 Well for some reason you run out of the questions on the book of Isaiah I got 60 here and I'll keep bringing 60 every week because I've learned for a class of this size You need four times as many handouts as people that are here, so they're here and Thank you for making up those copies of those scripture passages on God's mercy and death because I forgot to bring them I hear they're already here and I'll bring some more next week in that case and Yeah, you heard about the cold weather of my sons in North Carolina, and he called me says dad it's nine degrees here and How did you ever handle I said I just can't stand being outside at nine degrees and So I says well remember I told you that when I was in Canada I played hockey when it was 15 below But I said what I didn't tell you was when it was 15 below there was no bench We played the entire time you have to in order to stay warm enough When it's that cold and so there's what what did you do when you had and I said well There's plenty of ranks and so we would just make sure we would just you know I'll go to the different ranks, but nobody sat in the bench when I got that cold What was hard for me was when I was on the optical telescope, and we had to do an eight-hour run At 15 below and that's hard. So you're basically just standing around You're looking at the eyepiece and you're trying to guide This star to get the spectra just right for eight straight hours. That was hard to do I don't know why you could try that that generally basically basically guiding it at 15 below You know it's not just keeping the telescope sorry you got to make it or the so that what that was hard to do And so my son said well dad, what's the coldest you've ever experienced as well the coldest was 45 below And so what's that like? Well, it's kind of like what Dave was sharing Where you would spit and your spit would be frozen solid when it hit the ground and would actually shatter And so you spit me here and you'd hear it shatter when it hits the ground My son's common is that dad that's cool in both senses of the word so But when it gets that cold you have to wear special clothing Matter of fact what I read is that when Siberia in that one place where it got down to 89 below a Couple of people actually died trying to walk from the car to the front door of a farmhouse That was literally just a few hundred yards away Because they didn't have the appropriate clothing you actually have to well even a 45 below you got to wear a Parka with a special kind of hood that's got kind of a tube But you know all you get to do is see what's directly in front of you Why the air has to warm before it gets to your nostrils? Otherwise you wind up freezing the trachea in your lungs, which is why in Canada No one can be made to work outside when it gets colder than minus 40 and so the telescope I was at Something went wrong when I was 45 below Guess who had to go outside and fix it yeah, because no engineer or mechanic would go outside So I'd have to go out and do it You say well what what went wrong well actually what happened on the telescope the grease would freeze And so the telescope would stop moving and so I would go outside with a cold chisel and hammer away the frozen grease And the telescope would work again, so Yeah, and you have to do that every few hours, so Anyway, aren't you glad you live in Southern, California? The rest of the country is freezing, but we're doing great in fact Yeah, I mean didn't we have the coldest day of the year this morning and it didn't even didn't even see any frost I mean jeez what a bunch of whims you are here. Okay Let me dive into this We're gonna get you into the book of Isaiah today I got a little introduction prepared for you, but several of you asked me a couple weeks ago Could you please show us all the photos that have been taken for shows both the moon and the earth and Your Tim you're talking about how Viking was the first one to do it Voyager pardon me Voyager, right? this is the Voyager photo that's it and shows the moon and the earth together and This one as probably I think this is my favorite. This is one from the Chinese space agency and Shows you the earth up there and the moon to the bottom. Yeah, that's easier. You turn the lights out And so they went just past the moon and took that shot and the one I showed you last week was this one with the oscisaurus Spacecraft that's on its way to mine The mine samples from an asteroid shows you the earth and the moon and as I mentioned last week They had to brighten up the image of the moon quite a bit because the albedo of the moon is actually only about 8% Only 8% of the light that hits the moon actually gets reflected away So it's very dark compared to the earth, but they brighten it up so that you could see it and as I mentioned last week the Actual distance between the earth and the moon is 30 moon diameters So yeah, it's a lot more farther apart than what you see and that shot there Okay, I'm gonna talk to you about a scientific discovery. I got a blog article coming on it So if you're a follower of reasons.org you will see this But what's been happening of late is that you've got two groups of people Atheists and young earth creationists who actually agree on something. They agree that the Big Bang model is wrong for completely different reasons The young earthers don't like Big Bang cosmology because it makes the universe way too young Atheists don't like it because it makes it. Pardon me way too old. Atheists don't like it as it makes it way too young and so The fact that it's 14 billion years Is a problem for both certain Atheists and young earth creationists and kind of the heart of this in the last year As they've been saying well The Big Bang model only works the Big Bang creation model only works if you've got about five or six times more Dark matter than you do baronic matter. You say what's the difference? I used to refer to as ordinary matter an exotic matter But the terminologies change in the astronomical literature So they call a baronic matter which mostly people have no clue what that means and then dark matter Okay, baronic matter refers to all the matter that's made up of protons neutrons and electrons So that includes everything we're used to which is why you used to call ordinary matter so our suns made up of that the earth is made up of that your body is made up of that and the dark matter what they used to call exotic matter and That's matter. That's made up of particles that are different from protons neutrons and electrons and that they do not interact Very well with photons. That's the property of the matter. We're used to it strongly interacts with light But there's a whole bunch of particles out there that don't interact with light at all Or they interact very weakly with light. So for example there are neutrinos Which would be part of this dark matter. They do not interact well with light and Because they don't interact well with light you literally got trions and neutrinos flowing through your body all the time And it doesn't do you any harm at all because they simply can't interact With a photon so it doesn't do you any damage and then incidentally you have Literally quintillions of neutrinos flowing through the earth and they never hit anything Now Neutrinos are different. They weakly interact with photons So every once in a while you'll get an interaction, which is why they build these neutrino tech detectors 2,000 feet underground Where they get to shield everything from cosmic radiation and they just surround their huge vats of the fluid with Photometers and they look for those rare instances where a neutrino will weakly interact with light and they pick up the signal So when that means we've been able to determine that the Sun is pouring out Huge quantities of neutrinos from its nuclear furnace That's one reason why we can be confident that the Sun is actually burning through nuclear fusion We see the neutrinos and the fusion reactor reaction is really the only possible source of those Neutrinos, I'll tell you what's interesting though the neutrinos we get from the Sun's furnace We get them within eight minutes after they're made inside the solar furnace It takes a hundred thousand years for the photons that are generated in the nuclear furnace to reach us here on earth And so what's really interesting is neutrinos tells what's going on in the Sun right now The photons tells what's going on in the Sun a hundred thousand years ago the center of the Sun Okay, so you have the photons when the surface of the Sun get to us in eight and a quarter minutes The photons that are generated in the furnace in the Sun which is very center of the Sun takes a hundred thousand years To travel from the very center of the Sun to get to the surface where they're admitted and get to us But because the neutrinos didn't don't interact well with photons. They just zip right through the Sun and So we get them literally within just eight minutes Photons takes a long time and that was how By the way off the subject I was going to talk about but that's how Astronomers know that we've been an extremely stable luminosity phase For the past fifty thousand years It's because of the neutrinos coming out of the Sun allows to determine what the photon production was 100,000 years ago and based on that we know the Sun has entered into an exceptional phase of its history Because for most of the Sun's history we didn't have this stability. We have it now We discovered that through neutrinos, but neutrinos are really the only exotic matter particles we found and We know that it's not enough to save the big bang model The big bang model would be in real deep trouble if the only Exotic matter or dark matter we knew about were neutrinos But you know what big bang cosmologists said well these other particles are going to be harder to detect the neutrinos Look how hard it is to find a neutrino These other particles are going to be even more difficult to find and that's why we haven't found them and The big bang model is not in trouble, but the skeptics have said this All you got is indirect evidence for this matter You don't have any direct evidence for this matter Until a couple weeks ago Okay, but first of all I want to share with you the indirect evidence is More than adequate to establish we have enough dark matter in the universe to fit the predictions of big bang cosmology as because whether it's ordinary matter or exotic matter it will exert a gravitational influence and So neutrinos are they have a very tiny mass But they behave just like every other massive particle. They're subject to the law of gravity and you'll law of gravity Massive bodies attract one another and so if you've got lots of this dark matter out there It's going to exert a gravitational influence Now the one I found you know, I've been speaking about this with Younger creation So what I found that to be most effective in persuading people. Yes, there really is About five and a quarter times more Dark matter than there is ordinary matter is by looking at gravitational lenses You say what's a gravitational lens? Well, here's a photo of a gravitational lens We could turn the light off again What you see here is a foreground galaxy so there's a giant red galaxy in the foreground and directly behind it is a blue galaxy and Because of the gravitational influence of this red galaxy It has bent the light of the blue galaxy behind it and is for what we call an Einstein ring Because if you remember anything from your physics class Einstein's theory of general relativity Tells us that a massive body will bend a beam of beam of light that passes close to it And so that's what's happened here is that the light radiated by the blue galaxy has been bent by the gravity of the Red galaxy here, but we can calculate the amount of ordinary matter in this red galaxy Just by looking at all the stars and the gas that's there that tells us how much Baronic matter is in this galaxy But it's not enough to explain this Einstein ring in order to explain the dimensions of this Einstein ring we need a little more than five times as much matter as what we can actually see in the stars and the gas of this particular galaxy However people have said well, that's an indirect method, but it is a persuasive method telling us there's got to be more mass Bending that light then what we can see in the protons neutrons and electrons And so you kind of do the math this is the total amount of mass We subtract off the mass of baronic matter the rest has got to be This exotic matter which has a property that doesn't interact well with light You say well, it couldn't be some other kind of matter. Well, wait a minute. We just figured it out One kind of matter strongly interacts with light the definition of this dark matter slash exotic matter It does not interact strongly with light and so all that Extra mass has got to be this dark matter. Okay, that's one method Here's another method is to look at a cluster of galaxies This is in the news just this past few days Because NASA just released this image and this is not the highest resolution image It actually reads one with 7,000 by 3,000 pixels. So you want to go online you can see it But of all the objects to see in here only to our stars You can recognize the stars because they have these spiky patterns on it Everything else is a galaxy And so you just see just thousands of galaxies in this one and this is actually a galaxy cluster Oh, here's another star down here three stars. Sorry Four stars. I see one over here, too But everything else is a galaxy and what's amazing is this is a cluster of galaxies 7 billion light years away and You know as the universe gets older and older These galaxy clusters get bigger because they merge But this ranks as the biggest galaxy cluster at that distance Literally Like 10,000 galaxy members in it But what is brand new is that astronomers even though this is because we got powerful telescopes today We can look at these individual galaxies and determine their motion The spectrum will tell you how fast it's moving And so they've done this with thousands of these galaxies and by looking at the motions that they exert Because what's causing these galaxies to move relative to one another is gravity and So again is similar to the gravitational lens They look at the movements of these galaxies relative to one another and they can determine Where the ordinary matter is the baronic matter is and then they realize there's got to be a whole lot more matter involved And actually to give you the details of this These are actually two giant galaxy clusters and in a process of merging and becoming a super galaxy cluster And so actually can see two different concentrations So what I'm going to show you the next slide is the same galaxy cluster But with an overlay or based on the movements of the galaxies relative to one another That blue stuff you see there shows you the position and the concentration So the more intense the color the greater the concentration But everything blue here is the dark matter the exotic matter component not the ordinary matter component So you can actually see how they determine. Yes, it's two clusters coming together Because the exotic matter actually plays a much bigger role in this then The baronic matter that we see here and so this is one way we had reasons to believe and others have been saying The Big Bang model does not in trouble matter of fact We see exactly the amount of exotic matter that the Big Bang model would predict and it's an actually a great success of Big Bang cosmology that it has correctly predicted the existence of this exotic matter and has actually predicted the quantity and it's exactly what we see and Gravitational lenses as well as in the velocity movements of these individual galaxies in the cluster. Yeah, Tim Yeah, it's a series of calculations basically they looked at the velocities of these galaxies relative to one another Figured out how much of it is due to baronic matter the rest of it's got to be due to this exotic dark matter and then they wound up making a map as a result now The brighter areas mean you got more of the exotic matter there And this is how they were able to demonstrate the fact it was the mapping of the exotic matter It was able to persuade astronomers These are two giant galaxy clusters and they're a process of merging to one another because you actually see to In fact if I were to go back one slide It's rather challenging to look at the ordinary chemistry to senior here You're seeing the ordinary matter a baronic matter It's a bit challenging to look at that and say wow these are two galaxy clusters in the process of merging together It's not that obvious, but when you look at this one it becomes quite clear Yeah, look at those concentrations and yeah This is clearly in the process of merging to become a big galaxy cluster and incidentally this provides an independent Demonstration that the Big Bang creation model is correct because it is showing us as we look farther back in time Farther way hence farther back in time the galaxy clusters are smaller and They're in the process of merging together to become bigger galaxy clusters And so looking seven billion light years away and seven billion years back in the past We're actually seeing that that is taking place. Yes Okay exotic dark matter as matter made up of particles or the particles unlike Protons neutrons and electrons do not interact with photons They either don't interact at all or the interact at a very weak level like the neutrinos do and There was a time we thought neutrinos is the answer But we know what the quantity of neutrinos are in the universe and it's way too small to account for what we're seeing here Well Okay, the reason why you get critics of Big Bang cosmology is because the only Exotic dark matter particles we've detected are neutrinos And we know that's not enough to account for and they're basically saying because you failed to detect these other particles Or you have no basis for being confident in Big Bang cosmology and The pushback is this well given that they interact so weakly with the photons They're not going to be detectable by the instrumentation we have now But this tells us that they must exist and they've got speculations I can tell you the most favored candidate for what they think is the dominant component of exotic dark matter would be axioms But there's a total of 38 different candidate particles that they've been able to develop just by looking at particle physics And so theoreticians have been looking at the 56 fundamental particles We know exists and say okay in order to make everything fit What kind of exotic dark matter particles do we need so they've talked about neutrinos they've talked about axioms sterile neutrinos in One of my books, I think it's the creator of the cosmos Actually give you a list of all the speculated particles, but they're speculated however Astronomers are quite close to actually coming over the positive protection of axioms And right now it looks like axioms probably are the dominant component But they've not yet been detected in a way well the one paper I've seen said we have a signal of axioms Where the signal is three and a half times above the noise? But that's not enough to win you the Nobel Prize The minimum standard in astronomy and physics you can't claim a detection until the signal is more than five times above the noise We're not there yet. Okay. Yes, Gary Okay, what they're saying is a general relativity does not explain that all the dynamics of the universe So we were to go back to this thing here They would say some other kind of physics explains that it's not dark matter And so they come up with things like a mom which is called modified Newtonian dynamics And I'm trying to say this is the alternative to general relativity And then they got other ways of trying to make everything fit Well, yeah, there's lots of papers published on this but that's a fairly active field of publication right now Looking at general relativity and Big Bang cosmology and the alternatives But what Big Bang cosmology and general relativity got going for it? observations These other things are speculations Although there are papers published where they said we think we can get a more accurate picture of the Spiral structure of spiral galaxies looking the dynamics of the distance spiral arms than you can with general relativity And I have wrote a blog article on this so almost a year ago Where I made the point they've now done more detailed observations and basically turn it the other way around Yeah, you can make the mod model work for those Distance spiral arms on big spiral galaxies, but actually general relativity gives you an even better Explanation standard Newtonian dynamics They hope they can come up with something else and if my main critique of the modified Newtonian dynamics Yeah, they've been able to find one area in astrophysics where they get just as good a fit As you would get with standard Newtonian dynamics and general relativity, but it's the only place Everywhere else things are distorted But they're saying hey, we think we get a better fit here And they're using that to kind of overturn the whole paradigm and keep in mind a lot of this is theologically motivated I mean the Bible predicted Big Bang cosmology thousands of years ago We're gonna see that as we go into the book of Isaiah the book of Isaiah says more about Big Bang cosmology than any of the book ever written until the 20th century and So that explains why in the early part of the 20th century Astronomers were not Christians were very opposed to the Big Bang Basically because they recognized that if they accept the Big Bang is basically saying the Bible got it right The Christians got it right What the Bible says about the universe is correct and they're saying we can't have that and the other thing was it made universe way too young in order to sustain biological evolution the idea that life originated and Evolved without any divine intervention. They said hey, we're only talking billions of years isn't gonna work And that's why I said earlier you got two groups that don't like the Big Bang One group doesn't like it because it makes the universe too young another group doesn't like it because it makes the universe too old And they've been basically saying and incidentally it's not just dark matter a lot of them going after dark energy Saying dark energy is wrong dark matter is wrong and on both cases We've got this kind of indirect evidence That dark energy makes up nearly three-quarters of the stuff of the universe But we have yet to determine exactly what's responsible for that dark energy Cosmological constant of Albert Einstein's the favorite explanation, but we don't yet have proof There are other explanations out there same thing with the exotic matter is that we got this strong indirect evidence But we haven't yet detected the particles and measured the quantity of particles as I said earlier until a couple weeks ago It looks like we're getting close and what happened is yes Okay as far as the axioms go It's based on the assumption that yes, although these exotic dark matter particles don't interact with light they will decay and There's speculations about the decay time and so we don't know that but for example if you get an exotic dark matter Decaying it's possible in the decay process. It'll interact with photons which case you get to see it and so and that's kind of what's happening in the Discovery that was announced in physical review D just literally days ago as I said we think we're seeing the decay signal so however There again We don't have anything that's distinctive saying this is the particle This is the decay rate They're still working this out, but again the bottom line is why be so skeptical when we realize just how extremely Challenging these observations are but I'll tell you where they made that publication of a single noise ratio of three and a half They were looking at a white dwarf binary star And looking at the rate at which it's cooling and they said it's cooling too fast and Therefore there's extra cooling and they said we think the extra cooling is result of axion decay and Therefore they published a paper saying we see excess cooling and But the civil noise ratio was just three and a half but the reason why they the paper got published even though they didn't have the Demanded civil noise ratio. They basically said all we looked at was one white dwarf binary What if we look at hundreds of look at hundreds of them we can drive the civil noise ratio Way up and they're basically saying announcing to the asteroid community. This is a worthwhile project to undertake Yeah, I mean, it's actually underway now. Nothing's been published since but hey the paper was just published a little less than a year ago Saying hey, we think we're seeing the signal of axion decay and his white dwarf binary Well, there's hundreds of white dwarf binaries out there So we simply devote the observing time to it We'll be able to figure out whether this is really right or wrong and it was fun about the astronomers engaged in this saying The large hadron collider people are trying to find axions over there in Switzerland and France We think we can do it for point zero zero zero one percent of the money they're gonna have to spend the due to the large Because observing white dwarf binaries, I mean, they're relatively bright object You don't need big telescopes and so it simply requires a lot of astronomer observing time But astronomers aren't paid that well, so it's a lot cheaper than what they're trying to do there However, I'm all in favor guys of the particle physicists of the large hadron collider Because their efforts of trying to detect axions are trying to measure very different properties at the axions and what the astronomers are going after in These white dwarf binaries So yeah, we need to do both and that's I think was so exciting today for the first time in the history of humanity Particle physics and astrophysics is studying the same subject. Isn't that amazing you got businesses We're looking at the smallest things we can ever conceive of and you got businesses looking at the biggest things We can possibly conceive of and they're studying the same subject I mean, what an amazing time to be alive. Okay Theory of everything well theory of some things. Okay, go ahead I have a question It seems like what you're saying is that there is considerable bias in the scientific community Where they want the universe to turn out to be static or eternal, right? There's some of that and I want to make this clear, but it's pretty objective No, it's a very tiny minority Okay, the evidence for big bang cosmology is so overwhelming That you only got a handful of skeptics left Okay, so just because I was strong the observational evidence is Okay, so that was my comment from a late person And just to go back a little bit when you were showing on the slide of the the two galaxies combining If I heard You and Tim correctly The blue right there. It's not actually the light. It's actually like some kind of Digital manipulation just to show the dark Matter is yeah, it's basically strong over saying No, there's no light. There's nothing blue coming out of that at all. Yeah, I just overlaid then said this is actually a Calculated map of the position and the quantity of the exotic matter Just to show people where it is So but yeah, it doesn't actually emit any light at all Okay, let me move on to the actual discovery And it was looking at the Perseus cluster of galaxies No, the Perseus cluster is much closer than this one So like here's a slide of the Perseus cluster of galaxy. This is basically just the central part of it But what's interesting about this Perseus cluster of galaxies, maybe we could turn the light out again is that The core of this cluster of galaxies has giant galaxies That are highly active What I mean by highly active. This is the most active one right here. You can just see all kinds of stuff Going on there Is that there's these super giant black holes? at the core and Every large galaxy has a big black hole at its core But in this particular cluster of galaxies, we have Black holes of the cores of the larger galaxies That are coming in at close to a billion times the mass of the sun And to put it in comparison The supermass of black hole that's at the center of our galaxy It only has three million times the mass of our star sun So we're looking at much bigger black holes and when you got bigger black holes Their gravity is stronger and they wind up sucking stuff into it And what happens with a black hole when it's sucking ordinary matter towards it? It's basically converting that matter into energy E equals mc squared And where we see the greatest efficiency is right next to a black hole when a black hole Is basically tearing matter apart and drawing it inside And causing it to move at a high velocity How you actually get a conversion rate Of the matter to energy. That's a little bit above 10 And to put that in context The nuclear furnace at the core of our sun Converts matter into energy at 0.07% efficiency And hey, look how bright the sun is and it burns for, you know, nine billion years But this is far more intense than that And so what a team of astronomers did Is they looked at these bigger galaxies in the Perseus cluster And they detected a particular Line of x-ray radiation The 3.5 kiloelectron volt X-ray line and they saw it consistently in the bigger galaxies And they observed it with three different x-ray telescopes Now these telescopes of course have to be outside of the earth And so they're orbiting the earth because our atmosphere literally blocks it all the x-rays But we now have three big x-ray telescopes orbiting the earth And they observed these galaxies with all three because each of the three has a slightly different design So it's sensitive to different parts of the x-ray emission from these galaxies But the paper they published in physical review d basically makes the point The only way we can explain the radiation That we're seeing at this 3 kiloelectron volts x-ray emission is if these galaxies the What they call the nucleus of the galaxy where the black hole is converting stars and gas into pure energy If that's happening in such a way That you're getting Emission from exotic matter at a very weak level And it's being absorbed by in words. What's happening is you've got this radiation being emitted From the cores of these giant galaxies And the exotic matter is absorbing that radiation And re-emitting it at a different wavelength They said every other explanation doesn't work That the only explanation that's consistent with everything we see Is if there's this absorption Taking place by exotic matter and re-emission Now this is the closest astronomers have gotten to making a direct detection of exotic matter Based on the Perseus cluster and the five astronomers have published has basically said hey This is probably the easiest place to do the work, but we can do it on other clusters of galaxies We can do it on galaxies that are closer to us Basically, we're saying the test of this is Any large active galaxy what they mean by an active galaxy where there's a super giant black hole That is sucking ordinary matter into it where we get this very efficient conversion of matter to energy They said if what we're doing is on target, we're going to see the same impact in galaxies literally around the universe And they said we've got it started here This is something that should be relatively straightforward to confirm. All you need is lots of telescope time But they basically need telescope time on these three Orbiting let's say it's a chandra spacecraft the atomi spacecraft by the japanese And the third one is by the british the newton telescope And so they're basically saying Let's get more time on these telescopes and look at more of these giant active galaxies And see if we can nail this down and part of the motivation is this If we can actually not only determine that there's absorption and re-emission But measure exactly how much absorption re-emissions going on We might be able to nail down exactly what kind of exotic dark matter particle is responsible for this And the paper they published has said we don't have good enough data to establish that but hey, let's get started so Yes So Some speculated exotic dark matter particles like sterile neutrinos Don't interact with photons at all Which means the only way you're going to detect them is by the gravitational influence Neutrinos not the sterile kind but the kind like the tau neutrino It interacts with photons very weakly Which means you need a really expensive detector deep underground to have any hope and you've got to wait years to get enough Detections to actually say hey, we see what's going on And so what they're saying is we're finding that kind of exotic matter The kind that interacts with radiation weakly Which is why they needed such a powerful source of photons to start with And so that was kind of what they were doing is saying let's look for that region of the universe Where we see the most intense concentration of photon emission Because of there's exotic matter there that's interacting weakly with photons It's going to be easier to see there than other places of the universe So that's why they picked on these Really big galaxies with these super giant black holes that are sucking in ordinary matter because it said if it's weakly interacting That's our best shot of finding it and they basically announced in physical review d. We saw it So that that's that's the discovery Okay Yes The light comes in it's electromagnetic radiation And it's bent Yes It's bent The force for bending it is the gravitation Right the gravity is what forces the bend So that's essentially gravitons That's bending that light way Yeah, but we're not going to detect the gravitons Well, that's that's what I'm trying to get at is is um That become We have the bending of the bending of the photon ray By the gravitation or by gravity which we think is I mean Our best maybe only explanation is that the gravitational forces do the gravitation Well, basically what's happening here is it doesn't matter what kind of mass is responsible for it. It will bend the light Whether it's ordinary matter or exotic matter is going to bend the light the same way All you need to know is the quantity of mass And so that's what they basically did here They looked at the degree of bending we see here in this Einstein ring and said we now know the total amount of matter That's responsible for bending this light and we know that the ordinary matter is not enough to account for it There's got to be this exotic matter and it's got to be at least five times more abundant than the ordinary matters To explain this ring that we see Now this is one example astronomers now actually have Almost a hundred different examples Of a gravitational bending like this And also we've been be able to detect planets In fact one paper got published where they found a planet in the Andromeda galaxy by using gravitational lenses Only in that case what they're doing is they're actually using a star The gravity the star bends the light of a planet that's directly behind it That only works if it's exactly in the line of sight you can tell this wasn't exactly in the line of sight but really close If it's exactly in the line of sight you would get a complete circle And this is this is the best Einstein ring yet image because you've got like 90 percent Of the ring present, but if it's exactly behind you would get a hundred percent You see what happens if it's like less than that? Well, there are times where they see what it's called an einstein cross We basically get one patch of light here a patch of light here one here and one here That's because it's not quite exactly in the line of sight Or he might just get an arc part of an arc And so i'm showing you the best example But we have dozens of other examples where you see part Of the einstein ring rather than almost all of it like you do here And notice you can actually determine what that blue galaxy looks like We know that it must be a young galaxy Because it's dominated by blue stars rather than the old red stars that you see in this galaxy And you can see that hey, it's a galaxy that must have really prominent spiral arms Because you can actually see some of this structure here So it's amazing just looking at the ring how much you can learn about the galaxy that's directly behind it. Yes I know that this absorption and readmission that we're seeing comes in dark matter From something directors just that we have eliminated all possible sources of baryonic matter Yeah, you're exactly right what you see in the paper Is that they've eliminated any possible ordinary matter explanation For this signal that they're seeing Now this isn't the first time they've seen it They have seen an individual galaxy that made this paper prominent They looked at this cluster and every really big galaxy that's got a super giant black hole They saw the same signal and not just with one telescope. They saw it in all three telescopes And so this is why there's such excitement about this paper they're saying this really removes any doubt They're actually seeing the absorption of this electromagnetic radiation by exotic matter and its re-emission So and also it's basically saying we can do a whole lot more. So This is going to yeah All we need is observing time So and that's part of what goes on in astronomy By the way, papers like this give publish But the bottom line it's astronomers wanting more telescope time because after all it's not easy to get telescope time On one of these orbiting x-ray telescopes They're expensive to run and everybody's competing to get the time But I think they're going to get the time Because this is a groundbreaking discovery. So Within a few years like you're going to see a lot more confidence But I'm predicting this should really tamper or temper The objections to big bang cosmology from the future meaning skeptics Well What's interesting is I've been engaging young earth creations tin. They said hey If you think this is really on target show us the exotic dark matter now we can show them the exotic dark So and what I've noticed is That they are step by step being persuaded. I mean for example Danny Faulkner, who is a young earth astronomer Just published an article on the answers and jennison's website saying we got to stop denying exotic matter It says it's real And we got to stop denying this dark energy. It's real. They're just wrong on the other things But on that part they got it right Kind of humorous Well, I I was actually on a show a few years ago and what he told me is I'm old earth when it comes to the evidence. I'm young earth when it comes to my emotions So now maybe he's changed his position since but what he told me was I was led to the lord by young recreations I've got a strong emotional commitment to them I'm with them because they're the ones that brought me to the lord. They says Hugh I know the physical evidence is on the side of an old earth creationist And we haven't had a chance to talk about what about the biblical evidence And just to check I found that whenever I'm addressing a young earth audience I talked to him about the bible. I don't talk to him about the science Just take him through all the bible texts and show them Hey, if you want to read all 66 books consistently, it can't be done from a young earth perspective It's got to be done from the perspective of a day age Interpretation of the creation days and incidentally every young earth creation a scholar admits Admits that the word yulm has distinct literal definitions one of which include the long period of time Their whole point is while the plain reading of the text would be 24 hours But hey was the plain reading of the text when I was 17 that persuaded me they had to be long periods of time I mean what got me the first time we're putting up the book of genesis is There's no evening and morning for the seventh day And uh, there would be if the seventh day was finished, but there isn't There's no evening and morning. So the first six days are finished, but not the seventh day And hey, we keep reading into the bible Remember 66 books you're one of the psalm 95 john 5 and hebrus 4 Which all tell us we're still in god's seventh day And sometimes I share this when I give my personal story is that When I was 11 years of age 10 and a half or 11 My parents were really worried that I was being obsessive about physics and astronomy I mean, I guess as parents you would be too if your son came home every week From the library with five books on astronomy and physics and nothing else And so they said, you know, this this is getting a bit obsessive So even though our family was really poor They went out and bought this expensive thick book an evolution of biology And basically said hey to my sisters and you read this book My sisters didn't want to touch it But I read it my parents didn't read it, but I read it But I went to them and said mum dad the numbers don't add up They said, what do you mean? I said look at all the speciation that this book talks about before humanity But there's hardly any after humanity And I said, how do you answer that? I said, we don't have an answer go talk to your science teachers I talked to my science teachers and they said, we don't have an answer Go talk to those university professors that your friends with so I went to those you know You've been University of British Columbia professors and they said We don't have any idea When I picked up this book and read Genesis one It answered for me the fossil record enigma here I was Reading the Bible seriously the first time starting in page one looking at Genesis one God creates for six days. He stops creating on the seventh day I said that answers the fossil record enigma Something that bothered me since I was 11 now at age 17. I had an answer That's why we don't see hardly any speciation today. God has stopped creating new species of life Also explains There is speciation One got published literally just I was reading it yesterday Uh, I think it was in the journal science where they talked about how Yeah, it was Finches in the Galapagos island two different species of finches And they met one another and they began to breed And so there was a hybrid And then the hybrid species weren't too happy with the other two members And so they stopped reproducing with the others and they said that's a new species Well, it kind of reminds me what we do with dogs, right? Where you take two different breeds of dogs crossing together and you get a new breed of dog Keep in mind in the scientific literature My colleague puzzle rana Counted 16 distinct different definitions of a speciation event And so that's one example. I mean the journal actually said this is a proven speciation event But they and but they did put in the title of the paper hybridization species event So, yeah, it's basically micro evolution basically they're saying we were able to see Under natural process a hybrid species of finches form in the galapagos island Now it could revert that may not be a permanent species. It could revert. We'll see But yeah, same thing with the uh, you know darwin when he went to the galapagos island He observed those finches for five years. And what did he see? He saw that the beaks of some finches got longer over that five year period Others got shorter some got wider some got narrower And so he said if we just project that over time, we're going to get really distinct speciation events taking place Okay, what has happened since charles darwin? We've had ecologists go back to the galapagos islands and what they have observed is following Yes, the the beaks of the finches change with respect to time But they oscillate They don't just keep getting bigger and bigger They get bigger and they get smaller they get wider and they get narrower And it's all in response to the variation in the food supply on these different islands And likewise, you see that they did a study on the islands off of british columbia Where you've got daisies and daisies are kind of like dandelions They make these little parachutes for the seeds And they said hey, we're finding new species of daisies in british columbia Well again, it's an example of microevolution because what they discovered is When these little seeds fell on a small island Over time the daisies they're evolved where they were producing smaller parachutes than the Daisy seeds that landed on the big islands And you kind of figure that out. Hey, if it's got a big parachute It's going to blow off into the ocean and won't reproduce Ones with the small parachutes are going to stay in the island and they'll reproduce So yeah, literally over the space of just 20 years They saw what they claimed a new speciation event But again depends upon your definition of what a new speciation event is And keep in mind even the definition of a genus Is pretty fuzzy in the biological literature So i mean a friend of mine who's a fisheries expert up in alaska said You know here we studied all this stuff and we've overtaught that a genus is very concretely defined But he says notice that the steelhead trout Is now referred to as a salmon they moved it from one genus to another genus So even at the genus level the definitions vary quite a bit When i'm talking to scientifically literate people and i use the word guide they eat that They say that's not a part of taxonomy It's not part of taxonomy the taxonomy of the bible is different And even in the bible you've got some variation. So for example In the bible where it talks about the word kind the word min And reference the birds Very narrow definition. So you'll find two passages. I think it's exodus and deuterotomy um No, it's leviticus and deuterotomy That refers to six different kinds of owls. So it's basically identifying Six different owls as being distinct kinds But then there's another passage where it talks about four different kinds of flying insects There it's at the genus level not the species level So it's kind of making the indication that when god creates a kind He creates that kind with a lot more capacity For variations through adaptation when it's an insect as he does for say a bird So even a biblical perspective you've got to watch and keep in mind biology is complicated It's not like astrophysics. We're just dealing with ordinary matter and exotic matter And gravity, I mean You know, it's wonderful about the discipline i'm in everything obeys differential equations So huge speaking of speaking of matter. It's time to find a wrap up this matter I did hear two scientists this last week discovering that they discovered yet another kind of matter It interacts with nothing in the universe And it has no effect on the universe and they can't find any purpose or any reason for it And they decided to rename it to name it doesn't matter doesn't matter I heard that joke 40 years ago So Well, I got another story about galaxies far far away In fact, I wrote a blog article just a couple of weeks ago about How different the Andromeda galaxy is from a milky way galaxy And we refer to the Andromeda galaxies as sister galaxy, but in fact it's characteristics I'd already ruled out the possibility that advanced life could exist there There is no galaxy far far away And so I closed off my article for all the fans of star wars made the farce be with you But that I think it's time to close in prayer This is running downhill fast father in heaven Lord, we ask that you bless their time in the book of isiah I pray you give us time this week to actually get through this text and Lord, I pray too that you'd show us How we can rapidly pull content out of the book of isiah And lord, may we be blessed by what we read and study Thank you for the privilege of being alive in the 21st century We live at a time when we got scientists studying the realm of the extremely small and extremely large And they're actually working on the same problems Lord, you are a god that is consistently created Everything is harmonious It all testifies of you that heavens declare not only your glory They declare your righteousness and design it all to make it possible That we could be redeemed into eternal relationship with you Help us to spread that good news as we engage people throughout this week in jesus name. Amen