 Antibiotic resistance is a big challenge right now, so their superbugs and bugs are becoming more aggressive. Antibiotics are not effective on them. We're developing a technology that allows to modify the surfaces of metals by laser surface modification to enhance the antimicrobial properties. Copper has been known to have good antimicrobial properties, but by itself we noticed that copper takes a long time to have an effect on bacteria to make it basically kill the bacteria. What we're doing with the laser, we're creating nanotexture surfaces, making them super hydrophilic with nanoroughnesses, which will enhance the surface property of that copper, orders of magnitude higher, to enhance the overall antimicrobial properties of the copper surface. How we test our material is we expose the bacterial culture on the surface and allow it in room temperature for around 90 minutes. So during this 90 minutes, we test the amount of bacteria present on the surface in regular time intervals. And we found that surface that is laser treated has much more rapid killing of bacteria than the one without laser treatment. Our test has been shown that it has a good enhancement in antimicrobial properties of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. And even bacteria that are really aggressive, for example MRSA, which has been shown to be one of the really nasty bacteria with antibiotic resistance. The nice thing about our approaches is not something adding to the surface, so there's not any kind of additional material required. There's no antibiotics or no spray coating. It's just modifying the native surface of that material, enhancing the antimicrobial properties of that surface.