 This study aimed to evaluate whether a three-month treatment with lactobacillus ramnosis GG, LGG, can modify immune system functions in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, T1D, leading to an increased immune response to an injectable quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, QIV. The study found that QIV was immunogenic and safe in T1D pediatric patients, and pre-administration of LGG for three months did not substantially modify the QIV-humoral immunity. However, the probiotic-induced important anti-inflammatory effects. This article was authored by Sonya Bioncini, Siriana Aurebona, Barbara Camelloni, and others.