 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my final explore education. I'm dr. dutch missing assistant professor department of education as is khanagol's truly college university of alhava and this time I'm going to discuss with you all the historical perspectives of higher education in India and this time in this video I am going to discuss the historical perspectives of higher education from ancient time till 1857 okay so let's start the game we have discussed the historical perspective of primary education secondary education and higher education so the perspective of higher education which is a historical perspective is very broad we we have to divide this whole circle into three videos in three ways it has to be categorized for the first time since the oldest university which was your nalanda takshi sheela university from there we went from 1857 to the first step why why 1857 because in 1857 Calcutta, Bombay and Madras are made in three universities in India then the second cycle will go on from 1857 to 1947 means the first university was made so when the country was free until then what was the state of higher education in India and then since the country was free now now our government has come and our education has come so from 1947 to 2020 sorry now so let's start the first university is in ancient India so the universities of modern India owe very little to our ancient or medieval centers of learning but one must not forget the existence of such centers since very early times means our today's universities are very old when our ancient universities are very much more than that means they are very much more than that we have not done but we should not forget that our university was very old time the parishes or assemblies of brahmins learned in debates and dharma sutras probably attracted several students desirous of acquiring knowledge like swetha ketu indi chandogya okanisha means from ancient times dharma sutras from Vedas and studies are coming to us later they are grew up well organized centers of learning of which the most famous birth takshashila nalanda we all know about the Indian years and we all know about takshashila and nalanda and we know that those who came to Akram, they burnt these Vishwa students so that our culture gets destroyed and all these things are very sad to know that I wish these Vishwa students would have been able to find out what was being taught, what was it that we could still do in the field of our knowledge and it is very sad to hear that the libraries here were burnt for a very long time, I don't remember exactly the time period, but I mean so much to read, so much material, so many books, so much Pandulypi, so much that it was not ending in burning, I mean it feels so sad, anyway, so that's why we don't know much about them, but we know that at one time they were very poor, we couldn't see them, we couldn't read them, students at nalanda often spent as many as 12 years studying the Vedas and Dupanishads, when they were able to understand the Chinese artisans or those who have written that we were the disciples of these Vishwadayas, we used to study like this, we used to pass out in the next class or go out, whatever system was there, from there we get to know a little bit, but we couldn't know much about them, so the students who were in nalanda, they told us that they used to study the Vedas and Dupanishads for about 12 years, the works of Mahayana Buddhism and Jainism and the systems of philosophy and logic, in addition to this, Mahayana Buddhism and Jainism were also taught, philosophy and logic were taught to them, Vallabhi and Kathiavar and Kanchi in the south were great centers of learning about the same time as Nalanda of Vikramshila and Udant Kuri in Bihar, so here the full stop came, that means all these were the universities at that time, this is what you are telling, then you come to the medieval industries, that is the primary and ancient Vishwadayas, the medieval Vishwadayas, while some of those Hindu centers of learning in the east and the south continued their work throughout the Middle Ages, the Muhammadan rulers encouraged the establishment of colleges, so the Muslims who ruled here, they made some colleges, which they called Madarsa, Maktab Madarsa, they used to go to the primary level on Maktab and on the upper level on Madarsa, where did they run, Lucknow, Delhi, Rampur, Lucknow, Lahore, sorry, Lahore, Delhi, Rampur, Lucknow, Allahabad, Jaunpur, Ajmer, Bidar, they opened Madarsa in all these places, the medium of instruction was mainly Arabic, Arabic language, and there were many famous scholars in Arabic teaching in the institutions of higher learning and education, while most of these institutions have disappeared, some still carry on the traditions of the old Vandarsa, now many of these institutions have ended, looked, nashed, but some still follow Madarsa's tradition, then you come to British period, that is, ancient universities, then medieval universities, then British period, so the British period was also called the 16th century, the Britishers started coming, but over the years, it took them about 200 years to reach their 7th century, so meanwhile, for some of them, for some of them, for Christianity, for Christianity, for the spread, they kept opening up some of them in the middle of the world, so tomorrow Madarsa and Benaras are talking about the Sanskrit college, first of all, that when the Muslim rulers were replaced by the British, when the Muslims, the Muslims who were going to work, when the Britishers replaced them, so they later felt the need of doing something for the education of the people, and one of the note for the acts of war and heistings, the first government general was to establish the Calcutta Madarsa, which was intended to qualify the sons of Muhammadian gentlemen for responsible and lucrative offices in the state, and the course of studies followed the traditional pattern embracing theology, logic, rhetoric, grammar, law, natural philosophy, astronomy, geometry, all of this was taught in it. The next important educational institution was established a few years later at Benaras, so first Calcutta Madarsa was opened, then a few years later, Benaras started a Sanskrit college, and its work was for the preservation and cultivation of the laws, literature, and religion of the nation. To accomplish the same purpose for the Hindus as the Madarsas for the Momentins, then you have Minto, Moira, and Ram Mohan Roy. Lord Minto's Minute written in 1811 regretted the neglect of literature and science in India and suggested improvement in existing colleges in addition to the establishment of new ones. Lord Minto wrote a Minute in 1811 that in the year of India, the scientists and the scientists were greatly affected by it, and they suffered from it, and they gave suggestions to open new colleges. Two years later, when the charter of the East India Company was being again renewed, a clause was inserted, stipulating that a sum of not less than one lakh of rupees in each year shall be set apart and applied to the revival and improvement of literature, and for the introduction and promotion of knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories in India. Modern language, modern knowledge, we should learn it. Shortly after this in 1830, and in the court of directors communicated their policy to the government of Madarsas and Bombay, who had not so far done very much for the propagation of Western education in spite of Mont's Mount Steward Elphinstone's famous Minute of 1923, urging the establishment of schools for teaching English and the different sciences. The most famous Macaulay Minute, while these developments were taking place in Bombay and Bengal, the demand for instruction in English grew more and more insistent. English books were sold by 2000 and there were practically no demand for Sanskrit or Arabic books. In order to satisfy the popular demand, English classes had been attached to the Madarsas and the Sanskrit College at Calcutta and also to the Agra College. So this is how it was going on at this time. Then it comes to the point that he discussed, Macaulay Sahib said that Act of 1830 which provided the sum of money for the revival and promotion of literature and for the introduction of knowledge of sciences among the inhabitants of British territories. He therefore came to the conclusion that the government was free to employ its funds in teaching, what was better worth knowing than Sanskrit or Arabic, what the Indian desired to learn rather than these old languages. So Macaulay Minute was approved by Governor-General Lord William Bentech. And he also said that the great object of the British government ought to be the promotion of European literature. That why the colleges of Oriental learning were not to be abolished, the practice of supporting their students during their period of education was to be discontinued. The government funds were not to be spent on the printing of Oriental words. Then comes your votes dispatch of 1854, it is also very famous that this brings us to the famous dispatch of the Sir Charles Wood to the Court of Directors of 1854 which has been described as the Magna Cart of English Education in India. It is set forth a scheme of education far wider and more comprehensive than any one which had been suggested so far. It lay down that the study of Indian languages was to be encouraged and that the English language should be taught where there was a demand for it and that both the English language and the Indian languages were to be regarded as the medium for the diffusion of European knowledge. The point of the dispatch in which we were most interested is the decision to establish universities. This is what the dispatch is. This is what the dispatch recommended that the universities should be opened. They agreed with the proposal which had been made a few years earlier to establish universities on the model of the London University. This is where the London University was located. In the same way, three universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were opened here in India. In the same way, there was Chancellor, Vice Chancellor and Senator. Today, we have been doing this for 100, 150 years. I mean, from 1947 to 2045, we are celebrating Amrit Mahatma. But still, we will reach almost 100 years in the next 25 years. In which we are also following the same model of the London University. The same Chancellor, Vice Chancellor and Senators. You see, there is a Senate Hall in the other universities. So, name all of this and everyone is coming from there. So, now your biggest milestone is that three universities are opened in the state of Britishers. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. You should know that these are the ancient mysteries of India. The universities were not immediately established. They were not immediately established. In fact, all of them were established in 1877. This is the establishment of the Calcutta, Bombay and Madras universities. And the first one was established in Calcutta, then in Bombay and then in Madras. The first university entrance examination was held at Calcutta in 1857. You see where the data came from. And all of this that I am discussing with you, I have taken this from the historical perspective of the Radha Christian Education Commission. So, I thought that I should share it with you. You should tell everyone because we are so many people who have read the Radha Christian Education Commission. So, this is a very interesting thing. I felt that Calcutta University was the first university entrance examination that was held in 1857. There were 244 candidates, including 168 pass. 13 candidates got first degree. And only 13 candidates appeared for the first degree examination of 1858. And two of them were successful. One of whom was Bunkim Chandra Chatterjee. The two of them were successful. One of them was Bunkim Chandra Chatterjee. He has written only our national anthem. National song. National anthem. Look at this. I am a little bit confused. So, you check this. So, like this, first of all, I'm going to start with our Madarsabha. Then there are your Madarsabha, Madarasan, Calcutta, the Britishers and also Biharisanswith College. And there are also many many resolutions. Ramon Rai is called like reading English is a good thing. Then there is your Chatterjee, 1813, 1833. Then there is your 1837 Woods Dispatch. And before that there is the BNT resolution. And you are recommending the 1847 Woods Dispatch. So, in this way, it is the first part of the lecture series, three lecture series. It was the first period from ancient India till 1857. And the next video I will cover from 1857 to 1947 and at last it will be covered by 1947 till 8, I mean 2 hours at least. Okay? So, thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel. That's the whole description. I have done from my side.