 All right folks, we're going to get into our spotlight talks Our and it is luckily that our first spotlight talk is actually a pre-recorded talk And then the subsequent ones will be live and in person. So our first spotlight talk Continues on space activities and space resources It is by professor Stephen Freeland and they'll be bringing up the video in just a second So I will introduce professor Stephen Freeland, which some of you some of you may be familiar with that name And actually on the last panel we were talking about the UN working group on space resources Stephen Freeland is one of those known names He is the emeritus professor of international law at Western Sydney University He is the previous Dean of Western Sydney School of Law, and he is a Professorial Fellow at Bond University He represents the Australian government at the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space or COPUAS and In June of last year. He was appointed as the vice chair of a five-year COPUAS working group on legal aspects Of space resource activities. So we'll be showing his video his spotlight talk in just a moment Or I can stall for time Hello everybody my name is Stephen Freeland. I'm speaking to you from Australia. I'm really sorry. I can't be there in London But I'm sure the summit is going brilliantly Many thanks to the Secure World Foundation and the UK Space Agency for inviting me I'm a Emeritus professor at Western Sydney University and a Professorial Fellow at Bond University and a principal of a law firm called Hazmett Advisory I also have the honor of being the co-chair of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space working group on Legal aspects of space resource activities And so I'll be talking to you today about space resource activities in the brief time the where Why and how? Obviously, this is a complex issue and there are many Challenges there are many opportunities and so briefly let me take you through some of the Dimensions and then leave you with if you like some of the burning questions most of you in the audience I assume would be aware that there's a incredibly revitalized interest in the notion of Exploiting the natural resources of celestial bodies in space be they on the moon perhaps be they on asteroids Comets Mars or whatever For some this is an incredible economic opportunity for some this is highly strategic highly political It's about science. There are environmental issues at the stake of course. It's about national pride. It's about Cooperation, it's about geopolitics. It's really about our relationship with space if Space resource activities and the exploitation of those resources are to be done in the way that Industry is projecting and of course, there are a lot of issues before that Then it may redefine the way we look at space It's been addressed as being an opportunity for humanity both from an environmental viewpoint and a science viewpoint but also to aid missions in the development of a CIS lunar economy and CIS lunar technology that would allow For countries to utilize these resources for their further space missions. So in that respect, it's been Projected as giving great benefits to humanity others of course see risks Associated with a land grab with environmental degradation with the dollar sign being the overarching incentive above everything else and Worth still the notion of misunderstandings and conflicts So there are opportunities, but there are also risks the opportunities. I think that this is one of these big issues in space and If and it's a big if if we can get the technology, right? If we can get the geopolitics, right? If we can get the commercial business case, right? If we can understand all of the really really complex issues on a wide scale and If we can successfully do this in a safe sustainable way Then that would be a great of great benefit for us all. However We're already seeing in this difficult geopolitical world that different groups of countries have different ambitions Of course, we're all aware for example of the Artemis Accords and as I speak we've just had France Become a signature to the Artemis Accords bringing the number to 20 So there are 20 countries who have signed up to these political agreements About governance of activities not only on the moon, but on these celestial bodies not only about resources, but certainly involving resources But we have ambitions of other countries china and russia have a joint venture although Obviously in the current circumstances that may be on hold but India and so with the big issues my own view is that We need to find a way that all of the major players can and will Agree to the rules of the road so that they can all coexist in one sense And undertake their activities not necessarily totally in cooperation But at least by the same rule book and I think that's a really important process And so this matter Has been of course the subject of much work at civil society level that we've had domestic legislation In many countries, but it's also being discussed at the united nations committee on the peaceful uses of outer space For those that don't know this is a united nations body established in 1959 it has At present a hundred member states which includes virtually all Of the space-faring countries and it's growing very quickly and very significantly and it's the major international fora that deals with The governance structure and the scientific issues around space They have established a working group as I said, I have the honor of being the coach of that working group The working group as I said is called working group on the legal aspects of space resource activities A working group essentially is a modus operandi for copper. So initially they decide that an issue is Of interest and they put it as an agenda item for discussion So to move it from a discussion point to in a sense an action item Where you have a goal oriented Set of specific mandates you establish a working group, but the working group is not three or four people It's the hundred countries. We have agreed our mandate and the Possible outcomes of our five-year working group. I've got the un documents there, but essentially There's an obviously an incredible amount of information that needs to be gathered Then there will be a study of the existing legal framework That will clearly involve the treaty framework and perhaps some other instruments To see whether and if so how and to what extent they might be relevant for these activities Then there will be an analysis of whether there are benefits in Developing a further framework specifically for space resource activities There will be the development of the set of principles practical principles That would allow for such activities to be undertaken in a safe sustainable And rational way and then there will be an analysis of where to from here So by the end of five years, we'll be at that point Where we have all this information all this analysis a determination of where we need to go And whether we need to establish a legal model for these sorts of activities and if so What sort of framework that might cover? And so the member states at that time will decide where to move on but if there's Consensus agreement that this is an important issue then they may decide to extend our working group Now this is an intergovernmental process. I have to stress that the decisions will be made By the member states, but there are still broad opportunities For the broader stakeholders and there are many Because as I say here, we need to understand the questions before we can Consider the answers. And so what are the major Questions that need to be asked? They're on the next slide to come but essentially we need to determine What are the resources we're looking at and there's been lots of discussion about not only water, but Some some heavy minerals and some rare earth minerals and other things. What sort of activities will be covered? What sort of information do we need? How does the existing framework work? How has it implemented? What do we need to do in the future? We will have opportunities for non-governmental stakeholders to participate notwithstanding this is an intergovernmental process Through a dedicated conference and we may be establishing some other processes as well And so I urge all of you listening if you have an interest in this Please follow our work. Please look at the documents. Please study our mandate Please participate in the processes that we will be establishing Because really this is an issue that is so complex That we need to have As much detailed information on the technical scientific cultural Environmental economic and other aspects of this before we can make Appropriate decisions before the member states can make appropriate decisions as to the way forward so as to Maximize benefits and minimize risks. So I'm sorry. This has been so rushed If you're interested, please contact me. My details are on the screen I wish you well for the rest of the summer And thank you for listening and all the best from sydney. Thank you again All right The next spotlight talk will be given by florid mico and adrian saddam, which I see over there I'll introduce them florid mico is a project manager for the space sustainability reigning the ssr At the epfl space center in lozane switzerland And his colleague adrian saddam is the operation officer for the space sustainability rating Mr. Mico and mr. Saddam, you have the floor Very excited today because it's the space sustainability rating As you may have already Know since this morning So basically We'd like to also start by thanking again the secular foundation for this opportunity And we we could have hope for better conditions to to launch This project that we spent a lot of effort on with the with the members of the consortium So sorry. So the ssr team The ssr is currently hosted by the e-space epfl space center in lozane switzerland It's a it's a research institute has spirited by professor jen polner And myself plurian adrian are working full-time on the project implementing the vision that we were given by by the consortium So now let's let's let's focus on what matters Basically the the space sustainability rating is a new and innovative way to incentivize several conditions for operating in space And this is done through a rating system, which is informed by by a transparent and database assessments, which are aiming to quantify precisely The sustainability impact of a mission in the space environments And this is done. I shouldn't facade because it's a very important point For operators is that we are not disclosing any Proprietary information or mission sensitive data So everything that is done when performing rating is done with us the ssr team and the operator So basically it covers all the phases of a mission and my colleague adrian will Present you more in detail the technical aspects of the rating But our goal is to pretty much encourage all the space operators to integrate this sustainability mindset And also to work the talk So once for instance, you are issue a rating. We also want to you know through a very intense And for a verification process also make sure that in the long term your mission is sustainable So this is why we're also aiming to develop a certification system, which is based on the rating system So just a few words about the timeline. So everything started back in 2016 with the world economic front global Council for space To address the question of space debris They Wanted to explore the possibility of developing a rating and after two years They appointed a consortium of four organizations Including rice tech the european space agency the massachette incident of technology And the university of texas at austin Which developed the methodology and to this day the consortium remained highly active in the development and implementation phase of the rating And you mean we have introduced this morning The ssr ambassadors and we have the pleasure to see them again today with us and Then we have been appointed with the space to lead the implementation phase of the rating And over the past month, we have led some beta testing and we also developed the platform For for reporting the data And of course we have also been looking to develop this partnership because we think that when it comes to space sustainability The space to see the rating will not achieve this by itself. It needs to foster collaboration And then we also spend a lot of time in business planning. So we have this idea But we are a non-for-profit Organization and this is done mainly to ensure the transparency and the fairness of of the rating And in the future also, uh, this is a very important message that we like to showcase today is that The rating we continuously evolve in the future to reflect the new trends and as long as we advance on the research on space sustainability And this is what we are trying to do. We are trying to set them a movement towards more and more sustainability in space And I should also if the next slide is coming, sorry Yes To showcase that there's been a lot of interest over the past years in the rating and we already have We already benefit from the support of many organizations as member of the SSI association And in the future in the coming uh in the coming years, we would like to of course engage with not only operators But all the organizations that have an interest in space. So this is why we have also this association in place And uh, if you are interested, we will let you know more about how you can get involved in a few minutes But now we'll end over to my colleague Adrien. We'll take over and get you through the technical aspects of the rating So, thank you very much Florian. Uh, we'll guide you through rapidly of what are the modules that are composing the space sustainability rating So first the space sustainability rating is a point based system where operators can get points by complying to some um Questionnaires or achieving great results in a simulation that are represent So the first module is the mission index and was developed by the european space agency and quantifies and measures the level of physical interferences that are Accosed by the plan design and operation of a mission So it is basically measuring the environmental impact on the space environment That is caused by the mission taking into account the number of satellites for instance the orbits But also the post mission disposal success rates and collision avoidance strategy So we could talk for hours about this module, but there are papers that uh describe way better that I That I will do uh, you can also find more details on the website Of the ssr. So the second module is also a simulation based module was developed by the ut austin and the mit And um ask this question So if an operator sends uh satellites, is it possible to detect it and track it? So how it is computed is that uh a ground sensor network is simulated Both radar and optical and then from the physical attributes of the satellites This module is assessing to which extent um a satellite can be can be detected and tracked The third module of the ssr. Uh is a questionnaire based module and assess Not the the risk prediction achieved by the collision avoidance strategy But whether uh if the operators ask the capability and the availability to perform collision avoidance maneuver And reward operators that has taken time to actually be prepared for this kind of situation So this is achieved by for instance having a good orbital state knowledge of the satellite being available in a short time to uh, um to be able to perform collision avoidance maneuver and Have the the staff trained in order to perform this maneuvers The next module is data sharing So data sharing is very important and uh, we've seen it through previous events So kinetic space safety workshop even yesterday we talked about data sharing and transparency So the ssr is taking into account which information you share and to which stakeholder you share this information So if it's shared with ssa provider or the um other operators or to the public The fifth module is application of design operation standards and um Basically evaluates to which extent the space debris mitigation guidelines and all the standardization guidelines are followed by the operator And finally the last uh module of the ssr is external services And is only intended as a bonus But intends to reward operators whose mission is compatible with future on orbit servicing on active debris removal for instance Now each of this module have a score and then From this score, uh, a normalization is done for the two simulation based module and from there we proceed to a data verification So meaning that uh, we check whether the applicant only has an accession or if there are technical documentation to support it if there is a third party authority that is also verifying it and from there um, the final score of the module is given and from a weight is applied on it on and The final score, uh, can be aggregated From this final score a different rating levels can be achieved. So, uh, the first one being bronze silver gold Or platinum and then from there there is also a second part of the rating which rewards better than expected behaviors By the means of honorable mention of a bonus star. So meaning that there can be one two or three bonus stars so from there From there, um, what we perform this one year was that we perform beta testings with operators and as you can see there's Different types of operators. There's kubesatz epf as spacecraft team. There's constellation of small satellites earth observation satellite and maybe I should mention that here There's there's one logo missing, but we are so beta tested with one web. I should mention that it's missing on the slide. Sorry And after the aggregate the aggregation into a single score What we really emphasize is the fact that it's not only get a rating and it's done We also proceed to a feedback loop. We do a report on Where the mission score high where the mission score low and why and provide recommendations so that the operators can also Improve and on the long term be more sustainable So I will lead back the four to four florian thank you Thank you and this is the last slide Just to let you know, so we are here for one thing. We want you on board So this is why there's two ways to get engaged with the ssr. The first one is to perform a rating So for that we develop a subscription system whereby operators can Can come to us and then we can provide them with up to 10 ratings But as I mentioned there's a part that is very important It's not only that you will perform a rating But the team will be there as well to assist you in identifying areas for improvement And then it will be up to you to deliver positive change in outer space The second part is that as I mentioned, we are an association We're not only providing ratings, but we also want to work with all the organizations with an interest in space So this is why with association We will be setting up working groups centered on the rating also on policy because policy is an important component Of space sustainability and as well on the certification system But we're going to develop and you will have these opportunities to engage with us if you're going on board So we we hope that we will join us in this journey and we look forward to To for you to get in touch with us and reply any of your questions that you may have And that's it for us. So you can get in touch Through our email address you can also visit our website which which has gone live today And of course we are we are on social media and we'll be grateful to to hear from you very soon So thank you very much Thank you so much for that Our next spotlight talk will be by professor lucy green Professor lucy green is a professor of physics at the university college london and a royal society university research fellow based at the mullard space science laboratory She sits on the advisory board of the science museum is chair of governors of the ucl ucl academy And his chief stargazer at the society for popular astronomy Professor green the floor is yours So it falls to me to um give an academic's perspective on space weather And linking that then to satellite operations. So as you've heard I work at ucl I'm a space scientist there and um my interest is in studying the sun, which is the source of space weather so I couldn't um Start the talk by um not showing a movie of the sun to sort of give us some context So this is one of the great discoveries of the early space age Of course is that when space craft were launched beyond the earth beyond the earth's magnetic field It was realized that the space around the planets and it's not empty And that we have this kind of profound and intimate relationship with our sun In that the sun is always ejecting material out into the solar system And I'm sure you or everybody in this room is familiar with that So the movie that's running here is real data collected from the soho satellite That shows us the atmosphere of the sun and it just illustrated in green And then there's kind of constant outflow of material That is taking place from our sun. So we have um energetic events called solar flares that emit High energy radiation and in fact electromagnetic Radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. We have um particle events which appear like this Actually, this movie is not showing very well. Um, but you can see that kind of snow storm that falls on the detector So in addition to those two forms of solar activity We also have the kind of bulk eruption of magnetized plasma that gets given the rather Awful name a coronal mass ejection But you might see these kind of phrases appearing in the media the media love to cover Solar activity and tell us that it is going to wipe out all our technology. That is not of course as you know Um, realistic, but the sun does have a significant impact on us So what we tend to do in terms of sort of studying solar activity Is split them into these three forms that i've mentioned already So we have these eruptions from the sun that take anywhere from between One to four days to transit that distance between the sun and the earth We have the energetic particles which are high energy electrons and protons that take maybe between 40 minutes or around 40 minutes to get from the sun to the earth And then we have the solar flares which are these bright flashes of um of light that I mean when we see them Is is when they arrive so that light takes eight minutes to get to the earth And there is a significant amount of research all around the world That looks at understanding these forms of solar activity and understanding the impacts that they have on the near earth environment So sometimes you'll see these impacts talked about sort of Categorized by these different events And what i've tried to summarize here is is some of those impacts So when it comes to these ejections when they reach the earth they interact with the earth's magnetic field And they disturb it And that then has knock on consequences on the radiation environment that satellites then experience So it may be that there are increased numbers of electrons around the spacecraft That lead to surface charging There might be high energy particles being accelerated down But also changes to the atmosphere can occur as well that then impact on the propagation of the signals between the spacecraft and the ground stations energetic particles are of Significant importance to satellites in higher altitude orbits, and they can cause and they they act as ionizing radiation causing damage to to the satellites And then with solar flares Their energy is deposited in the atmosphere of the earth which causes it to heat and expand and you can get increased satellite drag As well as other problems as well So there is a kind of multitude of ways in which the space Changes to the space environment can have negative impact on your spacecraft and Any of these events can happen Either individually or they can happen in the largest events all together So you could have you know your large solar flare going off and your radiation received at the earth You could have affecting the the daylight side of the earth You could then have 40 minutes later your energetic particles arriving which can have a global consequence and then a day later two days later your eruption arriving at the earth that can then have prolonged changes to the earth's magnetic field and its atmosphere so um One of the challenges that you know people like myself have to deal with is is is to then take this data take this this The the knowledge that we're gaining and try and translate it into something that's useful for society And so the size and complexity of the challenge i've sort of tried to illustrate So we have the sun You know our local star very large sitting in the center of the solar system that we're trying to monitor and characterize and understand the physics of The radiation the emissions that the sun produces then propagates 150 million kilometers through the solar system Evolving and changing over time as it goes and we want then to characterize those emissions and understand Which bit of it is going to be the bit that arrives at the earth and has the impact for us Um, and then when it arrives at the earth We've got to try and characterize the changes that take place in its magnetic field and it's um, and its atmosphere And those impacts can be varied So within the uk and around the world as i've already said there are teams that are looking at understanding the physics The complex physics across different size scales different timescales that we want to fully understand And the uk government at the moment is investing quite heavily in translating the physical knowledge that we Are developing into a system of space for the forecasting So we have this program called swimmer, which is um running at the moment that's looking at one of them is looking at high energy particles Understanding how we might better forecast the occurrence of those particles And then another project looking at how the earth radiation based belts are responding to the changing solar activity as well So then I think this is kind of my last slide just to put some examples of impact to bring it back down to earth Um, as I said, I'm an academic so I don't necessarily Get access to the detailed satellite information that many people in this room might be access might be able to access but in terms of Sort of significant events that have been experienced over the years that are talked about publicly that they're fairly wide ranging I think it's fair to say that the Strong solar activity that took place in 1989 was kind of our wake-up call to space weather It had a really strong effect on the ground through the loss of the Quebec electricity distribution network But the effect was also felt by spacecraft as well And we don't hear about that very much because of course at that time there weren't too many satellites operating But one that's close to my heart the solar maximum mission Blocked about five kilometers in altitude because of those increased drag Forces experienced as the atmosphere expanded But there was loss of positional knowledge of about 1000 space objects for um around a week Then coming further forward 2003 the halloween storms another really significant time Where there was a solar activity event after solar activity event that had significant impact on our satellites with about 10 percent experiencing anomalies And then there have been some nice studies done in response to this kind of growing awareness of the impact of space Where they're on on our satellite infrastructure So one is done is carried out by the Royal Academy of Engineering Um, so I'd encourage you to have a look at that as well So that was a very kind of whistle-stop tour really to sort of flag the research areas Across the solar system that are being looked at. I'm sure many of you will know much more about the detailed impacts on the satellites than I do Um, so just a sort of point to say that In academia, we are working to help support the forecasting and understand how we can mitigate the risks And I've also got a last line, which is I haven't even talked about the ground station and the ground segment associated with satellites Which also is of course impacted by space weather. So I'll finish there. Thank you Thank you so much Right on time also our next speaker is mark boggitt mark boggitt is the co-founder and ceo of serif and space fund He has invested in a portfolio Which includes three companies that have achieved billion dollar valuations So mr. Boggitt I see and the floor is yours. Thank you and good afternoon everybody Um, not quite as exciting as talking about ejections from the sun and halloween events But i'm going to talk about um esg And actually i'm excited about esg because I think it's really going to be over the next few years increasingly important um for the space sector So um esg Um has been around for 20 years. It was actually developed by the united nations and has been growing very rapidly over the last handful of years and um What it is is now become the number one priority for capital allocators around the world So what are capital allocators? They they are the pension funds. They're the endowments. They're the institutional investors Importantly, they are the folks that give me the venture capitalist my money To then be able to invest um into your organizations So what they care about I care about and then what I care about you care about because we push all of these regulations down To the portfolio companies that we invest into and then those portfolio companies then push it down into their teams Into their customers and it really starts to have an impact So um the societal and governance aspects of esg Are relatively straightforward to implement and actually i'm sure everyone will agree in fact We were talking about this over coffee. They're particularly around diversity There's been huge changes in recent years And when we've had a focus on making sure that we've got the right gender balance and and so on around board So there's a huge amount of activity around that area and esg is is very clearly working my own organization 50 percent female staff That's a very significant move from from 10 years ago However, the environmental side is really very difficult and arguably this is one of the most important parts of esg And any reports that are done talking to investors about where they consider esg to be valuable It's all around the environmental aspects and the problem is it's difficult to measure these It's difficult to to compare them side by side against different companies in the same sector or even different sectors against each other So there's a huge range of esg strategies that are being targeted by investors I've identified a few of them here So around using esg to actually identify the best long-term risk adjusted returns That means using the esg as a measure when you're doing the due diligence or from a top down Trying to pick companies in sectors that have particular strong esg characteristics. The one I like best is the the best in class So this is actually looking at um esg characteristics and the growth in those characteristics So for example, if you were trying to choose between making an investment in bp and shell One of the reasons that you might invest in one or the other is because of its improving score within esg So it really is important. It really does Really really move significant numbers and as it says there this 30 trillion dollars today of money that is identifying itself as esg focused money So it's really important As a as a as an industry that we recognize that and we do what we can to support that now as I said I think that there's a huge opportunity for the space industry because the problem is that Around the measuring of the the climate elements of esg It's really challenging to do and yet the earth observation market can start to provide this data To the world that requires this data now and it's importantly means that We're no longer relying on Voluntary data from companies talking about how they're developing on the on the environmental side We can actually use real data. We don't need to wait for the companies to actually tell us their data We can glean it ourselves and then we can measure companies and aside by each other We can look at different sectors and we can then use that information to make further changes So one of the big problems at the moment is this is still embryonic It's still coming together and even the rating agencies can't agree if you got two different rating agencies Rating the same company that end up with completely different scores We heard this morning the minister talking about how important this is and how actually the uk wants to take a leadership role in this area in creating a kite mark around esg in sustainability Now next of all i'm going to talk more about my organization seraphim So i'll just start off with that with with our own strategy. So we look at the world Investing in space sustainability a digital infrastructure for space and then climate related opportunities and we're filling out Those opportunities so across my broader organization, we've invested into 88 space companies around the world you can see here that we've invested into some of the leading space sustainability companies the likes of astroscale and deorbit leo labs and privateer So we've been investing in these businesses for years We understand the importance of building this capability In order so that we can continue to then build out the infrastructure As we as we are doing now one of the things that I wanted to talk about was our our own Journey on esg. So esg is very much a journey And and we've just embarked on this ourselves So I wanted to help you understand the process that we go through when we're evaluating companies. So first of all we have a A questionnaire that goes out to a company when we first engage with them And what we're really trying to do is with each of those companies with each of those esg sections There's about 30 questions that they need to complete that gives us An initial position of the esg position of that business We don't expect any of the businesses to be amazing We're not really qualifying the businesses based around where they are now It's showing how we can actually help them move on all of those measures as time goes on because actually How you improve from esg measures is is a really important thing to be able to measure Now the other thing that is is a key consideration For the space industry is that a lot of the companies that we look to invest into are inherently dual use So esg investors in many cases are looking to rule out certain areas such as defense So we need to be very careful that we're very clear about what the companies are doing that we're investing into So we've developed a very sophisticated tool That encourages us to ask a whole series of questions so we can ask What's going to happen with this technology? What are the other use cases it could be used for? How can we protect against this technology being used in areas that are offensive weaponized and used to To damage humanity? So this is a key part of our process that we go through and it's one of the things that Our investors who are investing into seraphim want to make sure that we've got robust processes And that there's actually no subjectivity in that It's actually a process that comes out with an answer at the end And this sometimes leads to us Wanting to invest into a company, but before we do so Requiring them to sign up to some sort of legal agreement that they won't take their technology Down a particular path that could result in that solution being used for for weaponizing or for for offensive purposes Now one of the things that that we recognized around esg is that really it's it's about measuring Really looking at the past rather than the future. What it doesn't really capture is the impact So one of the things that we have developed because of the types of companies that we invest into all space companies These are hugely impactful companies and the esg framework doesn't actually provide a measure to measure how successful A portfolio company is against delivering against Sustainability so what we've done is we've we've developed a framework Using using the united nations sustainability development goals or 17 of those goals Whenever we invest into a portfolio company We identify which which of those stg's that is relevant to that portfolio company Determine a methodology for how we can measure the impact against that stg and then we measure that on an annual basis So that over a period of time we're going to build up a significant body of evidence around our portfolio About how it's changing over time and actually the actual impact that that portfolio is having So this is this is my final slide and it just shows A handful of our portfolio companies and just how we think about them and how we've categorized them So iSci is one of our portfolio companies is the world's largest constellation of radar satellites Radar satellites can be used for for lots of applications But one of the key applications that they are being used for at the moment is around Natural disaster monitoring flooding that type of thing. So it's really about climate action So we we've got a range of measures that we're measuring that company so that in years to come We can demonstrate exactly how that company has had an impact AST is one of our portfolio companies that has cell towers in space Enabling to be able to communicate directly with any mobile phone with no hardware or software adjustments that phone Today half the world is on 5g half the world is on 0g and when those that don't have connectivity have access to it That enables them to be able to access health education improved standards of living and so on So there are a number of measures that you can see there against stg the reduction of inequalities the creation of new infrastructure And then okay, I'll talk about spire finally Spire is a An interesting business. It's it's launched more than a hundred and fifty Satellites that are the size of a shoebox Each of those satellites has three elements to it three payloads one to collect weather data One to track all of the ships on all of the oceans and one to track all of the aeroplanes in all of our skies So the the data that comes from that is useful across a whole range of different measures from agriculture through to being able to monitor ships and to Set courses for them to be more efficient in terms of the use of fuel or to avoid weather patterns and so on So that's that's the end of my presentation and hopefully over the years I'm looking forward to be able to use this body of information to really demonstrate just how impactful the space industry has been Thank you All right. Thank you so much. And finally we have Catherine Courtney Catherine Courtney is the is a non executive director strategic advisor and former CEO of the uk space agency She chairs the global network for sustainability in space Which brings together scientists industry and policymakers and partnership to tackle the rising challenges of space debris and congestion Catherine is also a stem ambassador and a founder of primary space Dot org which is a charity with the mission to inspire and engage as many primary school children and teachers as possible With steam subjects and careers. So Catherine the floor is yours Very conscious. I'm standing between you and the break. So I shall try to be to time I just wanted to start by saying, um, I was born earlier today. Uh, somebody mentioned Valentina Terescova I was born the week that that first female Traveler into space left the planet and went into orbit And so I am of that generation that witnessed the first space race that Enjoyed the benefits of all the innovation that that first space race has driven for us And the generation that um has deposited all of the junk up there I feel that as a generation we have a responsibility and we have a critical role to play to change the way We treat the space environment. That's why all of you are here too But I think more importantly we have a responsibility to pass the baton To younger and more diverse leaders Who are the people who are actually going to be able to come up with the technical solutions the policy solutions And forge the global consensus that's going to be required if we want space to be sustainable for future generations So how do we do that? Well, I believe we need to engage young people at every stage of their learning journey and their early careers Um, I think we need to make them aware of the issues And I think we need to work to inspire them to get involved Yesterday in this room there was a whole group of young professionals and you could just feel the energy in the room Having those people gathered together Those are the future leaders for sustainability of space And that jin zed group of people they have superpowers that my generation don't have they were born with A different mindset. They are globally connected citizens Already, you know in their young lives and they are known to be quite mission led mission driven So when we talk about esg actually Those people care about that the young people in their early careers today They want to work for companies who also care about that So space sustainability is a mission that can really inspire them Well, how do you support them to become the leaders? Find those people in your organization Coach and mentor them And also get involved with those broader organizations that are bringing those voices into the room The space generation advisory council last year. I was contacted by The y20 group, which is a group of young leaders from the g20 nations who write a communique for the g20 leaders and Was just a little bit of engagement with them They were able to put space sustainability Into their communique as a priority that they wanted to see the g20 leaders focus on There's a group up in scotland as an example called the new voices in space They represent early careers people in the scottish space industry who come from a very diverse Group and they are very proactively trying to be role models for younger people They advise the senior leadership council in scotland About the strategy for scotland And I think that every space leadership council around the world should have a group like that that focuses on diversity And how you engage young people Then if you go back a little bit earlier in people's learning journey, we have all the university students We need more university students Focusing on space sustainability as a career path that they would like to pursue Both from a science perspective that that's the area we want them to be putting their research efforts, but also To join business and bring their creativity to those businesses Um, what can you do to support those people? Well get to know your local university Reach out sponsor degree programs the global network on sustainability in space, which I chair We've been able to part fund three phd's we have Luke Cornwell is here today doing fascinating work from the university of kent Find him and ask him about it. It's all about how to actually Identify this develop sensors that will identify those tiny pieces of debris that we cannot Understand today and so that's you know the big mystery of the millions of pieces of of tiny debris You can do that too. Actually, it's not that hard for a business to get engaged in supporting university students There are the real route maps and toolkits out there for internships for apprenticeships Um and actually there's in every country something like The uk says That we have here in the uk which is a national association of students who are already interested in space So let's get those students interested in sustainability And turn their uh folks of attention to how they can play a role after they graduate And then if we look at teenagers we had people panelists yesterday talking about how do you engage teenagers? You know if it's not on tiktok, then they're not going to be interested But actually teenagers are really important talent pool that we need to try and Expand the number of high school and secondary school students who are interested in STEM subjects and particularly from underrepresented groups and and Gender diversity is really important there And what I would say is that in your organizations You have lots of people who would make excellent stem ambassadors And we are lucky in the uk to have the stem learning organization who help you figure out how to be a stem ambassador They can do your uh checks, you know your police checks They can train you and they can provide all kinds of opportunities for you to go into schools And uh be that role model and and engage those young people You can also sponsor after school clubs for those people And uh you can join other campaigns like um the wise campaign in the uk is another great one Women in science and engineering It's it doesn't take very much of your time But as an organization if you sign up and get involved then you are inspiring lots of uh young girls To think about what skills they could bring to a science and engineering career And then near to my own heart at primary school elementary school level Actually, this is where I feel we underserve You know the audience that what we have there is a group of people There's a lot of research that shows that from the age of four or five young people are starting to form all the ideas Of what their possible futures could be and some of those futures might not even be realistic You know, they're going to be a cyborg robot something but actually They are putting together a long list of possible futures for themselves But if they've never heard of the sort of interesting jobs that people do in space sustainability That's never going to make their long list and so it is never going to make their shortlist as they go through their educational journey so what we do with primary space is try to engage teachers and Very young students with careers related learning in a way that just Opens up their eyes particularly for underrepresented communities again who may have very low Higher education participation opens up their eyes and just introduces them to ideas that there are cool jobs that you can do in space And they are really interested in sustainability of earth that age group I know I have three at home and they are would they are equally interested in sustainability of space if you can speak to them Uh in stories that make sense to them So to wrap up I'm just going to say that actually Building that talent pool finding those future leaders and supporting them It's not just for pushing forward the future leaders of sustainability of space It's actually a benefit to the wider economy as well In the u.s. I was looking at recent statistics. They're projected to be 3.5 million STEM jobs by 2025 And where are those workers going to come from the uk is estimated to lose more than 1.5 billion Per annum from its economy due to skills gaps due to stem skills gaps So as the minister mentioned this morning, you know being a science superpower nation that needs a much larger and more diverse talent pool So i'm going to talk not just to the people in the room, but to the 600 people registered for this conference on the on the Hoover app, right? It's down to you actually we can't all be nailed grass ticens But as that pr panel yesterday said everyone has a story to tell Everyone has a story to tell and your story is probably more interesting than you think it is So you need to get out there. You need to share those stories You need to be visible and you need to talk about why why sustaining space matters Why it matters to you and why it matters to all of us? So I challenge you to go home from this conference And find at least one younger person One younger person that you can tell your story to And do as the the late great steven hawking Advises which was to get them to look up at the stars and not down at their feet Wander about why the universe exists and be curious Because if you can ignite that spark of curiosity for even just that one young person You are starting to build that pipeline of future leaders who can deliver a more sustainable space for all future generations I leave you with that challenge