 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we continue our study of Atch Sandhi that is Avavel Sandhi. And we are studying Dvisthanika Ikadesh from this lecture onwards. We said that the Atch Sandhi can be classified under two heads, Ekasthanika Ekadesh and Dvisthanika Ekadesh. Ekasthanika Ekadesh means one substituent and in its place comes one substitute. And we studied two instances of this classification namely Yan Sandhi and Aya Vayao Sandhi. We have studied these two instances in detail. The next classification is Dvisthanika Ekadesh where you have two substituents and one substitute. Dvisthanika Ekadesh, two substituents and one substitute. This is being stated by the Adhikara Sutra Ekakh Purva Parayoho which contains two words Ekaha and Purva Parayoho. Ekaha is one slash one of Ekha which means one and so Ekaha means one substitute. Purva Parayoho is six slash two of Purva Par, Purva means previous, Parva means latter. So Purva Parayoho means in place of previous and latter and obviously sound. So in place of previous and latter sound. To put these two meanings together the meaning of the Sutra Ekakh Purva Parayoho would be one substitute takes place in place of two sounds previous and latter. To show this diagrammatically we can say that A plus B is the input where A and B they both are in close proximity in the Samhita mode and then the rule in this particular section applies and in place of both A and B, C is the substitute. So A plus B is the input, C is the output, C is the adesha, A and B both are Stanis. This is the difference between Dvisthanika Ekadesha and Ekasthanika Ekadesha. In Ekasthanika Ekadesha we have A plus B in Samhita mode and A was getting substituted by C. So A plus B was the input and C plus B is the output in Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Now in Dvisthanika Ekadesha we observe that there are two Stanis, two substitute events. A plus B is the input but the output is only C. This classification is stated in the section in the Ashtadhyayi beginning with 6184 Ekapurva Parayoho up to 6112 and then the Adhikara prakritya begins which states that the vowels remain in their original initial form and they are not altered, they are not substituted. So the tradition continues Ekapurva Parayoho up to 6114, there is also a remark passed within the tradition saying that Ekapurva Parayoho continues up to 6112 khyatyat parasya, a rule which has the word parasya mentioned directly in the sutra which logically cancels Ekapurva Parayoho. Anyway we will not go into the details of these remarks in this course, I just noted it down and now after having studied what is Ekapurva Parayoho and how it is diagrammatically represented we shall proceed further. It is to be noted that this diagrammatical representation is taken from a review article published by me in the analysis of the Bandarkar Oriental Research Institute which was referred to in the one of the earlier lectures in this course. Now here are the instances of this second classification. The first one is Gunasandhi, stated by the sutra Aadgunaha 6187. The second instance is Pradhisandhi, Pradhirechi is the sutra, this is 6188. The third instance of Dvisthanika Ekadesha is Pararupasandhi, starting with Engi Pararupam 6194. The fourth instance of Dvisthanika Ekadesha is Savarna-Dirgha-Sandhi, stated by the sutra Akassavarna-Dirgaha 61101. And the fifth instance of Dvisthanika Ekadesha is Purvarupa-Sandhi, stated by the sutra Amipurvaha. These are the five instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha and we shall study each one of them in detail. First, we take up the Gunasandhi, stated by the sutra Aadgunaha and study it in detail. Gunasandhi now, Gunasandhi is stated by the sutra Aadgunaha 6187. And here we have two words in this particular sutra, Aad and Gunasandhi. Aad is 5 slash 1 of a, either short or long. Of course, Pulutha or Prolated is omitted because there are some other sutras prescribing that Pulutha remains in its own form. So we are not considering it over here, we shall take a look at it when we study the Prakriti Bhava-Sandhi or Prakriti Bhava, chapter of the Sandhi section. So Aad is 5 slash 1 of a, short or long, rasva or dirgha and so Aad means immediately after a, either short or long, rasva or dirgha. Gunaha is one, one of guna. What it means is, guna substitute takes place. The words continued from the previous sutra are these, achi, from Ekoyanachik 6177. Achi is 7 slash 1 of ach, ach means a vowel, so achi means immediately before any vowel, thereby mentioning the right-hand side environment. So Aad mentions the left-hand side environment and achi, the right-hand side environment. And of course, both of them, they have to be in close proximity because there is Adhikara Samhitayam, which means in the close proximity, when in the close proximity. So Aad and achi, when they are in close proximity, then Ekaha, which we just studied, that is one substitute takes place, Purva Parayoh, in place of previous and later sounds. To put all this together, the meaning of the sutra would be, when in close proximity, Samhitayam, immediately after a short or long Aad, when comes any vowel achi, in place of both of them Purva Parayoh, guna substitute, one guna substitute, Ekaha, gunaha takes place. So to put it in the form of an equation and an input-output format, we would say that if you have a short or long followed immediately by achi, this can be stated by saying that immediately before achi, there is an immediately after achi, they are in close proximity, Samhitam and so therefore, 6187 would apply and in place of both of them, 6187 will state this guna substitute. Now to put it in the context, if we have, let us say, a coming at the end of a padha, an ach coming at the beginning of the subsequent padha, then in place of both of them, 6187 will substitute guna. The other left hand side environments and the right hand side environments which are not actually environments, they remain same, they remain unchanged. Only a and ach, they are substituted by guna and that is the guna sandhi. So what is guna? Guna is defined by the sutra adengunahan 112 and guna means a, a and o, these 3 sounds. So a, a and o will be the substitutes in place of a followed by ach. This is the overall meaning of the sutra adgunahan. Now let us look at the examples and these will be the prototypical examples of adgunahan. A stands for short and long. So we have examples having both a and a. So first we have a followed by the achi. So why are we not including a over here? Because of the interrelation of adgunahan with akas sabarane dirgaha which we shall discuss later on. So we start with a followed by e even though this particular slot right hand side slot should contain an element of ach. We do not include a here. We start with e. So a followed by e and the resultant substitute would be a in place of both a and e. So a and e they both get substituted by a. Similarly a plus short e and they both get substituted by a. Similarly a plus long e and they both get substituted by a. Then we have long a plus long e and they both get substituted by a. Then we have a plus o both short and you have the sutra 6187 applying and the resultant substitute is o. Similarly a plus o and the output generated is o. Then we have a plus long o as input in place of both of them after the application of 6187 we get the output o. Then we have a plus long o both long bubbles and 6187 applies and we get the output in the form of o. Then we have a plus ru as input and the output is a. Then we have a plus ru as the input and we have the output r in place of both of them. Then we have a plus long ru as input and 6187 applies and the output generated is r in place of both o and long ru. Then we have long a plus long ru both long bubbles and once again 6187 applies and the output generated is then we have followed by lu and we have the output generated as al in place of both of them. Then we have a plus lu and 6187 applies and the output generated is al. Now in this lecture we shall study the examples of these prototypes these templates a plus e a is the output r plus e is the input a is the output and so on and so forth up to long a plus long ru being the input and o being the output. We must note here that both a and achi they are being the udeshias and that is the reason why a stands for both short as well as long and achi achi stands for both short as well as long bubbles. Let us look at the individual examples. First we have a plus e in close proximity in some Hita mode 6187 applies and substitutes both of them with one substitute namely a. So here we have tau a as one paddha followed by another paddha ishtam tau ishtam beneficial to you at this juncture we have a coming at the end of this paddha followed by e coming at the beginning of this second subsequent paddha and these two both these two paddhas are in close proximity and so 6187 applies and in place of this a and this e now the output generated by 6187 is a. So we have tau a in place of a and e and then shtam this is the second paddha this is the first paddha this is the output generated after applying 6187 when we join these together we get tau ashtam tau ashtam. Now let us look at the example within a compound so if you have chhatra plus isht something beneficial for a student. So this word chhatra ends in short a followed by e this is a compound so samhita is obligatory over here so they both are in samhita mode and so 6187 applies and substitutes a and e by a so we have the output in the form of chhatra a and shtam this is the previous part of the compound this is the later part of the compound and a is the substitute of a and e so we have chhatreshtha as the final compounded form. Now if we go once again within a paddha we are deriving the locative singular of rama so we have rama plus e so a followed by e within a paddha and so 6187 applies and we have ram and a a is the substitute in place of a and e after the application of 6187 and so we have ramae as the output ramae. Then we have the next template r plus e and they both are substituted by a so here we have asha plus iha two separate paddhas asha and iha we have followed the same practice needless to say it is visible we have marked the substituents with red ink and the substitute is marked with the blue ink so we have asha plus iha so a coming at the end of the first word e coming at the beginning of the subsequent word and both these words are in samhita mode so in place of this r and e we have the substitute a so we have asha a and her and when we join together we get asheha now if we go to the compound we have yatha followed by ishtha yatha followed by ishtha and now because this is a compound these two components are in a obligatory samhita mode so this r is immediately followed by e and so in place of both of them 6187 applies and places a as the substitute so we have yatha a and shta and we have finally yatha shta yatha shta a compounded form now if we go to one paddha within a paddha we have the word ha ha and we have to derive the locative singular of the word ha ha so we have ha ha plus e so we have r followed immediately by e so in place of both of them we have a as the substitute so we have ha plus a and so we have ha hey as the finally finished form of locative singular of ha ha then we have a plus long e as the input and a as the output the examples of this template are the following we have first of all the compounded forms over here because they are plenty in Sanskrit so we have gana plus isha gana plus isha the compound so samhita is obligatory so r is followed by e immediately and so in place of both of them after applying 6187 we get gana a and shta and when we join these together we get ganesha similarly we have rashik plus isha remember rashik plus isha this is another compound so there is a at the end of this paddha and e at the beginning of this paddha which is part of the compound so samhita is obligatory so in the samhita mode 6187 applies and this and in place of both of these a is the substitute so we have rashik a and sure and so we have rashikesha the epithet of krishna rashikesha this is how these words are derived and remember there are plenty of words in Sanskrit of this kind so we have for example suresha sura plus isha nuresha nara plus isha dinesha dina plus isha gana plus isha and so on and so forth all these words will be derived in this particular fashion finally we take the example of gunasandhi taking place between two paddhas so we have atra and iha atra is a separate paddha iha is another separate paddha a coming at the end of this first paddha and e coming at the beginning of this subsequent paddha and both these paddhas are in samhita mode so 6187 applies and substitute a and e by a so we have atra a and ha so we have atreha now let us go to the next template which is a plus e as the input and a is the output so we have compound first once again because these are very popular and they are also prevalent in modern indian languages names of so many people are explained using this particular sandhi so we have rama plus isha where you have a followed by e in the samhita mode because this is a compound and 6187 applies and in place of both of them the substitute a comes in so we have ram a and she and so we have ram e she similarly we have gudakha plus isha gudakha plus isha where you have long a followed by e in the compound so samhita is obligatory 6187 applies and substitutes a in place of both a and e so we have gudakha a and she and we have gudakesha this is the epithet of arjuna both rishikesha and gudakesha they do appear in the celebrated text shreemad bhagavadgita several times now let us also remember that there are so many words of this kind umeshya uma plus isha rajeshya raja plus isha rakesha raka plus isha mokesha muka plus isha and so on and so forth plenty of words are there in samskrit and they are also part of the modern indian languages they will be explained using guna sandhi in this particular fashion now let us go to the other example where guna sandhi happens between two padas which are part of a sentence so we have vacha plus iritham vacha plus iritham a followed by e in the samhita mode and so the sutra 6187 applies and the resultant output is watch aritham a substituting both a and e and so we get watch aritham next we have a plus o as input and o as output so we have attra plus uktam attra is a separate padha uktam is the separate padha appears at the end of this first padha who appears at the beginning of this second padha and so 6187 applies and in place of both of them o one substitute takes place so we have attra oktam attra oktam if we take the example of a compounded form here we have purana plus uktam once again o coming at the end of this padha o coming at the beginning of this padha and so in place of both of them we have one substitute namely o so we have purana o and and so we have purana uktam shruti smriti purana uktam similarly another compounded form sarva plus upari and once again we have a followed by o in the samhita mode 6187 applies and substitutes this a and o by o so we have sarva o pari so we have sarva o pari as the resultant output then we have a plus o as input and o as the output so we have harina and uktam harina has a at the end of it uktam has o at the beginning of it these are two separate padhas part of sentence and so now in place of both of them we have o as the substitute after applying 6187 so the output generated is harina oktam when we join them together we get harina oktam within a compound we have vidya and utpanna where a is followed by u immediately this being a compound so there is samhita obligatory and so in place of a and o we get o so we have vidya o and tpanna when we join them together we get vidyothpanna generated by knowledge then we have another example of the compounded word a plus utta utta is derived from the verbal root v so we have a plus utta and a is followed by short u and in place of both of them we get o as the substitute one substitute so we get the form otta so otta is derived in this particular manner then we have a followed by long u as input and o as the output so we have upper plus uh and a is followed by u this is a compound and so we have up plus o plus her that is apoher o substituting a and u similarly pada plus una pada is a quarter una is less so we have a followed by u in a compound in place of both of them we have o as the substitute so we have pada o and na that is pada una one quarter less to the hour then we have examples example of words in the sentence atra plus uche and a is immediately followed by long u and so in place of both of them we get o as the substitute and so we have atroche atroche then we have a plus u as input and o as the output so we have harina plus uche and in place of a and u are coming at the end of the first pada and uche u coming at the beginning of the second pada we have harin oche that is harino che then we have the compounded form vishala plus urja where a is followed by long u and so in place of both of them 6187 applies and substitutes o and so we have vishal o rjja vishal o rjja these are the examples that we discussed in this particular lecture now let us look at the interrelation of rules the interrelation between 6188 and 6187 is interesting which we shall study in this particular lecture so 6188 is vridhirachi which has got two words vridhir and eche and we shall study this sutra and vridhisandhi soon so vridhi is one slash one of vridhi vridhi means a i and au as stated by ashtadhyay 111 vridhiradayche eche is seven slash one of h h means a o i and au the words continued are aad samhitayam and ekapurva parayoho aad meaning immediately after a short and long samhitayam means when in close proximity ekapurva parayoho means one substitute in place of two the previous and latter substituent so vridhirachi means in the close proximity when immediately before h that is a o i and au a short and long appears in place of both comes the substitute term vridhi that is a i and au so we have a plus h as input and this sutra applies and vridhi is the output what is important here is that h is part of ach which is the condition for 6187 to apply now we see that there is some overlap of scope of application of rules over here 6187 says when ach is at this place so when ach follows a the resultant output should be guna and ach includes h now with respect to this h which is overlap domain 6188 says that vridhi substitute takes place in place of both of them now in this smaller domain vridhi is the substitute that over rules the guna substitute and so 6187 does not apply in the condition of age coming immediately after a and 6188 applies over here to summarize in this lecture we studied in detail the guna sandhi the sutra which states this guna sandhi ad guna ha we also studied its meaning we also studied the words continued in it from the previous sutras we also studied part of the examples in details and these examples are taken from different levels within a pattern or in between two patterns we also studied the interrelation of 6187 and 888 now we study remaining examples and interrelation of some other rules this we do in the next lecture thank you for your patience