 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we continue studying Hull Sandhi or the consonant Sandhi. Hull Sandhi is the Sandhi that substitutes a consonant, Hull is a consonant. We stated that this Hull Sandhi can be broadly classified into two, Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Ekasthanika Dvyaadesha. This is more or less similar to what we did in the Aksandhi. However, Aksandhi has Dvisthanika Ekadesha, Hull Sandhi has Ekasthanika Dvyaadesha. So Ekasthanika Ekadesha means one substituent replaced by one substitute. And Ekasthanika Dvyaadesha means one substituent replaced by two substituents. Ekasthanika Ekadesha can be also classified under two heads, Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and also Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. So Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha is explained in this manner, A plus B in the Samhita mode, B is Para, A is Purva. In the environment of B which is Para, A is substituted by C. So this is Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. So A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output. And we are studying the Sthitva Sandhi in this regard. We studied the Sutra, Shtuhna Shtuhu. The Sutra Shtuhna Shtuhu consists of two padhas, Shtuhna and Shtuhu, 8441. Shtuhna is 3 slash 1 of Shtuh. Shtuh is composed of two elements, shah and tu. Tu means Tavarga that is Tathadhadhana, Shtuhna means in association with or in combination of Shtuhu is 1 slash 1 of Shtuhu and Sthuhu is 6 slash 1 of Sthuhu. Sthuhu means Sah and Tu, Tu means Tavarga that is Tathadhadhana, Sthuhu means in place of Sthuhu. The word Sthuhu continues from 8441. All this put together the Sutra means in the close proximity of sounds, in the combination of Shtuhu and Tu, in place of Sthuhu, substitute Shtuhu and Tu. Again in the close proximity of sounds that is Samhitayam, in the combination of Shtuhu and Tu that is Shtuhu and Tu stands for Tavarga, Tathadhadhana. In place of Sthuhu that is Shtuhu and Tu, Tu means Tavarga, Tavarga stands for Tathadhadhana, substitute Shtuhu and Tu that is Tavarga that is Tathadhadhana. We also noted that there is the principle of Yathasankhya that is playing an important role in this particular Sutra. We noted that in this Sutra there is Yathasankhya relation between Sthani and Adesha or Karyi and Karyi and no Yathasankhya relation exists between the Nimitta environment and the Sthani or Nimitta environment and the Adesha. There is no Yathasankhya relationship between Nimitta and Karyi as well as Nimitta and Karyi. This is extremely important. This can be shown in the form of a diagram in this manner. If we have Shtuhu plus Sthuhu where Shtuhu is the Purva Nimitta and Sthuhu is the Sthani. This Sthuhu is substituted by Sthuhu. So we have Shtuhu plus Sthuhu as the output. Similarly we have Shtuhu plus Na as the input and this Na will be substituted by the corresponding fifth consonant in the Tavarga namely Na. Similarly if you have Purva Nimitta ka Ekasthani ka Ekadesha where you have Sthuhu followed by Shtuhu and this Sthuhu will then be substituted by Sthuhu and Sthuhu plus Sthuhu if this is the input then this Sthuhu will be substituted by the corresponding first member of Tavarga namely Sthuhu. Similarly, if you have the plus Sthuhu the will be substituted by the corresponding third consonant of Tavarga namely Duh. So Duh plus Sthuhu will be the input, Duh plus Sthuhu will be the output. We also noted down the meaning of Shtuhu Na. This is instrumental singular of Sthuhu which is a very peculiar usage because this indicates the environment for the substitution to take place yes but this case neither indicates only one of the environments either the left hand side or the right hand side rather it indicates both left hand side as well as right hand side environments for this substitution to take place. So Sthuhu will be both left hand side as well as right hand side environment for Sthuhu Vasandhi to take place. So if you have Sthuhu plus Sthuhu where Sthuhu is the left hand side environment Urbani Mittaka and so this Sthuhu will still be substituted by Sthuhu and this is called Urbani Mittaka Ekasthanika Ekadeshu and if you have Sthuhu plus Sthuhu where Sthuhu is the Parani Mitta still this Sthuhu will be substituted by Sthuhu and the output would be Sthuhu plus Sthuhu. This is called Parani Mittaka Ekasthanika Ekadeshu. Here are the template examples. We have Tathadhana plus Sshuhu and the substitution is Tathadhana plus Sshuhu and then the right hand side environment changes in place of Sshuhu comes Sthuhu and the output is Tathadhana same and then Sthuhu as the right hand side environment and then Sthuhu and then Sthuhu and then in all these cases Tavarga is substituted by Tavarga. Let us take each and every template examples and then study the specific examples. First we have Tathadhana followed by Sshuhu and the template output is Tathadhana plus Sshuhu. In fact, this template and its examples are negated by 8443 namely Toshik but this negation indicates that it is expected from the meaning of 8441 only then the negation becomes valid. So, we have Toshik in which Tohai 61 of 2 meaning in place of 2 she is 7 slash 1 of Sshuhu meaning immediately before Sshuhu is not Sthuhu is the word that continues. This is 1 slash 1 of Sthuhu meaning substitute Sthuhu put together this sutra means immediately before Sshuhu Sshuhu consonant 2 that is Tavarga that is Tathadhana is not substituted by 2 or Tavarga that is Tathadhana. So, if we have Sun plus Shastaha where there is Nuh here followed by Sshuh here still 8441 cannot apply here because of Nuh plus Sshuh combination this is an environment of Sthuhu but still it does not apply because of this particular sutra 8443. So, Sun Shastaha is not affected is not Panimian what it means is Sun Shastaha remains as it is Sun Shastaha there is no Sandhi that takes place. Now, let us look at some other examples we have Tuh followed by Tuh so, we have Tath plus Tika so, here this Tuh is substituted by Tuh so, we have Tath Tika and Tath Tika. Similarly, we have Agnimath plus Tika and the output generated is Agnimath Tika first then this Tuh is substituted by Tuh Agnimath Tika finally, Agnimath Tika then we have Purabhid plus Teper and this Tuh is substituted by Tuh so, we have Purabhid plus Teper and then this Tuh is substituted by Tuh and so finally, we get the form Purabhid Teper then we have Yudha plus Tika and this Tuh will be first substituted by Tuh and then will be substituted by Tuh and finally, you will get the form Yutika then we have Rajan plus Tankaka where this Nuh will be substituted by Nuh and Rajan plus Tankaka further there is no process that is possible then we have Tathadhana plus Tuh as the input 8, 4 and 41 applies and the output generated is Tathadhana plus Tuh so, we have Sath plus Thakka as a compound so, Samhita is obligatory and so, the output generated by 8, 4, 41 is Sath plus Thakka when we join them together, we get the form Sath Thakka. Similarly, we have Math plus Thakka and the output generated is Mud plus Thakka and then Mud plus Thakka and then finally, Mud Thakka similarly, you have Marud plus Thakura and Marud has got the which is substituted by Duh by this Sutra Marud plus Thakura then this Duh is substituted by Tuh Marut Thakura when we join them together we get Marut Thakura then we have Yud plus Thakura in which Yud is substituted by Duh Yud plus Thakura finally, Duh is substituted by Tuh and you get Yud plus Thakura that is Yud Thakura and finally, the Sandhi that happens in between two paddas we have Sun plus Thakara both these paddas are separate and this is part of the sentence so, this is a sentential combination Sun plus Thakara and so, we get Sun plus Thakara and then we get Sandthakara as the finally, derived output next is Tathadadhana plus Duh and the output generated by the application of 8441 is Tathadadhana plus Duh. Examples are Sat plus Dhamma and the output generated is Sat plus Dhamma and then we have Sat Dhamma then we have Math plus Dhamma and the output generated is Mud plus Dhamma that is Mud Dhamma then we have Thad plus Dhammaru and this Duh is substituted by Duh so, we have Thad and Dhammaru and finally, we have Thad Dhammaru as a compound then we have Yud plus Depe and output generated is Yud plus Depe and finally, we have Yud Depe lastly, we have an example of a sentential combination where we have Sun plus Dithaha Sun plus Dithaha and this Nuh will be substituted by Nuh so, we have Sun and Dithaha Sun Dithaha that would be the output next we have Tathadadhana plus Duh Sat plus Dhundhi this is a compound so, Samhita is obligatory and so, we have Sat plus Dhundhi finally, we have Sat Dhundhi where Thad is substituted by Thad first and then Duh so, we have Sat plus Dhundhi Sat Dhundhi finally, we have Math plus Dhala and we have Mud Dhala then we have Udd plus Dhaukate and we have Duh being substituted by Duh and we have Uddhaukate then we have Yud plus Dhaka and Duh will be substituted by Duh and Yud plus Dhaka and we will get the form Yud Dhaka finally, we have Sun plus Dhaka Raha this is an example of the external Sandhi Sandhi happening between two fathers so, we have Nuh substituted by Nuh so, we have Sun Dhaka Raha Sun Dhaka Raha then we have examples where Tathadadhana is followed by Nuh and the output generated is Tathadadhana followed by Nuh so, examples are like this Sat plus Naka Ruh and Tuh will be substituted by Tuh so, we have Sat plus Naka Ruh and then some other rules will apply and we will convert the Tuh into Nuh and so, we will get Sun plus Naka Ruh that is Sun Naka Ruh there is no other natural word that begins with Nuh and therefore, the most common word that is Naka Ruh is the only example that we could take in this particular case so, Math plus Naka Ruh and Tuh will be substituted by Duh plus Naka Ruh and Duh will be substituted by Nuh and so, we will get the form Mann Naka Ruh similarly, Yad Naka Ruh, Duh will be substituted by Duh first then by Nuh first and so, we will get N Naka Ruh similar is the case with Yud plus Naka Ruh Duh will be first substituted by Duh and so, we have Yud plus Naka Ruh and then Duh will be substituted by Nuh and we will get Yud Naka Ruh similarly, we have Sun plus Naka Ruh this is part of a sentence so, this Nuh will be substituted by Nuh and we will get Sun Naka Ruh Sun Naka Ruh as the output form now, we look at the Purbanimittaka examples where we have Tuh plus Tathadhana, Tuh plus Tathadhana etcetera as the output and Tuh plus Tathadhana as the output so, if we have Tuh plus Tathadhana the examples for this template are negated by 8442, 8442 says na padantat to ranam, nuh means not padantat is 5 slash 1 of padantat at the end of a padar, Tuh means immediately after Tuh the words Tuh and Tuh are continued Tuh means in place of Tuh that is Sir and Tuh, Tuh means Tavarga that is Tathadadhana and Tuh has got the meaning substitute Tuh which is composed of Sir and Tavarga and Tavarga means Tathadhana so, the meaning of na padantat to ranam is the following immediately after Tuh which comes at the end of a padar, Tuh is not substituted by Shtuh except Naam in this exceptions two more words are added by the Bharatikakara namely Navati and Nagari the words Navati and Nagari are also to be added to the list begins with Naam so, in these three words the sound Nuh gets substituted by Nuh so, if we have Sht plus Naam and we have Sht plus Naam Nuh being substituted by Nuh and so, the negation does not apply and Nuh is substituted by Nuh so, we have Sht plus Naam and then Tuh is substituted by Sht, Sht plus Naam and so, we get Sht Naam, Tuh is substituted by Nuh similarly, we have Sht plus Navati so, na padantat to ranam would negate the stutva of Nuh but because of Naam, Navati, Nagari, Namati, Vacham this sutra does not apply in this case so, Sht plus Navati and we have Shtunashtuh applying Sht plus Navati and then Sht plus Navati that is Sht Navati similarly, Sht plus Nagari Shtunashtuh does apply because of the negation na padantat to ranam and so, we get Sht plus Nagari that is Sht Nagari so, we have a peculiar case over here in these examples where Shtunashtuh was stating the substitute of Nuh in place of Nuh in these three words na padantat to was negating it and ranam reinstated the nathva here are the observations Jalaam jashonti plays an important role in these sanheer derivations by 8239 which means at the end of a padar Jhal that is all consonants minus the fifth as well as Yavarra and L is substituted by jash that is the third consonant this 8239 is arranged before 8441 and thereby 8239 applies first and in most of the cases substitutes 1, 2, 3 and 4 of 2 into its third consonant and then this third consonant becomes an input to 8441 and is substituted by the third of the set of the substitute namely the tabarga that is Duh in case of the right hand side environment of 5 is 2 that is Nuh then this output of 8441 becomes an input of 8445 and then this output substitutes the third and the fifth consonant of 2 namely the and Nuh by the fifth of the 2 that is tabarga namely Nuh given this interrelation of rules part of 8441 enjoys redundancy. This will be the case in case of other rules as well which deal with the Halsandhi arrangement of rules dealing with Halsandhi is made in the Asiddhkanda in the Astadhyayi or in the Paninian grammar this is a hallmark of Paninian grammar and finally almost all the examples of this Halsandhi are those of external as was the case earlier that is Sandhi between two buzzers either as part of the sentence or a compound very few internal Sandhi environments are such that they fulfill the conditions of application of 8441. Thank you for your patience.