 There are another systems which many of the broadband or communication people use which is called telemetry tracking and communication. If you have multi-channel data coming in and you have multiple receivers, multiple transmitters, so if you see a system which is shown here which need not be actually understood fully just to show you that there is a committee which says consultory committee for space data system which decides much of there are like FCC standard decide for communication the digital part with mixed signal is decided by so called CCSDS people. So based on this you can see there are many divide by two or something but there are some kind of a mixers, there are IF down means that means there is amplifiers and these are filters. So obviously if you look at these systems one of the problem one see since the data is coming at different clock rates and the system has to go through a single receiver per say in that case they have to be synchronized with a clock the data may be coming at any other clock but they have to be synchronized. So there is a what is called TTCRX for a receiver so basically if you see a recovery data for that for a given clock then there is a low noise amplifier followed by PLL and that will allow to clock all data coming out at a given clock and there is a skew function which is equivalently called Jitter. So you can minimize detail by finding how much tap delay one should use the basic idea there is you actually delay each channel by a given say 0.1 nanosecond and then pick up the data serially so that everyone is synchronized with one clock cycles and this requires at least two of the most famous analog blocks the low noise amplifier and the PLL. RF is such an independent area but since its method of design is almost same as what we do in the case of analog. So RF CMOS is also considered as analog CMOS the problem right now is the cost since the cost of a chip mixed signal chip is decided by the micro processor people or the digital hardware people since the micro processor is very cheap so is the memories are downright chips a 256 MB DRAM may be sold in few dollars or few rupees now and because of that the technology being so advanced people found that the bipolar technology though has advanced compared to what I did in 70s and now what people are doing in CMOS still much costlier but I repeatedly telling you why bipolar IC I am talking if you are only looking for analog market bipolar or by CMOS or by MOS technologies are still the ideal technologies as far as performance codes. But there will be very few independent analog blocks like opamps or something whereas most of them will be mixed signal and in that case the CMOS will rule and if CMOS is to rule which is going to say 11 nanometer down now as a new technology node we are already working on 16 some chips have come 22 is already marketed and 11, 7 may be 0 I do not know. So if that scale down comes by Moore's law so the cost will keep on going down simply because the number of components you can put on a chip will be so high the digital will be governed the market. So the problem started with RF is that you have to compete with those people or you have to compete with that technology which is not so very good for RF. Now if you see all the sub micron devices all of them are looking for low power the word itself suggest RF which has a power amplifier built in there you will see someday the word itself is power and then we say like last year one of your senior colleague or dual degree I asked him to design a low power power amplifier. So the first answer he said what are you talking I say yeah that is the fun the power delivered is called power amplifier but power consumed by the device and the circuit is essentially the power lost. So I am looking for low power power amplifier so I may require 10 dm 3 10 dm power outputs but I may require much less power dissipation in my chip. So that is the challenge right now one is facing that you are working on a technology which is going for low power and low power but RF does not want that. So yeah I mean if CMOS can do it it will and that is what is going on so we visit here we like or we do not like CMOS going to stick. Here is a typical mobile phone architecture this is your antenna this part is receiver part this part is the transmitter part. If you see it there is a filter image eject filter essentially it occurs because of the way you actually receive the signal and pass through a amplifier there is a band which will reflect by Fourier transform. So you will see a image somewhere else and if that image comes closer it acts as a noise when reflects. So you need extremely low noise amplifier which is shown here followed by a filter which will remove those images followed by a mixer another filter for lower frequency which is called baseband 400 megahertz or sometimes 200 megahertz baseband amplifiers and once and then again you have 4 because you have you work normally on quadratures so you need 90 degree offs. So this is baseband 1 and i and q and this is the 2 mixers to pass low pass filters. Similarly for the transmitter side you can see if there are filters i f level controllers single sideband mixers prefers power amplifiers and there is of course frequency processors which are like PLL's. So if you look at the typical RF kind of part in the mobile this is typically what is the mobile part. Once you are in a baseband all digital signal processing will start and you will have a to d converters and then everything digital. So the major why we wanted to actually put all this i f down because otherwise the requirement for conversion of ADC using ADC will be huge capacitors. One of the important thing of VLSI is the area we are looking for as small an area for the circuit as much as possible so that more and more chips can be created from the same silicon area. So because of that one has to see here that majority part processing will be digital and mostly now as I say below 45 and this so called RF part has to work on which is the biggest challenge all analog RF people are facing. If you allow me to work on 0.25 microns I assure you that my performance will be best possible whatever any GSM or CDMA or any of the other iPads or iPods wants we can give far better performance or if you do on bipolar it is even better but that it will so heat so much that you will have to cool it by putting somewhere so may be fan is required so the bulk will go. So in some sense back to the tools and you want expected good product similarly if you look at the typical for integrated services for telephones which has telex, packs, data everything in one which is a comparatively higher frequency than normal and but you can also see there is a over sample D2A, pulse generator, a low pass filter, line driver which is an amplifier, there is a filter here there is a gain control amplifier, a tone detector so all of them if you see once you are in XFR that is you can go for digital but earlier to that the front end every where is analog. So our design criteria is that you should be able to interface digital part and achieve the best performance on analog RF part that is the challenge which everyone faces. Just to give a simple circuit of a bipolar RF FM transmitter and FM receivers I suppose some other course some other people will teach you but this course may not. Modern combination system like mobile, mobile communication, LANS, GPS system examples and as I just now said tradeoffs are between design and the other parts. In compared to digital where I do not know whether you have some of you might have already done a digital course or digital design course or may be now doing it the three criteria we put for a good digital design on a chip we say it should have a low power it should work as as high speed as possible so the delay is minimum and third we say it should have a smaller area so it is called triangle we only optimize between area power and speed so this is a triangle and you can see if a given triangle is fixed for a given technology if you reduce power obviously something else has to be increased by triangle scratching and that means we will have to compensate by either by reducing speeds or giving more area which does not fit into requirements of normal good digital hardware and that is the challenge there but in case of RF or analog the design is not only three corner it is a multi corner discipline for example a typical design requires lot of theory of communication you may get random signals you may have different transfer to your architectures homodyne homo heterodynes you are required to do a good IC design all criteria you have to fit in you need lot of CAD tools need wireless language to meet your multiple access systems LMDS and many other points and you have to know about signal proposition so if you see the disciplines required we figure out this is the way you will have to optimize you have gain frequency power noise linearity and supply there were three in the digital and now you can see at least there are at least fixed maybe sometimes seven will come so the optimization is not trivial in the case of analog or RF designs and that is the reason why analog becomes more challenging or more requirement from a human intervention is much more in case of analog than in case of if you know it is IBM process you know the typical process has been used IBM has a very strong good wireless process CMOS process which has been used in Bluetooth WLAN that top box trans receivers Mumbai Delhi Chennai of course compulsorily you should have the top box now hopefully it is good for us because it is used so much money IF and baseband part of all radios will require all CMOS wireless so what are the challenges for CMOS I said it I repeat the different performance requirement for analog and digital analog require something else digital require something else now you are in a single chip you are fighting each other CMOS technology is always optimized for low power but often it gives the worst performance for analog again you are fighting for it the smaller the device you make better is digital performance that is what we are looking for why we are scaling down because we know performance will improve great the simple reason is the time taken for electron or hole to go from source to drain will be smaller as the channeling goes down and if the time is smaller obviously speed is higher data can proceed faster whereas in the case of analog the short channel the effects which are digital is facing is even worse for us because then everything which I thought as a no noise around they all will act with a noise to my inputs and my worry starts that how do I catch read get rid of these noise parts since we are scaling down VDD for all technologies we went from 5 volt 3.3 volt to 0.1 volt 1.5 volt 1.2 volt 1.8 volt now we are looking for 0.6 maybe some chips already there on 0.6 and I do not know 0.4 may be the last I hope so because then the noise 1 kT by Q is 25 millivolts it is room temperature 4 kT is the normal thermal noise around so 100 millivolt is the noise so if you have a 400 millivolt power supply VT has to be around 0.1 millivolt 100 millivolt so you are in a noise zone so one does not know which device will be switched off switched on God will tell so that cannot happen so some way probably 0.4 of course as whatever I said today is qualifiable 5 years down some 10 years ago something I said or 20 years is all proved false so what I am saying may not be true in future but maybe I will not be around to compete for you the as you scale down there is a transistor mismatch because the two transistors even close by one cannot guarantee their same thresholds same W by Ls or same mobilities and if you can on a chip there are so many it is impossible to match everywhere this is called variability issue some of my students have worked on it and that is creating a huge design issue because if there is a variability how do you design a chip some part may work sometime some part may not work sometime so how do you actually figure out that how do you get the maximum output even if there is a variability so there is an issue which is very important of 2005 onwards I already said that analog functions only work very small input range and though I showed you a linear curve there but if you see at the edges and in reality even that the line which I draw is a straight line is only because I wanted to draw it straight line in real life it is not a straight line it has some finite slopes there and it changes as you go down in VMS though we assume dv0 by dvn it is good for us to solve okay but in reality nonlinearities exist and if that exists analog functions will give different gains different noise if everything different bandwidths and there is an issue involved there is another problem which analog is getting because you are working on a same substrate for analog and digital digital switches 1 0 1 0 1 0 now the substrate bias also keeps changing any bias change will shift my VT and my VT shift means my everything analog gone so I must separate otherwise I have an issue that anything I own digital is reflected in every analog outputs okay there is a noise setting immediately now apart from substrate now there is a always what we call flicker noise variation now you will come to it later in the course itself which is called 1 upon f noise so lower the frequency you operate higher is the noise all said and done after certain frequency once a thermal noise takes over we shall show that but generally lower frequencies the flicker comes but lower doesn't mean it is 0 or something gives some few hertz a few kilo hertz a few now it is even few megahertz because cutoff is going as much as megahertz so because of that the flicker is varying extremely and as you scale down technologies the variations in mobility in particular due to interface state variations is very high and because of that the flicker is very very high so one of the worries which all big signal people is you are worried about is the flicker noise so called non quasi static effects those who are device people who have learned devices course from me hopefully we keep telling all the analysis this is steady state or thermal equilibrium in real life there is nothing called steady state non quasi states and since it is not quasi steady states there are huge problems in modelling and if you don't correctly model at those RF frequencies of megahertz and above you have more problems in design because what you thought correct is not at all correct and then the design will show even more problem for its own and at then the chip will never work to the spec you are looking I may not even work so that is the major worry of a designer in mixed signal area digital design so many cat to synopsis cadence metagraphic you name on there are strong cat tool companies which are provided tools to the as low a technology as a 16 nanometer tools in the case of analog there are no such easy to each chip is a different requirements and different issues come so one does not have enough cat tools even in 2012 that you can use those tools some tools of digital can be transformed on analog like for cadence layout tools yes you may use them here but cadence has a problem that unless you use a analog layouts areas what it shows that two lines cannot be separated by certain there is a what is called design rules these may be very stringent for digital but analog we don't need those stringency I can actually separate anything because my area is enough for me but I will be forced to do that because otherwise that tool will shout and will not allow you to put a layout also so they have they need to be modified for analog function performances problem with all this is that design time is very high in analog compare per unit area may be total it may not be as high but per unit area design time is much higher in analog than in digital the layouts are what almost when we say handcrafted handcraft means by as if you are drawing by hand tools will give you line drawings and all that but you will have to decide should I put it here should I put it there so decision is mostly yours and not tools digital you say I want to handgate it will replicate without you asking it also it will show you layout for that because as a library which actually stores most of it such facilities are not available for any analog blocks which we are trying that's our ultimate aim people say IP creation someone other day as IP stand for intellectual property if I design it something got fabbed and tested that belongs to me and I can sell that technology or that block as an IP to anyone who wants to use that so much one of the major activity in analog right now is IP creations so you create some hundreds and thousands of IPs someone will buy hopefully and use it for you and give you some money as well the analog part cost approximately two and half times that of digital for example 0.18 micron the cost is two and half times 0.35 so if you go to 45 you can think of it how much cost I am unnecessarily putting on I know the performance is much better at 0.35 I am scaling down and pushing myself to put more money on it for no good reason I am getting worse performance being higher you have a point most of the analog gm part decided by trans conductance is proportional to links or root links so larger the length of the channel larger will be gms that's our major criteria gm should be as high as possible gain gm r gm r 0 so if I want higher gms I should have a longer lengths digital I will prefer to have shorter link as much as possible to improve the speed performance so in some sense I know why 0.35 will be better but I am working on 0.45 or 0.045 below and now I am asking that performance be as good as what could have given in 0.35 so that is our major issue I will come to it anyway that is the course why analog I already said and you pay higher and the worst is getting worse results and you pay higher inversely proportional this is the typical SOI silicon on insulator substrate you can see the two parts which are shown here one is digital block and analog block and through substrate there is a connection this is called substrate couples now some other additional hardware or additional processing has to be done which is called gardening technology some gardening can be pillar coins so you have to put pillars down as much as below so huge cost on that but if you do that digital could be possibly separated from analog to some extent and therefore the noise coupling may be smaller this technology is costly as soon as you go on silicon insulators its technology is at least 4 times costlier than normal silicon bulk CMOS so cost here just quick photographs this is taken from Texas instruments he is Texas senior fellow of Texas we intend to we have called him some years ago and that is his talk which is been copied here for you another major activity in the RF area is broadband which is network shown here there is a gateway packet network transmission then there is a premier access gateway and so many equipments can be connected laptop video camera iPads iPods mobiles and desktops all are connected to broadband there are drivers broadband why so much looking because internet is becoming part of your life and if you want to have video streaming audio of course is not that difficult but if you have a JPEG going on it then you have too many standards on MPEG JPEG together and you need huge hardware improvements that is why broadband is very important for most cases I think these are available mostly you know about the major worry is what we call quality of service all combination people must be happy I am talking their language one of the major worry in all transmission is quality of service how services are provided to you when you reach home from home to your whatever called hub do you go on which fiber do you go on fiber or you are on wireless or you are on copper all these may decide quality of service for example the evolving network home meets lifestyle because you are so much busy with working outside so you want almost everything automated home automation including washing machine please so from a distance you should say ok switch off the machine or switch on rice cooker may start at 1245 one close at one can do that you need connectivity for all mobiles as well as pads iPads and what not you need to have all kinds of instruments which entertains you including television and other through dish TV or otherwise and you may work it on a system in which some kind of productivity is required you have printer or everything inside a room or in the building this is what the cable network works most of you have cables so you need a cable modem so that all four services can be given from the same cable we worked on five years on doc six standard for cable modem but finally that chip did not come through after a lot of money we spent but just the idea that cable probably is one of the best because it has the highest bandwidth and you anyway you see your TV channel on that you can receive all your data you can receive all your videos you can do everything on the cable itself you need modem for that so right now one is not so much cable modems are popular because mostly satellite direct home is what people are looking into but the best quality of service can be given through equipment these are all video equipment which requires lot of skills and many IPs can be created for variety of block shown here you can see from a digital still camera we are looking into broadcast equipment IPVPR video surveillance this is also one area which is very important these days everyone wants to know what others are doing what he is doing is not interested what others are doing that is the surveillance this is a link which is available on fiber then copper on single fiber multimore fibers where this wavelength division multiplexing is the standard optical signal processing methods so for these also which may run as 100 gigabits per second kind of frequencies I mean data rates so one is looking into variety of structures gigabits ethernets sonnet and many of them which are required all of them will be requiring some design which requires analog RF particularly broadband as I say broadband is fueled by consumer demand everyone wants broadband home broadband access is evolving very high speeds always on internet to the connected home you want to of course all of us I am no exception of course some of you are exceptions I know if I send a mail you send reply after 7 days either by design or by not looking your own mailbox particularly TAs you know if they are not done the job they keep mum because then you know if they reply they will have to say I have not done so they as if the mail has gone somewhere into the black hole everyone knows that if the mail has not bounced I know it has reached you can never say that it has not reached but he says no I did not receive so human hand this is good for all of us you know mobile has given this advantage that I am standing here and I say I am in Delhi no one knows but once that 4G 3G starts if the video comes on it actually background will be seen and you cannot say I am in Delhi you are very much in Mumbai next 5 minutes away from the place but you are telling I am in Delhi I cannot meet you this advantage probably may go soon okay so probably one is looking for what we call system on chip any activities of analog digital can be put on a single area called system on chip everything together okay individual chips but put on silicon this is like the PCB becoming silicon okay so that is the SOC if you see a typical neural architecture there are some you can see some of the inputs of them I have shown you these are multipliers then there is a output you require which is called neural activation function which is actually which need differential outputs okay so defams so even in the smallest part of a neural network which I neural process I showed there are at least 11 only 2 layers I have shown you there are 11 multipliers and at least 6 defams required so even for any kind of processing the digital part is fine but analog is very very important neural of course as I say mostly analog this is how you can see there are multipliers adders and neurons weight functions means actually you multiply okay synapses this is the neural network some other days some other time typical analog multiplier is shown here this is very famous circuit called Gilbert cell it is a 2 defam cell or rather 2 defam put together looking like 3 defams this is analog multiplier this is generally current multiplier and that is the strength of it this is a typical actual architecture of a 231 neural neural the network architecture for a processor which was designed by one of my student in payback maybe 1994 or 95 therefore not referred because this is ours so where is the ICs analog ICs or systems going mostly now are going into automotive guidance robotics remote sensing and all of them require sensors for example you need a sensor for visual motion which are very small consume little power work in real time like car is going and you want to see some collision this or you want to check your tire pressure or you want to check something or you are connected to GPS now all this will be requiring that the energy optical energy which you receive irradiance is very very small that energy is very small and the processing has to be much more accurate so the worry starts that how do you make processors which are a different time frame it will come and it is not a fixed time that every nanosecond I can pick up the data it may come in picosecond it may come nanosecond may come in milliseconds so the processor has to have way of knowing how much data is coming when so mostly what we do is called asynchronous designs which is not clocked to a given single but at the end to processing you will require synchronization whenever you do this digital of course everyone signal processing everyone done there is an anti-aliasing artifacts will be seen so you will require lot of DSP kind of approaches to improve that now this is what everyone has so far so many years including us have said that analog is costlier so here is one slide which I took from after great difficulty figured out that analog processing is actually economic compared to digital so how is the comparison here is the one the comparison goes that if you see the for the same complexity analog and same complex digital analog is cheaper but what you do is you compare it to say Intel Pentium 4 or a Thelon or Trion kind of this with a RF amplifier oh much it is so the comparison is not correct therefore they say that analog is very costly or digital RF is very costly in fact as I say per block design if you see analog will be cheaper because you know then that is how we can make lot of pixel based system which can be addressed very small pixel I mean large number of pixels can be put in your area I can address very easily actually the problem with all analog processing is it has a lack of precision digital you do not have real precision 0 1 so the problem is lack of precision and but many of these for example collision if you have a collision detector you do not want the car should be within 1 nanometer to know whether it will hit you or not even if it is few centimeters I know I am hitting there or not ok so many systems really do not require that precision either ok so why are we are fighting on thing oh it is not precise it is enough precise as far as the application goes ok so these are issues why I am showing all this all designers should get rid of this fact that what is the best design there is nothing called best design a design which works for a given application in a given money which someone buys is the best ok that does not mean either of the criteria even if it has the best aspects no one buys it so what for it a design is as good as who pays and whether he is satisfied with the data output I am giving both are satisfied thank you very much ok so do not work on the best kind of designs there is nothing called best the best for an application for a person or a foreign application user if that meets your money it is so what if some specs is fantastic like his space or someone ask you you say ok pay 10 million dollar for this chip I mean he only one 10 chips he wants I have to design what specs are so horrible yeah I will charge you so that is the way design tools so do not get into this idea that of course in exams we keep asking optimization we you know this is academy in industry there is nothing academy this you take from me now there is a zero academy in industry many of these systems will require sensors which are motion sensors as they called they are actually photoreceptors and they have to be processed on chip now that is why this nano lab probably may help ok like in the case of MIT I give you some university we are very famous for example MIT has been working for last 20 years or 15 years at least I know my good old friend Dr. Chandrakasan they have been working mostly on vision including eye and everything all kinds of vision products basically signal for path of animal or machine how to actually vision comes so they are mostly working on bio analog or analog bio whatever it is the goal is to determine how the advantages of analog will decide which is high p low power in small area can be exploited and as I said it has a limited accuracy very inflexible most memories of course I will show you some memories today if possible it takes longer to design than normal digital and it takes hell of a time for debug it whether right or wrong testing is very difficult so if you can minimize that yeah this is a good challenge one of the very famous book of 70's or 80's rather I am sorry it comes from a smile and face which is now I am told available in India early it was not I have a copy as I said I will not give this person is still at Ohio University and they work on the area of communication RFCMOS multimedia instrumentation sensors medical and auto materials so you also can think these are the areas in which analog is useful project 2010 they completed the design of a CCD major interface with CMOS chip with CDS which is correlated double sampling they also are designing AGCs A to D converters for a camcorder they have near-temperatures called chip design solution for multi-standard wireless which has become very difficult now you have CDMA, TDMA, LAN different kinds of LAN different Ethernet connections so you need different standards and then you have to design a chip which meets 3-4 standards the reserve spans in RF parts, LNAs, mixers, IQs that is quadrature generations and buffers baseband parts include channel select filters, variable gain amplifiers, high speed data converters synthesizers and design of low phase VCOs and PLLs a very interesting memory has been of course this is not from a new memory has come now which is called floating gate analog memory it is new in the sense actually it was known maybe not I was studying after minus maybe 17th analog was known to us earlier than digital as I said you so we knew about this so called analog memory then but we could not think of that it will any time come because in those days the flash was not made now we are using the flash digital memory what you call and trying to see can we use the same technique or technology to create what we call analog memories the basic analog memories is the storage of current of a constant current so one current is one bit the other current is other bit so I can have a current mirror which has a constant current generated somewhere which stores that current so that is what and we use the same structure as e-square from structure to this from floating gate kind of a so this is a new memory which is probably is going to be used very soon new flash what is the advantage of current storage over voltage storage anyone why all these years we are actually looking for charge storage Q is CV so V is the one which control there is no I in that though we know very much I and Q are related Q by T is I but that T factor was very troublesome now we can manage that T okay so current storage is better much more accurate much more easy to create compared to because larger the capacitance you create on silicon huge area it picks up so we want to reduce that area so one possible way of doing the only problem may come now again we may have to look for current to voltage converters for some open base circuit will be required because at then you may have a digital voltage data but these memories may come soon maybe already they are made maybe another few years they will be marketed now before we quit on this I must like to tell you many things about analog because you all are analog IC market strategic overview and opportunity so I will just go into number of these points market characteristics strategy and opportunity why opportunity because you may like to join so what are the IC market drivers as I said driver means those who are pushing analog circuit designs automotive electronics I said something about it already consumer electronics energy mobility security and the major right now everyone is looking is healthcare anything you put a bio on that you are 10 levels up so if you look at the market characteristics for analog typically the market is decided by the money so last 4 year dollar in billions we are talking about and it is found that the improvement in analog technology or analog products is proportional to the other semiconductor technology products so it is not that this is one area and that is one area they are correlated if that does not go up this also does not go up so it is very strong correlation functions typically we have found 10% growth is seen in analog this is cumulative aggregates which I am showing here average this growth rate is from 2010 to 16 say 42 billion dollars in 2010 which was 30% from the growth in 2009 in 2011 it became 45.2 billion dollars and by expect that in 2016 it will be 44 billion dollars the total silicon market as of now is 800 billion dollars so we are not at least 10% to 12% is something which we are actually working at there are 5 famous companies in analog some of them in India maybe all of them are in India also so for example very interesting if I rank them of course this is not given by I just taken different data and put it in the form for you to see Texas instrument is number one analog company in the world which has the 6190 million dollar business in 2010 which has a market share of 14.6% ST which is both based on France Italy and US and also other European countries is ranked 2 they are more famous for their memories and other wireless products I am comparing analog part of me there are 4291 million dollars which is 10% infineon which has now become part of it has become Intel mobile but remainder part of infineon which were earlier Siemens infineon is number 3 in analog market 3228 million dollars business in 10 is around 8% share analog devices a lot of DSP products but their analog part is they are ranked 4th around 2500 million dollar business 6% roughly share and one is very smaller company compared to these 4 is maximum which is 5th which has around 2000 million dollars which is only 5% in the business they do but they do very niche business the others make 24000 millions 24000 million dollars which is 56% but if you see the first 5 add the 43% market share is really going to 5 companies there are 107 companies totally who actually work on analog so the 56% with them and 5 sharing around 45% and if you take it 10 then 60% will be with them there are few bigger company I did not list linear and others but some other time there are 2 segments in digital same as 2 segments in analog now very strong segments one is called application specific the other is called general purpose like opam is a general purpose so we say there are analog ICs that performs specific function like timing control RF trans receivers touch sensors LED drivers LED quarters display drivers and we have general purpose like typical application like amplifier DACs ADC's comparators latches all these same amplifiers all these are essentially general purpose they do not go for a system so if you look at their market in 2011 the application specific market is 26.3 billion dollars now question is many time ask why I talk about billion firstly I am copying from someone so they talk in dollars secondly we do not have even 1% of this business so showing you some 22.6 crore business very odd then say why do I join that company 26 billion the general purpose market is 18.8 billion the main segment in 2016 the ASIC market will be 40 billion and general purpose market will be 30 billion typically 74 billion dollars market will be in 20 years of time so what is the environment for them analog IC companies compete through what are their skills they require their special product design skills each company has people who are expertise in one specific area they can do this best they will actually use those skills then companies also compete on breadth of the product how many products different kinds I create that will decide my company success how much I able to distribute and how good a network that company has will decide which will be 1 or 2 or 3 and of course finally if not the it is not the last the most important how much pricing you do for your products that decide the environment for any company so larger companies go by this but if you look at the smaller companies I have listed of course these are not all from canly some are my own I added there itself so there is a small company in Korea the initial trend they only work on power management unit that is their only area they do not work on any other district they work on power management and elite drivers Niko and power analog micro they work only on high voltage 20 volt 50 volt power devices or power device base analog circuits GMT works on audio switches power management Taiwan semiconductor works on discreet voltage regulators electronics works only on LCD drivers silicon meters work only on power management so there are many other sizes so smaller companies actually choose a product or two and stick to that because then they can create some niche market whereas bigger companies have other idea they say larger the breadth more you can make money so that is the difference between the two kinds of market everyone survives do not worry I will tell you a few lines then you will see it audio video clock timing data conversion for example simple I give one example in 2010 ADC DAC market has 3.8 billion only on ADC DAC or for example similarly on power management block the budget was I mean sale was almost 10 billion dollars so certain areas are much more required in the market some areas are not required but you have to create and you have to create different products as I say if you divide the industry by application there is automotive communication computing storage consumer industrial medical are the areas which are called segments and for example Texas has 30,000 products linear has 7,500 products national semiconductors is 12,000 products vaccine has 6,500 products they are major and other companies I will show you why I did not add that word later but that interesting part then what are the technologies people are working at very different technologies have been tried for different applications bipolar many companies are working even now for amplifiers RA blocks regulators power management and some disk needs by mass they are working for RF amplifier power management for power specific large power we work on D mass or V mass or sometime DE mass drain extended mass for high voltage applications do not think high voltage means really 100 or something 50 is very high compared to 0.8 it is very high voltage 5 volt is also now much higher than 0.6 or 0.8 C mass everything wherever you are there then there are technologies of very recent era which is silicon germanium because Intel has popularized it for their own microprocessors now it has gone for any every other area RF is very strong on silicon germanium and there are companies which are working on silicon mixture of silicon carbide and silicon germanium or CEG carbide technologies which is mostly used for wide band 22 gigahertz and above so this is a very great challenge right now why we are looking for higher frequency larger the bandwidth each industry segment requires specific analog mixed signal technologies for example consumer requires touch screen LED driver display drivers near field communication what is near field communication so these are essentially required for consumer which you want to connect your printer you want to connect with so many people sitting one common printer through bluetooth or IR can be IR bluetooth you for a video audio codecs these are consumers industrial LED lighting energy monitoring these are same things in different format I am showing you automobiles you need sensors ADCs line drivers audio codecs for computer and storage you need HDMI, SATA, Thunderbolt EDC some hardware and softwares methods communication gitbits you know gitB as it is called gigabits gitB so 10gb 10g 40g is what people are now working at Ethernet larger the bandwidth you provide longer the distance your net can actually get connected without fading so major trend in IC companies is higher integration multiple analog function on a single chip and of course the two people who actually made hell of a money in last two years people believe that Qualcomm has more made more money but Qualcomm has different products compared to Broadcom right now the leaders in pure analog RF related products Broadcom is one and may be maximum is just next to it Donoey company in the sun ok so what is the characteristics of analog companies they are very high profitable they should be large operating margins with them for example linear has 52% operating margin analog device is 30% maximum 26% and the gross margin for example TI is 53% gross margins national survey is 68.3 linear has 77% gross margin there is very important word in industry which I therefore wrote fully down so that you will remember only P you may forget it is called price to earning ratio how much earning you want and how much pricing you will do is a very important decision of a company and that decides whether the company will survive or will not survive if you have put very high price to get higher earning for them ratio to what you have spent then many lesser products will be sell you put very low you may be bankrupt so you have to be very very strict on P ratios how much company can afford to sell at what earnings they expect because there is something minimum earnings they have to do this quarter make it a loss what you are putting a quarter problem is this is very important for example linear has 15% area is 14% maximum 30 maximum is very strong people they actually decide how much earning they should minimum and how much pricing they should do but they are many niche products therefore they survive they should be resource intensive and productive for example many larger companies have advantage they are huge number of application engineers with them for example Texan instrument NSC maximum has more I think application engineers than designers because they should bring the business to them sorry so any company which has to survive they should have diverse set of products and consumer customers tens and thousands of products hundreds of package types tens and thousands of customers of all volume levels hundreds of distinct application in each market segment larger product life cycle than any other IC types very low ASPs the profit at the start but very high volumes if for example very low profits can be as low as half per this may be half a dollar half a million but you may produce a company which has 88 million they actually sell over the years. The most larger companies like TI, NXP, LLTC, Maxime they do all this the biggest advantage they hold is this own recipes that is own processes they have they have optimized processes for their own products and they leverage their process R&D across the products like Intel does not give its fab to anyone Intel manufactures its own microprocessor because if they do so then only they can leverage that our processor is better otherwise if you give it to someone else other man will know what you are doing and that is the major fun so all these companies the smaller company has that disadvantage because they cannot afford a fab so they will have to go to someone so the product the other release over here so your timing is what crucial there you make that much product which is someone else will be interested in your product so fine you work on it and see to it when they pick you up you do not you are not interested in the end of your product either you are just waiting when that company will pick you up that is what start of business is. If you look at strategies and market force for each company the strategy for Maxime is integration innovation and balance market is automobile, HD infrastructure energy, mobile, security, health care, linear has strategy of broad based supplier quality, market focus is communication, industrial, automobile Zarlink has strategy of network evolution and health care this company has started basically for health care so Zarlink was not there in few five years ago it just picked up a figure out that oh health care market so let us enter so they are major product right now as in health care of course they work on wireless for health care that is their major interest. National strategy broad based supplier of high performance, energy efficient, analog and mix signal the most important part which you can see how much a part strategy is something like what are the opportunities what is the growing appetite for analog chips in industry consolidation restarted with the problem you know this is called disruption what has happened last year the Texas instrument picked up the one of the largest semiconductor company other than international semiconductor they just picked it up. Now they are part of Texas, Texas is a smaller company than NSC but Texas is the owner of NSC now because of that now the analog products their own competitors they are part of them so they just killed the competitor by acquisition of course they are still other company so they are not under MRTP lack no monopoly so they still survive but that is the way it is so there are potential acquisitions are now on target and therefore there are huge threats to middle level companies startup is actually looking for acquisition so for them it is great if someone actually picks up. So for example I just word is all this people therefore will not allow anyone else to enter the market because that is the strategy just to give an idea an iPad there are two kind of say application specifics so for example the application specifics some of them for an iPad or no 3G or 3G whichever way you buy it is typically $225 this is little old price but available on the net and the analog share in that is $55 which means around 20 to 25% part of an iPad and this is becoming so crazed to everyone that analog market will continue to increase. So what is the opportunity for you all is great opportunity for other innovative startups and smaller analog IC companies so what is the difference you can make innovative designs and a good analog performance system friendliness and custom package you should meet their applications the focus is of course on cellular wireless transceivers, power amplifiers, power management, chargers, supply control, LEDs, Wi-Fi, GPS, Bluetooth near field communication devices, transceivers and controllers $31 billion discreet sales in 2010-36 so 13% growth hack better to join now. $5 billion wireless product 2014 $3.8 billion, $10 billion in nutshell large and consolidated analog IC market which is around $42 billion now and may become $74 billion soon it's a horizontal market that means there is no hierarchy everyone is on the different product different so they are on a horizontal plane different segments they are catering to the ASP is as low as half a dollar many units which are very high volume 88 billion units are made so therefore application specific analog is the most attractive segment for entry by innovative startups finally what are the key problems one is key issues particularly wireless analog IC market in between semiconductor market went down very heavily last 2-3 years now it has come back so since it is tagged with that analog will also have a nose dive so that is very important issue will analog ICs remain viable in future or will they be displaced by all digital will analog ICs remain viable as I say is the market becoming increasingly specification specific will multi market device lose their share of market where is the best opportunity of growth in analog ICs whether it is in power area signal processing area or interface area these are the issues one has to answer however 2 things may help you in 2016 people believe that electrical vehicles and portable medical equipment actually that segment may grow very fast healthcare and second red one I intentionally put red because I think this is the largest growth market as of now because of the younger population across India and world smart phone everyone want like this since you want that smart phone there is analog very high percent there may increase even now and if that increases jobs in analog are going to stick for many more years I will honestly tell you all companies in India are looking for analog engineers because of this 25 percent front end this I will show you next time but I one last slide I must show you which is interesting these are the people who are whom I am acknowledging the Razavi's book and Razavi personally I talked to him TI people Cadence the number of websites from VLSI Sony Corporation the base book the smile face book and their work Bakers papers and many one of the this scan list which I it was taken from the slideshare.net website the last but not the least there used to be a serial in 70s called Columbus and the hero was a detective called Dick Tracy I have seen many years ago in US not in India Dick Tracy now in those days the electronics was very poor there was no wireless in reality except the huge tubes and only there is a restricted band of one hertz or something where you can talk that's what this radio ham had a problem ham radios because they are very small bands they were given so those that detective has a watch which has a two way communication and here photograph and some small things you could do and so in that serial they showed how to use that when this was not even thought that this can happen. However Sony as early as 2006 actually made a similar watch which can do two way communication it can do language which is very important if you go to other countries including Japan when I go he secretary camera music and electronic memory this is the vice president Sony Mr. Sukumoto so he was saying when he sees if Dick Tracy would have survived and he would have seen this he would have been turning in his grave oh my goodness so this is what has happened even Samsung in 1999 have made a watch which can do many of the jobs which Sony is better than that last slide but not the least these are this slide I show every year so many of you have seen it this is just repeat for the new ones if you are an optimist or if you are a pessimist you can look at the same figure two ways this is silicon wafer compare it with sun the horizon if you are an optimist you say only 50% has come out 50 years to come we will see it if you are a pessimist only 50% is here it may also go down depends on the way you look at the ICS here is for you the last interesting slide all of us wants to be in a good environment enjoy our life not doing great work so want to be in place wherever you wish to work in a good environment and still be connected to the world and do every job what would have been otherwise that is life connected to the world that is what we aspire for for you all engineers who do not want to become managers executives might make the final decisions about executives managers about what would be produced but engineers would provide most of the ideas for the new products all engineers were the people who really knew the state of the art and who were therefore the best equip to prophecy of the changes in it thank you