 Hi everybody, I am just going to give everyone a moment there to be able to join us. I see that lots of people there are coming in and you're all super welcome. So just giving you a moment there to be able to join us. Okay, so first and foremost to everyone you're all very welcome. My name is Susan Hayes-Colligan and I am the co-author of Positive Economics. I am going to lead you through a session tonight where we're going to focus on a case study of supply and demand, particularly by looking at the CAO system in Ireland and how that works. Take this off the badge here for the office. So specifically I'm going to take you through the latest data from the CAO, which is the Central Applications Office. And I'm going to show you exactly how the demand function applies exactly to each and every single person who applies through the CAO for a course in either a technological university or a third level institution. And there's a range of them across the country so I'm going to talk you through all of that. Okay, so I think everybody is here now. So just before we get started I want to point out that number one the session is being recorded and those who are registered will get the recording. Number two, any of you that have agreed to be on the mailing list, you will be sent an email about the next one. And also if you would like to send in any questions, the chat is open and the Q&A is open. But in particular as well, I also have got an Instagram story running. I'm just going to give you the link for that. But then if you want to send in that now of course as you know an Instagram story will only be running for 24 hours. So if there are any questions, you can send it in through that. If there's anything after that, of course you can DM me. So I'm just going to pop this here for everyone. Okay, so that is my Instagram. If any of you are on a different device and you can click on that link, my Instagram is simply my name. So it's at Susan Hay's Colletin. So I have a sticker there where it just have if you have any questions pop them into me. Okay, so I'm just going to start off by explaining what the CAO is. Then I'm going to talk to you very briefly about supply. I'm going to spend most of my time on demand. But also what this will give you is a dual purpose, which is that if you want to understand more about how the CAO works, which many of you may well want, then it will also serve that purpose there as well. I can see my Instagram there now is dinging. So I will, I'll take a look at that there afterwards if there are any questions as I say. Right. What is the CEO. So it's central applications office. And in essence, the way the CEO works is that I, and by the way, when I talk about I me as a student, which I was back when I was studying my own leaving search, me as a student that I applied through a number. Okay, so it's not my name. It's not my address. It's nothing like that through a number. I apply into the central applications office with the view to applying for either a level eight or level seven, six course. So it's your typical whether it's best in Trinity, whether it is mathematical sciences and UCC, whether it's sports science in University of Limerick, etc. They're all your level eight courses. So that is a degree. Level seven six on the other hand, what they are is your typical diploma and certificate courses. So you may, for example, be applying for those if you're in my office by the way is in to Dublin. That's where I am right now my office is on the campus of that. Before that, my office for 11 years was in DCU. My brother went to MTU and Monster Technological University. Personally, myself, I went to any way Galway. So it level seven six is certificate and diploma, and then level eight is a degree. Now, as any student can what you can do is you can apply to the CEO for up to 10 level eight courses and 10 level seven six courses right so that's the basics of how it works from the point of view of you going through the process. So what happens is now bear in mind you're in number. Okay, so nobody knows your name, or your address or anything. It is a number that when you apply you put in those details but the point is is that it's taking a number, and it is then going to be comparing against a range of courses. What they use in order to determine your eligibility for courses typically comes down to points, and the points come from your leaving cert exams. And of course there are other conditions in some cases, for example, in HPAT, sorry medicine you do a HPAT exam. In some cases, there might also be minimum requirements for certain courses, I'll give you a website where you can check out all of this. And also in some cases there, the course maybe there can be so much demand for the course that even the points won't won't get you there. But broadly speaking, for the vast majority of the case, what we what the CAO does, CAO does is that it takes the number of people who apply for the CAO and it compares it to the number of course available typical supply and demand, except in this case instead of paying for your course, you don't pay with money you pay with points, the points you can get through your leaving cert exams so that's the that's the simple market mechanism that that takes place. What I'm going to show you is what influences that I'm going to show you exactly how the demand function works, but I'm going to start off by showing you supply. Okay, so, right what I'm going to do now is going to share my screen and also, along the way you're going to get some extra benefits here. I'm going to show you how to analyze data quickly. I'm going to show you how to get insights on the CAO process. And also I'm going to give you going to show you all of the latest thinking around where the fastest growing jobs are as well. So they're all the extra benefits that you get as well from being here. So what I'm going to do here now is I am going to share my screen. I'm going to start off here by doing that, by the way, I have a couple of articles in here as well. That are out in the past couple of days. It's very, very recent that I have what I have here for you. Okay, so I'm going to start off here. Okay, so this is my supply and demand case study. And first of all, let's start off with that. So here is where I'm going to pick up on the overall statistics that are the supply, right. So when we look at the supply of courses in Ireland. So, put this in here as, as just a nod to the type of thing that people are applying for. This is somebody who is who went through university and then, as you can see went on then to have a PhD PhD is level eight. Sorry, level 10. It is the highest level of education in Ireland and in lots of other parts around the world. But overall the statistics here that I got from the CAO are these is that the number of offers that were made available in the very first round CAO it can go up to five offers. The, the actual number of places available in the Irish education system in total is 58, sorry, 57,000. That is the number of applicants that will receive an offer in round one is 57,296. So that was a total amount of supply that was provided last year. So as you can see here, level eight total round one offers were 51,000. And there was also level seven six, which were 34,000. So in one person can be made to offers, right, you can be offered to level seven six and your level eight so that's where when it comes to 57,296 offers were made available in that with the number of applicants who actually received an offer. So that's where level eight was you can tell got to now look over here did the supply of places available group over those those years. So you can see those 55,000 students got offered a place in 2021, and that grew up to 57,296. Now I have got the data back to back for decades and I can show you how the growth of that has been over time. So you can see where how this happens is that number one, our universities grow, and the number of them grow like to Dublin, and some of you who might be here tonight might remember this as the old DIT. Some of you who here tonight might remember that MTU and Monster Technological University used to be CIT. In fact, some of you may remember when it was RTC as well. I, by the way, the University National University of Ireland in Galway is no longer call that I should actually correct myself there as well. So the point is is that universities grow, they can offer more places. And also the, the capacity, definitely when I was in college in Galway like the growth, the physical growth of the university was significant over my four year degree when I did financial maths and economics. So that is part of the reason that this happens is the number of universities grow, and all of the other things that happen in the supply function but I'm going to focus on demand, particularly tonight so in essence as you can see here. The number of places that are on offer in round one grow. Just, I just think that it's important to mention something here and that is I find this this really interesting is that 82% right 82% of people that's four and five right four and five people in 2022, who put a level eight course under CEO application four out of five people got one of their top three choices. And I think that's a really important point, because a lot of people of course are very concerned about the CEO and will I get an offer and will I get enough for that I like, but just remember four out of five people. Last year in 2022, got one of their top three preferences and that was of level eight. And the number the last year was slightly lower, the percentage last year was slightly lower at 79%. And particularly the reason in between the two is because of course as you can see here, the number of places actually grew as well. Now, and I think this number is also very interesting is when you go down to level 76. So nine out of 10 people got their first preference of a level 76 course, nine out of 10 people, and 98%, 98 out of 100 people got an offer, which was one of their top three preferences as well. So of course really good career advice is to make sure that you apply for the CEO in order of your actual preference in order of the what you actually want to apply for. Because as you can see, the likelihood is, and of course it depends on a lot of things but the likelihood is that you will get one of your top three. So this is four out of five people of level eight. And in the case of level 76 98% of people. Okay, so anyway, that's the supply. This is the actual number of offers that are made available to people. And of course this is only around one, then there could be around 234 and five as well. Okay, now let's look at the demand function though. So I took this picture straight out of positive economics, our book, and the demand function, it means that demand is influenced by the price. Okay, so I'm going to talk to you about the price of things I'm actually going to talk to you about a literal price, the price of other goods so in this context I'm going to show you about preferences about the changing nature of what people are applying for, not the points, just actually the actual amount of people that are applying for these courses. That's how I'm going to show you how to analyze data in a quick way I'm going to show you a couple of tricks on Excel there as well. I'm also going to show you about the income of the consumer. What I'm going to talk to you about there is in the context of leaving sir points how are they changing. So what are the trends as regards at leaving sir points are what are points going up or they're going down broadly speaking I'll show you that consumer expectation I'm going to show you I found some data on the fastest growing jobs that we can expect in Ireland. And now consumer tastes or preferences. In essence, this is kind of baked in here to consumer expectations right so I'm not going to delve into that but I'm and unplanned factors I'll touch on those, but I'm also going to talk to government regulations I want to particularly mention something to you there. So when we look at what people are applying for in terms of points. These are the things that underpin demand so this is a piece and the next, what I'm going to show you the next slide is showing you a piece from the art times three days ago. And this is it. So on the 17th February which was last Friday. It says here traditional universities have lost out to newly created technological universities in overall CEO applications this year, according to the latest data shared in the higher education sector. So the trend is sparked concern in some traditional university circles where academics believe that a client is linked to factors like higher rents, travel costs and greater competition from technological universities overall college applications for traditional universities are on average down by 56% and up by an equivalent proportion for technological universities, according to informed sources so what do they mean, okay. And of course, applied to college in Galway, let's say, University of Galway, you CC, and let's say Trinity, you CD, etc. Obviously, everyone that I'm referring to there are all in the city. And as a result, then, and you will, of course, and in each of those cases of, they all have their own housing crisis there can be costs of travel and so on. So the technological universities then have other opportunities, for example, a to you Atlantic Technological University, that is a play that university, then is is across various different campuses, one of them is in mail for example. And that is what they're talking about here is the actual costs of going to college are not just the fees in question, but the actual living costs as well so that's why it's saying here that demand for application for traditional universities are down by about 56%. Now I will tell you where that data is coming from. This is a press release it came out on the first of February. To those of you who are familiar with the date of first February, the first of February is a, and the first of February is the date that the CEO applications must be in in order to get the early price. Okay, so that is the normal application deadline as you can see over here. And the application figure was 78,184 CEO applications have been made. That's the number of applications that have been applied now, they can be received from people like you, who are let's say doing your leaving cert, it can be. It can also be where you've people who are repeating their leaving search. And you can see the number of applicants from maybe a variety of other people as well so they're what you'll see the number of people that actually do their leaving search every year as well. I'll show you that too, but the point is that thus far 78,184 applicants were what have been applied and as you can see a change of course facility will become available from Friday the third for all registered applicants the facility can be used by mature businesses and for applicants who have forgotten to include a restricted course, but the fee of 10 euro applies. And then there's also the free change of mind facility. So anybody who's applied by now can also use the free change of mind facility. And that opens in the fifth of May and it closes the first of July, which of course is after the leaving start. So then you can see the one, but this is where the data is actually coming from. This is the press release, but the data behind that will actually show where people are applying to go to what courses, etc. So I just want to start off by saying the actual price of the cost of living is in the first place that is influential. Before we start. Now, the next thing of course is what people often talk about, and I'm talking about here at the price of all the good so competition. What I'm going to show you now is how people have changed their mind about courses over the years right so I'm just going to take you through piece of data here. So I'm going to pull up. Yes it is. Okay, so what I take what I have here is level eight courses right and I'm going to show you there's a lot of data here right a lot of information here obviously we only have a short period of time to go through all of this so I'm going to show you how to analyze this pretty quickly and to find out what really matters. These are all of level eights. Okay, these are all of level eights as you can see here, these are all level eights these are all the degrees. I'm also going to show you level 76 level 76. But what you can see here this is the demand, this is the mentions and the first preferences. Okay, these are what people want on table number four and table number five. Instead, these are the offers so this is the supply, the offers and the first preferences offers so all I'm going to look for so told you I would, I'm going to look at the demand, the demand is the mentions and the first preferences. Okay. So, in 2022. This is the, this is how many people mentioned for example the education field and first preferences were 5441. Now, while all that is very interesting. Of course, what we as economists want to know is, well how has that changed. So what I'm going to do here is I'm going to take a look at the percentage change, I'm going to look at how demand has changed over this period of time it's going to highlight I'm going to make purple I like purple. That's a bit too purple now those not. Okay, let me make this this color. Okay, right. Now, again, I don't have time to go through all of these and to pick out what ones are really important so here's what I'm going to do. And first of all. Okay, I am going to hide these columns right because that information is interesting, but it's all summarized for me over here. The next thing that I'm going to do is I'm going to code in right super super quick now. I am going to code in and if then loop what I want to do is that I want to pick out very quickly I want the data to auto generate for me, but I'm actually looking for So any of you who are doing your economics projects and you're wondering how to look at data quickly. Here is the way in which I'm going to show you how to do it. And while I'm doing it, I'm going to show you the actual changes in demand in courses in Ireland today. So what I want to do here is I would like to see the mentions right so far level eight courses that are actually in here, what I'd like to see are the mentions significant increase right so I want to see what courses have got significantly more significant. This is 2022 of course. Okay, and this is according to by the second of July, to a significant increase. So here's what I'm going to do I'm going to make this very simple for myself. And what I'm going to do is I'm going to say equals if right so this creates a code for me. And it's very simple code so I'm going to say if the group if this is higher is greater than 10% And then tell me significant, significant, significant increase. So this is what we call an if then loop if not, then put not significant, significant, significant. Okay, so if any of you want to know how to code and if then loop you can check out lots and lots and lots of YouTube explanations of it but it's simply if and then brackets, you put in your function in my case I want to know if this number is greater than 10% then call it significant increase. If it's not call it not significant. Okay, so as you can see here because education has gone by 3% that's not significant I picked the 10% by the way just a round number. I'm going to pull this down and now look what happens. It now tells me exactly where the mentions are significantly increased. But of course I still would have to go through all this to figure out myself so I'm not going to do that. I'm going to go through the filter and I only want to see where have we got a significant increase. There we go. Alright, so haha. Here we are. So the most significant increase is interdisciplinary programs and qualifications including arts and humanities. Now so that interdisciplinary means the interaction between different disciplines so maybe art and science or science and humanities or. Does that surprise me? No, because more and more employers are looking for people who have who can think with both right side and left side of the brain or scientists who have a grounding in accounting for example so that we can see here that's a significant increase. But what I'm also interested to see is maybe that number is actually coming off a very low base. Now if I unhide my cells then I will be able to see that. Okay, so if I unhide my cells. Okay, or unhide my cells. Then I'll be able to see what I mean, look at that. Okay, look at that. Here's where we're seeing that in the numbers are going from like 296 up to 453 right so so I was right I did think all right the possibility there that they might be very low base. So when you're looking at data it's important. I'm going to hide these again. It's important that if you see a very big number like that. I think what it's actually coming off. Let's look at the other ones arts humanities languages, interesting. The environment you're going to hear me talk about that later on based on another piece of data I found 23% ice it no surprise there growth by 12% manufacturing and processing again, particularly with the growth of stem jobs no surprise there. There's a lot of construction with a lot of the money and a lot of the emphasis now putting on the housing and construction crisis. Again, we can see why that might be. Again interdisciplinary programs focusing on agriculture forestry and veterinary, and then secondary education right so we can see here there's been a very very significant increase in those but their mentions. Now what I want to do is I'm going to switch that off. Right, I'm going to switch that off. Now what I'm going to do is I'm going to do the same. First preferences because first preferences are of course, they're going to be what people really really want. Okay, so I'm not going to change my code, what's already done for me. It's already all I want to look at is here. So what I want to see is where's there been a really big change in the first preference vote. Sorry, first preference vote sounds like an election. First preferences, when it comes to that where is where have been the big significant increases. So I'm going to put on a filter here. And let me just check significant increase there we go. And here we are. So humanities in increase interdisciplinary again with arts and humanities environment architecture. This is the only one. This is a very interesting finding in my opinion. So we've seen dentistry grown by 5% overall but 10% of first preferences. That's, that's an interesting point. And generally when I talk to people who want to study for dentistry, they really, really want to study dentistry. And it's not something like oh I go for dentistry or business, you know, whereas people might say business and accounting. So, you can see that finding coming through there. Okay, so overall we can see that there's been significant increases in humanities and you can see all of the ones there environment architecture and construction. It's interesting that there's not as many references for example here to education or to secondary education. So let's now apply that and let's go over to level 76 mentions and first preferences again right so this I'm going to do this again really quickly so first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to hide all this. I just want to be able to do what I'm doing here. Well, and I'm just going to call it as well for the crack. Okay, let's do the same color. I mentioned significant, significant increase. Oh, you know what I didn't do is a significant decrease I need to do that as well. Significant increase. Okay. So I'm going to do the same thing again here equals if, and in this case, I'm going to take an if loop and I'm going to check if this is greater than 10% then call it. Significant increase. If it's not, then we can do significant, not significant. Okay, not significant. Okay, and it flows my if then loop and it doesn't understand what I'm asking you to do. Oh yeah that's because I typed in a question mark instead of greater than. All right, there we go. So I'm just going to pull this down all the way here. Here we go. Very few isn't there. Very few. Okay, let's run the filter. Okay, and now let's go here to significant increase. Yeah. So, certainly fewer. And I think this one is very interesting look here is that in the case of hygiene the overall mentions has gone up by 11% but actually the number of first preferences has gone down by 6%. Okay, in addition here we've got 150% journalism and information. And that yeah I mean look I can I can deduce, I can deduce several opinions from that too, but I'll keep my opinions to myself. I let the data do the talking. Physical Sciences again architecture and construction, veterinary and hygiene and occupational health services. So I'm going to then take off that filter, select all. Okay, and let me now run the same across over here. And let's see as regards the first preferences what in particular is catching people's interest. So significant increase is arts. Except languages, journalism and information, physical sciences and architecture construction so isn't it clear here what people are interested in is construction is coming up across the board, arts and humanities across the board. So I'm going to read journalism and information at 1176 and also education in terms of mentions but specifically education, secondary education education in terms of mentions. However, dentistry is particularly a growing interest at level eight from the first preference point of view. Okay, so what is what's what's decreasing, because of course the demand function move both right and left. So what is, what is decreasing what are people not interested in. So I'm going to take this across here. And I'm simply going to. Okay, of course it won't work like that. So I just going to take off my filter. Okay, select all here. Okay. Now what I'm going to do is I'm going to copy and paste this. But this time, what I'm going to do is I'm going to change this to if it is less. Okay. Now I need to make sure. So what I want to do is I want to check. H6 is less than minus 10%. H6 is less than minus 10%. And I'm going to change the course to significant D. Please. And my work up doesn't understand what I'm asking to do. Let's go back. If hey oh yeah H6 I need to put in the full cell. H6. All right, there we go. Now let's run this the whole way. So what has had a significant decrease. I'm just going to change this so that I know exactly what I'm doing here. What has had a significant decrease. This time, I'm going to sort filter and my filter here with the my significant decrease. What is less of interest to people. Agriculture, health. Well, health would have gone to a big demand surge when it came to COVID. Health here is both as you can see here across the board. I want you to have first preference as you can see yours for yourself. Nursing in midwifery and physiotherapy. So three out of four of the ones in decline in lowering interest in health. All are all sorry three of the four of decline in interest when it comes to demand for course points or level A courses all refer to health. One of them then is agriculture. I'm just going to then very, very quickly pop across over here and do the same. So when it comes to this. We go over here to that. Let me tell the data what I wanted to do. I want to look at significant decrease. Okay, and down here then what I want to see is that if H6 H6 is less than minus 10%. I need to tell me if it's a significant decrease. Okay. Right, and let's run the data here. Where is our significant decreases coming from. I need to filter sometimes it forgets that I already had a filter on that's why I need to twice filter. And now let's just see where we get our significant decrease. Only to manufacturing and processing. Transport services, manufacturing and processing and transport services now with the with the dawn of self driving cars I can see how that would be the case but manufacturing processing I didn't expect that. So let me just turn off this filter because didn't we mention significant increases here in that area. So again I just need to put it back on did we not. Okay, all right, so as you can see here obviously the significant increases here refer to differences over over there yeah yeah okay. All right so as you can see here I'm going to take up and filter. That's the way in which we can analyze data and we can understand that is also how demand and supply is happening so when it comes to the price of other goods. So what I'm going to bring in here as well is that we can also see all points in courses and health are now are the applications for health fell in 2022. Then therefore I maybe if I'm worried that I would be able to make the points last year well maybe with that decline, then the points might might be lowered this year, etc. Okay, right let's go on to the next one now the income of the consumer. So when we talk about the income. This time I want to talk about particularly the points itself. Lots of you of course would have heard of dramatic point inflation over the past couple of years. And as a result I wanted to show you exactly what the figures were here. So in 2022, there was 1.9% of students who actually took the leading start now bear in mind I just want to point that out is that you'd 58,056 students. And so of that number you can see here the points at 1.9% of people scored one to 65. 100 points plus was 3.6%. So you can see the cumulative total that means that 5.5% of students who took the leaving cert in 2022, and they got over 600 points whether and 1.9% of them got 65. If you go on here they're 500 plus actually a quarter one in four students got 500 plus. How do I know that is because 25.1% of people got that 51% of people get over 400. And then two students who did the leaving cert got over, got over 400. Three in four students here got over 300 points, almost nine out of 10 students got over 200 points. And then you had 7% of students who got a whole between 100 and 199 which means that 96.7% of people got over 100 points. And then you had 3.3% of people who got less than 100. And then that makes the total right. Okay. Now you might say okay but how does that compare to previous years. Well, let me show you. Because where I got this from what I need to do now is just go back where I've got this from is here. One step is that these are the points. Okay, so I can see on any given year, I can see what they were so let me go back to 2019. And let's just see point inflation now there you go is that at the point at the time, the number of percentage of candidates scoring was 0.4%. So as you can see significantly lower. And the candidates who scored from 600 to 624 were 1.4%. Sorry, in total, the people who got 600 plus was 1.4%. And again, I could go down so in the last case I showed you 50%, 51%. One in two students got over 400 in 2019 that would have only been one in three. Similarly, then I could I could go down go down to the numbers there and I can show you so this is the great inflation. We can see this that they're a great inflation did happen. Now that's that's well known. I mean I'm what I'm talking to you there was nothing new. As you can see, as people have more points, well then they can spend more on the various courses. Now if I was to show you 2021 versus 2020 and I could show you all those things and then was predicted grades and all sorts of things of course, change things but this of course, naturally affects things. I remember giving the webinar in 2020 when of course we were all in lockdown. And also that was the first year of the new syllabus and there was the project and there was all sorts of things going on as well at the time. And then I remember like so many people being delighted with their exam results and they deserve to be and then going on to see okay but now the points have rocketed up for the course that I was applying for and that's because if ultimately your population has more money, then the price of goods naturally happened. That's how inflation, that's how demand pull inflation happens if your audience, your population, your market has more money, well then of course the price that they can afford to pay increases. On the other hand, if it goes the other way, then it goes the other way. So in this case, the income, right the amount of money that our audience has is not actual coins or notes or bank balances instead its points. And so therefore you can see the impact of that. Okay. And I did I want to go and show yes. No, I didn't know I've shown you that I wanted just to remember to show you the press release of the number of people who applied in the first place. Okay. So moving on then from there, I just want to show you this one right so also people make decisions based on consumer expectations of the price rise of the future. So what I want to go on this is that lots and lots of teenagers who work with me, and within 17s, an awful lot of people say to me, oh, you know, I want to go and work in an area where there's going to be growing expectations as regards jobs, of course, right. That's that's super simple. Now this is a piece that came out today. I've just taken a screenshot here, but let me go back there to the piece that I want to show you today which is here. Yeah, okay. This is a piece that talks about planning for university, your career prospects after college, right so the piece goes on there all talk about the future of where the workplace is going. But what I wanted to do is I want to come particularly down to this bit which is the screenshot I showed you in the past five years, the number of renewables and environmental jobs in the US has increased by 237%. And I expect a similar boom in demand in Ireland. So this is coming from let me go back up here. This is coming from somebody who is working. Sorry, she's not working, she's not just working in LinkedIn let me go back up here. Where is she on. It's our title up here. Sharon McQueen, she's head of LinkedIn Ireland. LinkedIn is like Instagram for professionals right I've been on for years, lots of you will be on the future as well. Actually, there was one statistic that I wanted to share with you, which I will in a little while. And, but so if I go down here she says, in the past five years the number of renewables and environmental jobs in the US has increased by 237%. We expect a similar boom in demand in Ireland now. I see that all the time. We are running the to I work experience next week for the Society of Actories. It's been widely promoted. Lots of you probably know about it already. We are running so actually that was the job that I wanted to go for when I started off going to go away for financial maths and economics. Life took a different turn. I set up my own business instead, and I'm from there, but I studied financial maths and economics with a view to becoming an actually, and an actually is somebody who looks at things like life spans and life insurance, insurance and premium and lots of things to do with with insurance. Did you hear me say anything about the environment. No, but now it's a different story. We have a panel session alone next next week, focusing on sustainability and actually because one of the biggest risks that is out there now for businesses and for individuals and life, etc. One of the biggest risks that you might get is that what if your assets get stranded, for example, what if a big pension fund buys assets in an environment that is at risk of being destroyed due to climate change. Look at the earthquake, for example, that happened a couple of weeks ago in Turkey. And so if you have that risk, well then of course that creates a challenge but and a whole lot of other things right a whole lot of other things. The point is, is that there are very few companies now that that that I that I work with, whereby they're not employing more people in sustainability or they haven't got someone dedicated towards sustainability or they haven't got new jobs involved in the environment and Johnson Johnson is another company we do a lot of work with. When I look at the wind turbine that they've created in Karkar. Anyway, I could go on and on, but my point is, is that there's huge growth in areas to do with renewables and environmental jobs. What other points maybe I don't know if you're aware of this but I just going to go with this wind energy Ireland. I just want to get the latest statistics here. Oh, because it is. It's currently the biggest source. Yeah. It is the biggest source of energy. It is no, no wind energy creates a third of our electricity. Oh, sorry, no, I didn't plan to bring some other ways that I've had it ready. But it's just wind energy is creating more and more of our and it's hitting records every month. About the amount of energy generated in Ireland. Specifically, tying into electricity. So also, McCui says the five fastest growing green jobs between 2016 and 2021 were sustainability managers, wind turbine technicians, solar consultants, ecologists and environmental health and safety specialist. Also demand for healthcare roles they expect will persevere. And this is the interesting thing is that despite the fact that the demand for those courses were down. No, they were down in the areas we looked at not dentistry, etc. But that they that is anticipated that they will be persevered upon. Since the pandemic we've seen consistent high demand across essential services at the moment, such as therapy pharmacy and home care particularly demand. So when trying to predict a prosperous. That means one where you can make a lot of money. Career path, one thing to look for is currently pressing problems are developing areas so environmental issues, socioeconomic development. Okay, so that is like reducing inequality. So, again, the jobs in the UN, or the European Union, or also I will. Again, it's another area that we do a lot of work with in my own business is where we're helping companies to connect in with young people on issues to do for example with financial literacy. And so, two years ago I published a book called Money Matters, it's in every school in Ireland, it was sponsored by CFA society Ireland to help reduce financial literacy or second. To increase financial literacy across the across the country, for example. It's just one of examples of the type of things that we do where we work with other organizations to connect in with young people. And of course, you all know the references to the sustainable development goals as well a lot of companies are very focused on meeting community connectivity. I mean, that's just everywhere. That's just absolutely everywhere whether it's helping companies to shape their tiktok whether it is understanding how to maximize chat GPT, whether it is bringing teams together who've got remote working positions, whether it is enabling people to be able to continue to work in a hybrid way, whether on site, some of the days are in their office on the days and at home other days. Speaking of trends indicate that demand for remote work will continue in office based roles which means that graduates may need to prepare to enter a new hybrid workforce and must be ready to adapt to that style of working from the outset. So, for all of those reasons, I wanted to bring that up is that piece was just out in the Irish Times today. And that is an example of consumer expectations of the future. If you see that there is growing issues, particularly through the environment, socioeconomic issues, and digital connectivity, health, all those sorts of things well then that of course might also influence your decision. Now, what I what I'm not going to get into tonight is is the declining roles as well because there's also declining demand for a range of roles, arrange different careers, etc. You can find those two, but I just wanted to show you a very recent piece in the Irish media today. Okay, now, the last one that I'm going to go into in any sort of detail is this one and this is government regulations. The reason I wanted to bring this up is, is it's, this is the timetable right of how the CEO works. You can only apply for the CEO on the 4th of November. And as you can see it open 12 o'clock, and then they're closed at one o'clock are sorry close in the first February right so that's the normal closing date for applications after that the online opens and then there's the H path which is what I mentioned the undergraduate entry to medicine. And then there's the closing date and all those sorts of things but down here here and there right let me just explain here and there so dare is referring to disability access right so that is where the government government regulations here has enabled people who have got a specific disability, maybe it's dyslexia, maybe it's dyspraxia, maybe it's dyscalculia, and maybe it's dysgraphia, maybe it's autism, maybe it's. So whatever it might be, if you've been assessed and granted the, the extra support in order to, to take care of your or to, to actually go ahead and do your leave insert. Well, to help you do your leave insert. This is something that the government wants to enabled a leveling up. Okay. So, for example, I have, there's lots of people around me that have dyslexia for example and one of them. When he was doing his maths exam, he found it very difficult to read all of the story let's say that might have been in project maths. And then there was somebody who would read on his behalf or I've also had somebody else where a cousin's daughter she found she she had social anxiety and she couldn't be in a room with lots and lots of people when she was doing her exam, and then they organized a separate room for her so things like now they're just two examples you could have a visual impairment you can imagine that there's a range of these in here, but by putting dare in place, it means then that people who have got and are dealing with a disability that then, that they can then apply and apply for the support they need to be on a level ground with others. And then here is referring to higher education access. So this would, this would be for if people are in a position where they couldn't afford to go to college. Well, are also may come from a disadvantage economic background as well, and is that then they can also get various support some financial but also some some supportive and there's one of the companies that we work with it's legal firm. I won't name it and I won't name the person, but she, we had a guest speaker in in there one day and she came in to talk to us about. Just for context I run work experience programs for companies across the country that's when I talk about the companies that I work with, but she came in to talk to our teenagers. And what she said was that she got access into law through the here program so she got extra points but she got extra supports when she joined university, and there was a financial support as well and she said without here. She really would not have been able to go through the college and university experience in the same way that other people could, and she is doing phenomenal work now in that law firm. So that's also of course something that can affect the demand and just enable people to have, they can, and through those they can have more points or have gain access to the income of points, and by a leveling up. So, in summary, and I'm coming up right on time here so again if anybody does have any questions I'm going to start opening my Instagram here now. And just seeing if anybody has because of course if you do I need to be able to see it so I'm just going to check that okay yeah so I'm just checking it here. And if there are any questions as I say please do pop them into the Instagram story, the chat or the question function. So how about functions is the demand function here so in this case, as you can see the demand function consists of the price of the good itself so what I showed you there is the change in demand for courses, based on where they're based, visit, physically location, where they're based, and that can also be driven by rent, and the price of commuting etc. And then there's the price of other goods. So this is, as people are looking at where points are going up and down, that's driven by how much demand there is for the courses. And as you can see there we looked at level eight, we looked at level seven six, we looked at mentions we looked at first preferences as well. Then there's the income of the consumer, so there has been a change in the price of goods, sorry, not in the price of goods there's been a change in leaving certain points over the years through great inflation and in many ways we can understand why that happened because students went through a very stressful and teachers went through a very stressful time over the past couple of years. And therefore we have seen a change in the amount of income through points that the students who applied for this would have gotten, and as a result of that then, and we've seen the amount of points that people have gotten has risen, and of course then that has its own knock on effect. So the consumer's expectations regarding future prices, the comparison here is where are the fast growing areas coming from the point of view of jobs. And you can see there again environmental jobs, jobs relating to a deep issue like inequality and socio economic issues, digital connectivity, remote working, etc. So in the case of preferences, I didn't want to necessarily talk about that because in the, in my example here of my case study and consumer tasting preferences can certainly be affected by expectations regarding the future. If we were simply talking about actual prices of a good, let's say a handbag, I might look at a handbag and say at the moment, it's really in season to have X, whereas tomorrow we're expecting generally the price of handbags to rise, then we'd have two differences. But in this case, we are talking about consumer tasting preferences influencing the future price, namely the point seven unplanned factors, I mean, you know unplanned factors, do I have to mention over here that of course was an unplanned factor that happened two years ago. There's a range of unplanned factors that I could talk about right now, and inflation of course is one of them that is going back up to the price of good itself. Nobody was planning for the inflation rate that happened last year that was driven by a range of different things, including the war in Ukraine which itself was an unplanned factor. I could talk for ages about unplanned factors and how it ties into things like this. But again, we could we could talk for a while. And that's not the purpose. You all know what an unplanned factor is. And then finally the government regulation, that one, the specific government regulation that I'm referring to here is here and there. And of course I could talk about the Susie grants I could talk about the cost of going to university range of other things as well but they were the two that I wanted to particularly pick up on as they appear in CEO events calendar. Okay, one last one, then that I just want to show you is the Qualifax website. Okay, because if it is the case. Here we go. If it is the case that any of you do want to look into any specific course in more detail. And I just want to of course you can add in the one I'm going to talk about our economics courses. This is the one to look at. So I'm just going to type in here economics, and what type of courses are available so we've only economics, economics and finance and industry economics politics and law, and this is my one. And financial maths and you can. Oh, it's blocked. Sorry, strange. Didn't expect that to happen. Right, I'm just going to try that again. And home financial maths and economics. That's very strange. I don't know. I don't know how that has happened for. I'm just going to pop across here for second financial maths and economics. Because I know everything about scores, backwards, financial maths and economics in UI Galway. Well, what was any way Galway, and quality facts. Let's see if this works. Yeah, there we go. Okay, this is what I was anticipating that we would find. So this is the course code you don't type in onto your application from financial maths and economics. It doesn't work like that you you put in the course code. So as you can see here is g y 309. It's a level eight. It's in, and, well, was National University of Ireland is now University of Galway. It is full time. I would have to apply to the CAO. What I haven't talked about tonight is the PLC because the public will sleep in their courses because it's not a career guidance session. It is a case study of supply and demand. That's the only reason I didn't. For years here you can see there it's got a specific course subjects or course requirements. So as you can see here, you need a h fiver and all one in maths, the minimum grade of h five and two subjects and passes in four subjects in each of our each past, etc, etc. And also the points awarded for LCVP. And if you're applying as a mature student there you can see there here at the higher education access route disability access route, etc. And this is the whole CAO point of view why choose this course, the course year by year and you can form there and see what else, and what the subjects are involved in the subjects that you might also like. There are opportunities. And in here then you can see exactly what has gone on to the type of jobs the types of companies that they have gone on. I know a lot of people actually in each of those companies. And then, and in particular I would always say this is that if you want to know more reach out to the person in question. And just reach out to the person there as you can see you've got the email address and their phone number, etc. And I remember being back in that, you know, that student I think. I think I was settling on this course that they was leaving start sort of time, as opposed to I researched. I researched actually, I researched it up the wazoo in transition year for a transition year project. But I think it was, I think it was leaving certainly when I settled on this one. And I remember ringing this number and talking to keen to me who ultimately was going to go on to be my lecture. And I've actually gone back to be a speaker for financial maths and economics in in Galway since, but that's an example of how to use the Qualifax website. So for any subjects that you might be interested in and looking into. That's where to go for the course requirements and contact details, the type of subjects that's actually in there, and then the course details thereafter. Okay, so I'm going to stop sharing my screen now. I'm going to pop back over here. Check if there have been any questions, check if there has been any chats, and check if there have been any questions on Instagram, and it looks like there haven't. Okay, well on that note then just as we're coming up to time. I'm just going to thank you very much indeed for being here with me. I hope this has been useful for you on many levels, like my point was tonight was to give you an insight into the CEO show you some data analytics as well and how you actually analyze data. So I'm just going through your preparation for the project, and bearing in mind I know when the deadline is so just for anybody who is going to be either going through this as recording or otherwise. And also to give you some live updates on a press release about the CEO and fast growing jobs in Ireland as well. So as always, my, my entire purpose is to help you out in as many ways as I can. I did remember there was one last statistic sorry. I did remember there was one last statistic let me go back to that. It was on this one. Yeah, is 65%, 65%, just to show you this one. 65% of school leavers progressed to higher education, one of the highest levels in Europe, and I think that is certainly figure that's worthwhile referring to. I will be putting the recording up on our, I will be putting the recording up on our website and in case you need any of my contact details there you go. I'm at on Instagram I'm at Susan is collecting on Twitter I'm at Susan is underscore and but overall as well you can see there the positive economist calm is our website and you can register for newsletter if you haven't already there on the on our website as well. So, as I say, on that note, thank you all so much indeed for being here with me. I do wish you the very best in all that you do. I will see you for another webinar again in a couple of weeks time, you'll all be updated about that. But from me here live from Dublin. Thank you all.