 I'm going to try to walk through some of the work that I've been involved with that has linkages with a lot of the themes that we've heard today. So next slide. And I will skip this because I think that the conference has really brought out this concept of agroecology and linked it to agroforestry, but just a reminder that it's both a science and a set of practices, but also this broader social movement to address questions of political and control over the food system. And our report that Ferguson and I worked on brought out these 13 principles that we think are really crucial for ensuring the movement towards an equitable, resilient and sustainable food system. And I see that these principles have been discussed in a number of different presentations throughout the conference. So I'm going to try to highlight some of the ways in which the work that we've done in Malawi addresses these different principles and then talk about some of the presentations today and some of the some of the different themes that are coming out in the presentations today in terms of transformations of food systems. So next slide. So I'm going to draw briefly on research that I've been involved in. I've been working with colleagues in Malawi for over 20 years. I'm just going to highlight one research project as an example of some of the things that we've been finding are important to pay attention to if you're trying to move from a kind of field scale addressing ecosystem services to a broader scale of ensuring that you have social, nutritional benefits and you're thinking about equity as well as the broader food system. And so this project worked with 400 households that were selected based on high levels of food insecurity working in 20 different villages and they were given training on agroecological principles and then asked, invited to select what they wanted to do experiments on over several years. And so it was really co-learning design from the start and they chose a range of different options. Next slide. And some of those options included agroforestry but it also included intercropping legumes, the application of manure to their fields, crop diversification and livelihood diversification. And some of these are themes that you can see in agroecological principles, things like enhancing biodiversity, ensuring soil health, and ensuring economic diversification for farming communities. Next slide. And so I watched some of the presentations yesterday and saw that this theme of biodiversity was really important in a number of different examples. So diversification in Brazil were using, where they were using trees for multifunctional uses, diversification in rubber agroforestry systems that really enhanced, that was one of the main purposes for farmers being interested in these agroforestry systems for income opportunities as well as in Bolivia using biodiversity. And this biodiversity in particular is an important way that you can try to ensure multiple benefits from agroecological systems. I think sometimes there's a danger in agroforestry systems to treat trees as a silver bullet and that's something to be cautious about and not to see it as a technical package that you implement. And I was really excited by the presentation by Valentina today where they were testing different co-learning strategies with farmers to try to make sure that it wasn't a package deal but it was something that the farmers were testing themselves. Next slide. So in addition to the on-farm experiments that farmers were doing, a piece of work that I've done in collaboration with local organizations, farmer-led organization working in Malawi is trying to link the different agroecological practices to questions of equity and trying to make sure that everyone within households are benefiting from the different agroecological practices that are taking place but also using different teaching and learning strategies. So work on pedagogy as well as work on equity. So things like recipe days, seed fairs, theater, small group dialogue. So really trying to experiment with different learning strategies and drawing from cultural meaningful ways of getting together and learning together and not just having sort of transmission of information which is a more typical style of learning used in extension. Next slide. And we've developed a curriculum that draws on this long term work that tries to bring together not only agroecological principles but implications for climate change, nutrition and social equity and we've developed it with farmers and aimed it at farmers who have less than secondary school education. And so the pedagogical piece is really an important dimension of trying to ensure transforming the food system. So not just having a set of practices but really having ways of learning and sharing those practices that are co-learning together and are trying to address questions of equity in terms of who has access to this knowledge and who's able to implement it. Next slide. So in this four-year project we were able to show significant improvements in food security and in dietary diversity for households. Next slide. Importantly, this theme of economic diversification was brought out by a number of presenters in the asynchronous presentations. Different ways that agroforestry systems can provide income diversification in Vietnam. There were examples given in Indonesia and in China. And it was also highlighted today with the Indonesia green growth presentation and in the bamboo example, the very first presentation that we heard. Next slide. But our work went I guess I would say further by looking at the question of how this food security and dietary diversity improved. So we looked at income diversification but we also looked at food security and nutrition benefits and then we asked how that happened. And one thing that we found really interesting with this study is that at the beginning of the project we asked questions about whether people discussed farming with their spouse and only 10% of households reported discussing farming with their spouse. That was a very interesting number because women and men both do the agricultural work in farms in Malawi. At the end of the work after we'd done a lot of discussions and different learning activities around gender, we found an increase in the number of households who discussed farming with their spouse. It was those households who were more likely that was one of the drivers that we found in our analysis that they were more likely to be food secure and have diverse diets. So addressing some of the equity and knowledge flows within households was an important feature in this context for addressing food security and dietary diversity. Next slide. And we've done a larger scale work working with 6,000 farmers in northern and central Malawi and I won't go into all the details of this research project that finished two years ago but we've found a significant link between the adding on of multiple practices and the likelihood of becoming food secure and having higher income and we also found linkages between farmers who were participating in these farmer to farmer learning activities that I described briefly and the likelihood of them adopting agroforestry along with a host of other practices. So there is something about this opportunity of this horizontal learning strategy for farmers to share and learn from one another. Next slide. And this was mentioned and is being tested in the example we heard this morning from or today from Peru really testing different learning strategies and I think that's really crucial if you're going to think about transforming the food system. Valentina talked about a typical extension approach is really transmitting information but when we look at adult education literature we know that people learn in all kinds of different ways and having a more horizontal system that allows for different learning strategies and more sharing and not just transmission but exchange it really helps to build knowledge. Part of this study we looked at whether people were benefiting in terms of their social networks and we found that people were increasing their social capital as a result of participating in these agroecological exchanges but there was a bi-directional approach so they were more likely to increase their social capital and in turn they were more likely because this is a longitudinal study we were able to look at the likelihood that they then adopted additional agroecological practices as they began to exchange with more people and share more information. Next slide. So this idea of co-creation of knowledge is really important and it has to do not only with equity within households but also the low political agency that many smallholder farmers have in relation to broader systems of power and this was touched on in a number of different ways in the presentation but in presentations we heard today and in some of the presentations the asynchronous presentations there can be limited sharing of knowledge between older people and younger people in a case given in Indonesia and there can be creative ways to ensure that we hear marginalized voices whether they'd be indigenous people or whether they're small scale farmers who often have very little political say in in what kind of information is shared and and have very little opportunity to share their own knowledge. Next slide. So in Malawi there are a number of barriers at the national scale and from the international community that make the use of agroecological practices often very difficult to to extend beyond project level efforts and this wasn't touched on by many of the presentations today and I think I think that kind of broader institutional systems that may prevent transformational change really need to be faced if we're going to see the kind of transformation that we're looking for and that has been talked about. So whether it's subsidy programs whether it's the kind of trade agreements that are being implemented, seed policies it can be very difficult to to have an alternative to the dominant intensified approach that's being taken by many countries around the world but there are windows of opportunity and and I have a picture here of the fall army worm. I uh in the last few years we've been in collaboration working with the ministry of agriculture who's interested in trying biological methods of control in fall army worms such as the use of botanical pesticides using less toxic approaches so things like to totonia and and toprosia and so this offers a window for trying to build these connections and a few of you talked about that the example that comes to mind is as Valentina's work on this obscure forestry law that really provided an opportunity to support small holders than using agroforestry systems and then trying to expand out and work with multi-stakeholders and in that opportunity so I think looking for windows of opportunity and seizing them and finding um uh allies to to try to build uh to to try to build more political power around these questions is a real um challenge that that uh you're uh offered uh with this approach and I think the donut model uh has that in the interior of the donut but measuring it and trying to amplify it I think is a is is a real challenge next slide so some of the presentations the asynchronous presentations brought out these questions around land and natural resource governance we truly get at politics really get around political voice and agency and so for example the lack of political policies or public policies in Bolivia to support small-scale coca agroforestry alongside limited technical support or credit for small-scale farmers and the presentation by Pinot in Indonesia really spoke about the dominant role that concession policies for oil palm changed the landscapes and really led to a sort of back treading of really rich agroforestry systems that had been placed there so so really facing those legislative political institutional structures that can prevent the um transformation of food systems and finding allies and opportunities to to build linkages and and try to strengthen agroforestry approaches I think is is crucial for transforming food systems next slide so just in conclusion from our own work in Malawi we found that attention to participatory learning methods is really important and really having direct attention paid to questions of equity and power at multiple scales be it the household scale community scale and between farmers and government and farmers and scientists is really important and having context specific methods so not seeing agroecology as as a set of practices that are predetermined but really doing experiments that fit the local social environmental context and having a number of different ways of assessing change over time so the the donut model that Todd presented earlier really harkens to the importance of paying attention to many different metrics health well-being equity as well as ecosystem services in multiple ways and so having this holistic approach that really takes into account the multiple ways that changing our food system can impact different aspects of that system so with that I offer it up to questions if there's time well thank you very much I think you've said it all and and you've we've only got two minutes left so I'm not going to attempt but I think there's an awful lot in what you said and I really love that last slide that I think gives a very clear message in terms of the ways that we need to work if our work is going to be transformational by addressing those three key aspects all of which have featured quite a lot throughout the the conference not only in the sessions in stream three but also in many of the other streams so we are you know moving in the right direction even if we've still got quite a long way to go in really pulling things together and I think part of that is trying to work across projects you know we tend to live in a projectised world and actually we need to be far more integrated in in in what we do and so trying to make sure that we operate in the space between each of the individual initiatives we do in order to deliver on on those ambitions I think is going to be really important going forwards I'd like to thank Rachel for for stepping in and doing a wonderful job it was fantastically you were so inclusive Rachel of all the asynchronous presentations as well as the what's been presented live thank you very much for that thank you Fabio Federica and the huge team of people behind you who we never get to see who make all of this possible and to all of the presenters today you've really kept us gripped despite one or two technical hitches here and there you all did a superb job and we kept a massive audience a huge number of questions fizzing over and please you can continue to answer questions that are relevant to you in the q&a and remember the murals alive Vincent do you have anything to say before we close you have to say it in a matter of seconds it was brilliant and it's a lot of food for thought and for development of further work on on the matter thank you to everybody okay so with that I close this session and of course there's another session that starts in in quarter of an hour and that's on Fabio it's stream four we have a bioenergy and I don't remember the other topic I'm sorry resilience resilience yeah two sessions in fact two sessions in one one after the other price of one exactly okay well I hope that that turns out to be as exciting as this one was and with that I'll I'll let you all get off and have a a break bye bye to everybody thanks thanks everyone bye bye thanks bye bye