tracking data as well. They might have had some insights. I don't have the answer for you. I think both of us will be speculating on that particular. I mean, in our Kenya site, in one of our Kenya sites is Semay. It was implemented by and it's called their community based organization called Pomodja. And so they were familiar with the lay of the land and they had done some micro financing stuff, but this was a randomly sampled people not necessarily who had been beneficiaries of a micro finance programming or not. I mean, we bring micro finance scheme change water security. I think that's that would be a really interesting research area. I agree with you entirely. And I hope for those of you who are listening and seeking perhaps research topics for your investigation that you would take up some of these because I think these are gems, frankly, pearls directly from Dr. Young. So this question, I'm going to try to unpack this. I hope I'm going to stay true to the what this listener intended. So the direct question is, do you have any plans or procedures for rural and remote areas where water is very hard or has a high minerality? I think is what they intended to say. I am going to, let's say, rephrase this or perhaps we contextualize this in terms of the measurement approach or H. Y. Did that take into account water quality as part of the insecurity element. Yeah, so that's an important part. And in a lot of we had an outright question. How often less long do you worry about the quality of your water that ultimately fell away after a number of statistics says is clustering with others. So if they're highly if four items are highly correlated, then you can have just one and does the work of of all four. So that question fell away and but the quality is implicit in a number of the 12 items. I don't know. Do I have the 12? Yeah. So, for example, gone sleep thirsty because there wasn't any water to drink. Oops. I have control now, Sarah. So I'm going to get to that slide. Let me know what my number is right at the end. If you just go forward to like the final slide. And then it's one more. So because you didn't have any water to drink implicit in that not any water to drink is quality of water also changing the the foods that you cooked one more. There we go. Changing what was eaten because there were problems with water like you couldn't wash the food if you only had that prison downstream prison water. So are usable or drinkable water. Quality is implicit in them. Understood. There you go. So hopefully that addressed the question for our listener. The other kind of side of that is how does this kind of. Yeah, how can it be applied to transient population? So for example, underprivileged communities who are migrating for work and constantly on the move. How does that presented so that obviously much of this is is related to core location, but for transient population. How do you account for that? Yeah, so there's a number of populations were thinking about using this and so pastoralists in northern Kenya, but also Roma communities in Eastern Europe. That they might be in in movement, but all you need to do is talk to them for a few minutes, depending if you want to collect just water and security if you want to know other covariates. So as long as they're around and you can move with them, you can ask them these questions. And if I was asking those questions, I would definitely be adding in back in a question that fell out, which was like, are you moving because of problems with water? Right, exactly. So, I suppose to kind of come back to the users and you can apply the tools to transient populations. However, it's obviously critical that you report and frame the results and underscore that this is a transient population that has been surveyed. Yeah, so there, there's another question here. One that I might take also, but I'm just going to tackle the other one. Do most NGOs work on these issues or other corporations or entities in the private sector that are investigating water security as well from your experience? What are the NGOs that work on this? No, the question is, so this user perceives that you obviously spoke to the multilateral agencies as well as the nonprofits and NGOs that are would be definitely deploying each wise. Are there examples of corporations or private sector entities that are also looking at water security or water insecurity in this instance? Well, great question. And we're trying to raise a bunch of money. So we're thinking a lot about which corporations would care about this. I mean, a number of large companies depend a lot on water. And I think about the beer industry and the soda industry. Water is used a lot for manufacturing, but it's not as the quality isn't as important. So certainly these beverage companies care a lot about water. I've also talked to some like faucet companies who are thinking about water, but if there are other ideas for who in the corporate world that would be interested in this, I will all ears. Thank you. Good. I hope for inspiration for those listeners who are in the private sector to consider how this might be part of their strategy. So this another question came in, which I think, like I said, I can tackle the question is, where do engineers work? Or in what context engineers work to address water security issues at the household that are community level. People educating global development or global health would definitely work on this. But where would the technical skills of engineers be most useful and impactful. So thank you for asking that question. You've come to that question. You've come to the right place. So Sarah, obviously you can feel free to pitch in. But on behalf of the first day, I can tell you that engineers are working across as a board on these issues from the perspective of research to the development of technologies that address water security. Those technologies to range from actual devices for a water access, but also to monitoring of water systems and water sources. We have a number of examples in on our platform in the solutions library across our news stories and so forth. And that highlight the types of technology based solutions for remote sensing and also for that I mentioned data collection. A lot of these platforms that are used to actually collect survey results are built on platforms that engineers have designed computer scientists and so forth. Beyond that, engineers are largely crossing over into research areas. There is the engineering for global development research form that's hosted by the American study mechanical engineers, which is at a International Development Engineering Conference annually attracts a variety of paper submissions where where this work is reviewed. There are a number of examples of engineers contributing to this field from a variety of directions from fundamental research through technology development. Through actual implementation of projects and the building of the infrastructure to address water security issues. Having said that, what I think is particularly compelling relative to what Dr. Young has shared with us today is actually having engineers who are working in these projects consider how they are understanding what is underlying kind of the the drive for, you know, deploying the technology, which is fundamentally the water and security issues. So being able to be part of this global collection and understanding of what modern security looks like around these vulnerable populations is something where engineers can actively contribute. One thing I think we can all agree on is that engineers are pretty good at collecting data and even better when you give us the right kinds of language to ensure we're asking the right question. So with that, I do want to put out a call there if you are working on these projects, if you are actually listening right now and considering how you might integrate each wise into your work. I think Sarah has given you the right tools and the pathways for contributing to this global knowledge base. So please do adopt to this tool and, you know, really think through where in your projects, this would be there'll be an opportunity to measure that water and security. I hope that address that. I don't know if you want to add anything else to that. Oh, I mean, you're making me think we should have a minimal like set of information that is collected. If you're going to collect these, you should know like the gender of the person who's responding or maybe where they live. But we don't, we don't have that laid out, but you're inspiring me. Well, I'm glad to hear that for sure. And we're excited to actively spark and motivate you on this webinar. It's it's additional benefits of the engagement. So I'm just looking through. It looks like we've tackled most of the questions that have come up. If anybody has any burning questions, speak now or forever. Hold your piece. As they say, because it's where we're also not the types to hold on to our speakers longer than necessary. So I'm seeing no further questions. I think we're going to be going ahead and wrapping up. And with that, I would like to thank Dr. Young for spending time with us. This has been thoroughly insightful. And as I noted, we believe that this is a really meaningful and necessary tool for us to deploy wisely. And of course, to contribute to your findings on the global water and security more generally. So with that, I'd like to thank also our attendees. Thank you for joining us from all over the world. For those of you who are seeking professional development hours, please go ahead and access the link that is on this page to get direction with how to do that. If you have questions that we haven't addressed and you're eager to dig out more information, feel free to send us an email or you would have seen Dr. Young's email address and Twitter handles all listed. So feel free to ping her directly. And of course, we want to encourage you to join us as members to get information on upcoming webinars. We actually are going to be hosting and water and they have a new data collection tool that they'll be presenting in a couple of months. So for those of you who are interested in data collection platform, this may be of interest. And with that, I would like to wish everybody a good morning, good afternoon or good evening, depending where you're joining us from today. And we look forward to seeing you on our next webinar. Thank you so much, Dr. Young. Thank you very much, everyone. Have a great day. Bye.