 afternoon to everyone. My colleagues and I want to present you new data provided by the archaeological analysis based on fruit and seed remains and on in the site of Latera, located in southern France. We would like to discuss about the characteristics of plant consumption and trade during the Roman times. But in order to better understand what happens during this last period and identify the new Roman plants and plant products, we will also take into account data from the previous Iron Age periods. The question of trade will be explored using amphora data for assessing possible origins. Rapada is a trading post located in a lagoon shore with a closed river, as you can see on your left. From this location, the inhabitants control not only the sea coast, but also the fluvial ways to the hinterland. This Jordan site, fortified, presents a continuous occupation for the beginnings of the 5th century BC to at least the 2nd century AD. We can observe a strong presence of, for instance, a truscant, probably merchants, in the very early moments of the site. But Greeks from Asalia quickly replaced them. During the Iron Age, we can say that Latera has a Gallic indigenous site presenting abundant elements of foreign origin. The Roman period, in the site you can see down on your right, is poorly attested in the intramural area because the upper level have been systematically removed from the medieval times. Nevertheless, systematic excavation and sampling starting from the 1988 provide us a large number of samples and contexts for archibotanical studies. Concerning fruit and seed remains, this presentation is based on the analysis of 557 samples that provide around 340,000 remains. You can see in colors the different zones concerned by archibotanical analysis representing the whole occupation sequence. The Roman period is represented by the jagged zones. You have four zones. And the green circles, which are wells. Plant remains in Latera are preserved, charred, waterlock, and mineralized. Charring is very common for the whole sequence, while waterlock remains are only present during the 5th and 4th centuries BC and for the Roman times. So we have a gap in the middle. We have only charred remains. In general, among cereals, harlot barley and naked wheat are the most common species, followed by emmer and millet. Polses are also well represented, especially lentils and grass peas. Concerning fruits, grapevine is the best recorded during the whole sequence, followed by oils and figs. We must note the diversification of fruits, as you can see on the bottom, during the Roman times, with the arrival of many different species, such as peaches, walnuts, pine nuts, et cetera. The gathering of wild fruits, such as blackberries or hazelnuts, is observed, but not very important. Other cultivated plants, such as flax, coriander, or garlic, are punctually attested. If we focus on the major crops in the intramural city, we can observe, according to the total number of remains among the cultivated plants, that three packs are predominant, harlot barley in blue, naked wheat in red, and grapevine in purple. Note the progressive development of grapevine and the high percentages from the second half of the third century BC to the beginning of the third century AD, what seems to show not only the importance of the fruit, but actually also the importance of the activity of wine making. If we now see the distribution of the three packs, not only from the number of remains, but also from the ubiquity values in red, we can see they're important during the whole occupation sequence. And we can also observe that grapevine here on the left is clearly predominant between the third and the first century AD. We have to say that grapevine remains mainly come from concentrations of several thousand of victims. What reveals, certainly, wine making waste. From a regional point of view, this is a particular trend of latter. We can affirm that viticulture and wine making is an important activity in this Mediterranean region, but it's developed for the moment at the end of the Iron Age at a local and not yet regional level. If we now see the distribution of olives and figs, we can observe that the number of remains is not very high and even ubiquity values are quite low. The fact that they both appear during the oldest and the most recent phases is due to their preservation as waterlock material. Finally, concerning fruits, we can also note the presence of exotic products, such as bottle guard, melon and cucumber, garlic, and almonds during the fifth century BC. This exotic or luxury species won't be tested again until the Roman times. When, as we said previously, the quantity and the diversity of fruit species will considerably increase. We would like to come back to viticulture and wine making because, as we have just seen, they are one of the major economic activities of the sea. Several years ago, Michel-Pierre Ramon Bouchot already showed, with the graph you have on the left, the importance of this activity from the third century BC to the term of era. At the moment, they didn't have data from the old periods, and they didn't take into account the Roman period. New data from these two periods show different interesting things. First, I have to say that for making this graph, we have also compared the great vanskerb that you have here with the proportions of anthra among the total number of fragments of pottery. We can clearly see the predominance in blue of Masaliet anthra for the oldest period, being replaced by italic anthra in red, until the beginning of the second century, which are replaced in turn by italic anthra in orange during the turn of era. During the last Roman phases in green, you can also see African anthra. The three first types of anthra are wine anthra. The last one produced in gold. Actually, a workshop of Gallic anthra has been found in Latara, what explains the big peak that you can see on the graph. What does it mean? For us, until the Roman times, wine anthra comes from abroad, which leaves us thinking that wine, or the importation of wine, is quite important at the city. However, we have several archaeological evidence showing the local production of wine in Latara from at least the middle of the fifth century before. Like a wine press found in a courtyard is still in place. Wine making waste composed of several thousand of great peeps found into a clay container also dated to the first century BC. And the gradient traces of a vineyard of 2.4 hectares dated to the third and second century BC situated around 500 meters to the north of the city. What happens during Roman times? If we exclude the first century BC, the high-end fire levels show an enormous fall of grapevine remains just at the moment when Latara inhabitants are producing gallic anthra for exportation of wine. So it doesn't seem very logical for us this fall of this grapevine remains. We have already said several times before that all this data come from the city levels. From 216, 2000, sorry, and 16, new excavations are done extramural in the Roman port basin. The work is still in progress, but the two last archaeological campaigns have recorded a channel in gray on your right. Probably built around the end of the second century BC, allowing ships to enter to the port warehouses and a workshop quarter in red with levels dated to the first and second AD, which is real near the channel. The channel is almost sealed during the second century AD with lots of pottery, different types of objects, stones, and of course organic rubbish. Thank you. So the new data coming from these excavations see that Vitis vinifera doesn't really disappear during the Roman times, but it doesn't have the same levels as during the end of the Iron Age period. We have here a classical example for us of overrepresentation or underrepresentation due to counting methods, because for that moment thick peeps remains are very, very important. So I think that we have to do new calculations in order to better understand the real importance of grapevine during the Roman times. To summarize from this period, we have great amounts of wine making waste for the, sorry. During the Roman times, we have just talked about the importance of figs, and but we still don't know its real importance. The same is true for olives. They look like more abundant in the port levels, but are still minority compared to grapevines. And we can also say that in this level, we are finding a lot of new taxa, typically Roman, such as peaches, walnut, pine nuts, plum cherries. And what is also interesting for us is that some new luxury goods and ornamental plants, like juju and cypress, are also appearing. And this is the first recorded findings of these species at the site. Concerning, sorry. Regarding to agriculture and other economic activities, we must say that we don't have enough data to judge the role of cereals and policies in the economic system of the city. Haled barley and naked wheat still seem to be very important, but we cannot say anything else because we don't have enough remains. Local wine making seems to be one of the major economic activities, but we don't have also production structures. We don't have presses. We don't have vaccines. We have anything at all. It's still very difficult also to distinguish the characteristics of local fruit growing because charcoal and pollen analysis are still in progress. So this is what we are going to do during the next campaigns. And finally, well, regarding to the Roman and archaeological data, we can also conclude that the management of the household and production waste seems to have changed compared to the iron age periods. Organ spaces are clean and waste is thrown away outside the city. And probably economic activities, such as wine making, have also been moved towards the suburban areas. Roman concerning amphora, we have to also say that the garlic amphora which is produced in the site are mostly from G1 forms what are showing a trade but in a very small scale distance. It's not for an exportation of wine to a very, very long distance. So I mean, trade or at least wine distribution seems to be really of, quite local, as we say, sorry. And to conclude, the site of Flatera offers for us a good vision of the economic and social characteristics and the evolution in an indigenous context open to foreign Mediterranean influences from the iron age to the Roman times. So local wine making seems important at least from the first century BC but we cannot assume a real distribution of wine even at a small scale, even if the production of garlic amphora is attested in the city. The importation of foreign plants or plant products during the Roman times seems to follow the tendency of other indigenous sites in Languedoc. The presence of exotic or luxury goods is not very abundant. And all of these can lead us to think that Flatera is little romanized because it doesn't present the same characteristics as other cities or, I mean, contenturnous cities like Narbonne, Nîm or Avila. Finally, we would like to drive your attention to the importance, as has been said, of sampling diversified contexts, urban, suburban, habitat, and others because they offer different and complementary data to understand the whole economic and social issues from a site. And I'm sorry for the time and I thank you for your attention. Thank you.