 First of all, I must admit that the presenters did a wonderful job in tackling the issues bedeviling Africa. Africa is very diversified. Just like the PEPAS are diversified and that of course creates a difficulty in generalizing. We can't generalize. Everything depends on the context and that's a very crucial setting point because Africa is a continent where there are so many hotspots in terms of development and these hotspots are associated with dependence on nature more or less in most of the context for the basic needs that they need. The other issue of bedeviling Africa is that there is no magic bullet which can solve the problem. So when we generalize that for example such as such a thing is going to solve the problem, it creates a problem in itself because we need to go in Africa context by context. I wanted to emphasize that point so that we don't say we are coming from here having solved what kinds of things can be done to minimize the problem in Africa. The other problem facing us in Africa is the issue of mindset change. Somebody of course already talked about the culture and there is difficulty in changing the mindset of individuals. Take for example the fact that the overstatement that agriculture is rainfed. We know that for crop production crops need water. Crops don't need rain right? And we have rivers flowing even if it is passing through some villages where they can tap the water to produce crops. They wait for rain despite that they can use the water to grow the crops right? So there is need for information, providing information so that we tap the potential of these rivers to turn them into productive activities so that the food can be made available and we don't rely on rain forever which is not necessary as such. Now the challenges facing Africa are also numerous and diversified. We have the issues of access to property rights to land and water. We have the problem of linking smallholder farmers to domestic and global markets because of the high transaction costs. We have the infrastructural bottlenecks, lack of data and information for action and then of course the emerging climate change issues. All these are challenges which will take a while for Africa to overcome the problems which can enable them to achieve the desired development. And if we can break this problem into sections of the problems, there are the production related challenges which includes land tenure insecurity. We have an explored irrigation opportunities, I have just said. There is underutilization of the prevailing farm resources that the last speaker said as much, poor physical infrastructure and post harvest management. And we have losses going up to 40% of the harvest. So if we can minimize some of these post harvest losses through value addition, then of course we shall be getting closer to achieving the food security. Then we have what we might call market and institutional related challenges. Africa is to be developed by what we might call institutional failure. The rules and regulations are made but they're equally abused. And that is a challenge which we have to grapple with if we have to transform the economies in Africa. We have weak research and the extension capacity and this is directly affecting the productive potential of the farmers. If for example there's no information, there's no information about technology, there's no information about post harvest management, of course things will be worse and worse. And that of course needs to be addressed. The issue about micro economic challenges also persists. Household decision making, the topic which has just been addressed is very complex. It's not as easy as may appear because decision making in the household depends even on neighbors. The neighbors have a strong influence on what can happen either in coming through the wife or coming through the husband. In the model you came up with there was no mention about the neighbors influence on the household decision making and that is important. The issue of how the macro economic challenges affect the households also differ because this also depends on the information available to them because in Africa some of the households hardly see any government presence so it's very difficult to model so to speak. And then the other worrying challenges include the rural urban migration problem because urbanization is already creating heavy farm labor deficits and this is associated with the fact that the youth are shining agriculture because of the thinking that agriculture is only on the beginning side of the value chain. There is no rethinking of the value chain because they think if you go to agriculture it's a very adverse kind of process and your livelihood is not going to be better. So there's need to push the agenda of value chain thinking so that you don't only think of agriculture as the production side but all the way up to the export side and there is of course rising land scarcity and then the declining soil fertility all these kinds of things affect the productivity of agriculture which we thought about and then the risk the issue of the risk the risk in agricultural operations right from production to international markets there are so many risks so again that brings in the problem of modeling for a diversified system so we should be thinking about ecosystem kind of approach to tackle the issue and then focus on context. Generalization in Africa is a very it will be flawed if we have to base it on policy making. So context matter and then the change of mindset within the African continent is equally important. Thank you very much.