 Dear students, in this module, we are going to talk about social change in Pakistan. In our previous modules, we talked about how social change occurs at the local level, at the global level, and what are the different sociological perspectives through which we would be able to understand that what can be the possible factors of social changes. However, now in this module, we are precisely going to talk about different aspects of social change in Pakistan, and particularly the factors which are contributing to social change in Pakistan. So, Pakistan's history is characterized by a series of significant social changes, often shaped by political shifts, economic factors, and cultural transformations. The creation of Pakistan itself, followed the partition of British India, was a monumental social change impacting millions of lives, and the political changes particularly, including transition between civilian and military roles, have shaped the country's social fabric. Each shift has brought changes in the policies, societal attitudes, impacting various aspects of society, such as education, healthcare, and governance. So, Pakistan ki agar hain toh right from the beginning, right from 1947, social change occurred. Pakistan ka banna bhajate khud ek bahut badee tabdeeli thi aur iss tabdeeli ke andar jo role play kiya British colonialism ne certain opinions and belief systems which were available there in different communities, and particularly how that Pakistan movement turned into a significant movement in a way that a new country emerged in response to that movement. Iss ke saath saath agar hum dekhain toh Pakistan ki history ke andar different political phases jo hain wo bhi ek significant social change ka bias bane hain. Kabhi military dictatorship hain, kabhi democracy hain aur kabhi jo hain ki ek amalgamation hain. Toh iss tara se different regimes ke andar different kinds of behaviors, different kinds of attitudes, opinions, and policies jo hain wo emerge hoti rahe hain. Aur yeh sab milke jo hain ek significant social change ka bias banti rahe hain. Aap usko negative social change bhi kaisate hain, positive social change bhi kaisate hain. Lekin yeh depend karta hain ki jis door ke andar jo log jis ideology se affiliated thay wo uske mutabik hi us change ko jo hain interpret karte rahe hain. For example, the era of military rule under Ziaul Haq regime led to the significant shift towards religious conservatism. The era of military rule under Pravesh Musharraf led to liberal, secular, and lightened moderation impacting laws, education, societal norms in the country. Toh yeh doh different contrasting periods jo hain wo hum a military dictatorship ke andar bhi nazar aate hain. Lekin yeh depend karta hain ke log isko kis tara se perceive karta hain, yeh bhi unki apni personal prejudice, liking, or disliking ke upa depend karta hain. So economic factors including urbanization, industrialization, and globalization have also driven the social changes in Pakistan. Lifestyles, occupational patterns, and social structures have been significantly changed. For example, the growth of cities like Karachi and Lahore has reshaped the social dynamics leading to a blend of traditional modern values and creating new opportunities and challenges. So as we can observe, Pakistan has been through different phases of economic crisis. So were the people of the country, how they have been assuming and consuming these aspects for in their personal lifestyles. Or in other words, we can say that the changes in one social institution can also lead the changes in another social institution. Pakistan ke andar agar kisi ek idare ke andar koi badi tabdili waka hain to uske jo after effects hain aur uske jo jitne bhi disastrous yeh positive effects hain wo baaki idaro ke andar bhi reflect hote hain. Jaise hum dekhte hain ke mehengai hote hain to mehengai ki wajah se sirf aur sirf aap ki economic situation hi effect nahi hote hain. Aap tii education, healthcare, political as well as religious lifestyle jo hi wo bhi effect hote hain. So these changes are rather transformative changes. Similarly, the cultural transformations often influenced by the global trends are another significant driver of social change in Pakistan. These changes can be seen in areas like media, art, fashion and language. For example, the emergence of modern liberal media industry in Pakistan with an increased presence of local entertainment channels represents a huge cultural shift in the country's ideological landscape. Jab hum cultural transformation ki baat karte hain to cultural transformation ke andar jo globalized ideologies hote hain wo baat significant role play karte hain. Aaj hum dekhte hain ke humaari youth jo hain wo ek ideological confusion ka shikar nazar hain. To uske bari wajah kya hosakti hain? Jab bohasi ideologies jo hain wo ek saath ek hi culture ke andar ek hi system ke andar available hongi aur hame andaza nahi ho payega ki hum right or wrong sahi aur ghalat ki pahchaan kis tara se karein to usfak jo hain ek ideological confusion paida hote hain. Kyuke us confusion ke andar bohasi different varied sources jo hain wo aapko right or wrong ki different definitions jo hain provide karte hain. Media aapko ek aur definition derah hoega aapka religious institution ek aur definition derah hoega, educational institution aur definition derah hoega, family institution ek different aspect se usko treat karee rahoega. To ek baraar significant role jo hain is cultural transformation ke andar available availability or the arrival of these global ideologies kabhi hain. We need to be very watchful about these global ideologies and their availability through the use of media. Then we have the environmental issues and climate change which are increasingly shaping the social change in Pakistan. One of the countries most vulnerable to impacts to climate change is Pakistan. So, this is leading to the changes in policies, attitudes and practices related to environmental sustainability. For example, in order to tackle these environmental shifts we had a movement of Billion Tree tsunami project in KP aimed at combating the deforestation which signifies the growing awareness and policies and emphasis on these policies of environmental issues. Lastly, the influence of digital technologies cannot be ignored. The rise of social media and digital platforms is transforming our people's lives, their communication patterns as well as their lifestyles. Jaha pe yeh positive aspect leke hain wahi pe johai, joh digital technologies hain, inke bahon se mazur asrat bhi joh hai mahmari society ke upar murattab ho rahe hain. Khas toh pe jo chote bache hain jo youth hain jo youngsters hain they are getting very negatively being affected by these technologies so that we need to be very watchful and we need to be very careful about the use of this technology and particularly for our youngsters, for our children. Hota yeh hain ke jab chote bache ko aap kisi bhi ish tara ke media ka use karne dete hain to aahista ishta bacha joh hai wo addict ho jata hai aur is aadat se joh hai wo jaan chodana us ke liye bohot mushkil ho jata hai. To ye social change to hain ek globalized effect bhi hain, iski positive aspect bhi hain lekin ye hain hain hain hain hain hain hain hain hain hain hain hain hain hain hain hum isko kisi tara se positive banahasakta hain, kisi tara se useful banahasakta hain. So we need to be very careful about these technological aspects.