 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayes Academy for the date 7th of September 2020. The list of news articles along with the page numbers of five different editions taken up for today's analysis is given here for your reference. Let us now begin with our analysis. This news article is related to the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act of 2010. This news article tells that the central government had recently suspended the FCRA license of four Christian groups. If you see, we have been hearing about this particular FCRA Act of 2010 frequently in news. We know that India possibly has one of the largest number of active non-governmental organizations in the world. And if you see the government of India is providing funding to these NGOs, but only handful of NGOs get a huge amount of government funds. Majority of the funds which the NGOs receive are from abroad. If at all they are registered under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act of 2010. Now if you see the issue related to this particular act came to limelight when the government canceled the registrations of many NGOs citing national interest as reason. And as per this news article if you see, as of now there are around 22,457 NGOs or associations that are registered under the FCRA. Whereas the licenses of around 20,675 NGOs were canceled and the licenses of around 6,702 NGOs were deemed to have expired. So in this context let us have an elaborate analysis on this 2010 FCRA. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. So what is this Foreign Contribution Regulation Act of 2010? Know that this law regulates the receipt of foreign contributions or aid from outside India to Indian territories. This particular law has been enacted by the parliament to consolidate the law to regulate the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution of foreign hospitality. And this 2010 act repealed the earlier FCR Act of 1976. Now if you look at the objective of this act it aims to prohibit the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any activities that is detrimental to national interest. In this regard this act is meant to ensure that the foreign contribution is received from legitimate sources and it is utilized for legitimate purposes by any person within India. So you can see that this particular act is an internal security related legislation and it is concerned with foreign donations majorly related to finance. But if you see despite being a law related to financial legislation it falls under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs and not under the Reserve Bank of India or even under the purview of the Ministry of Finance. First of all what is meant by foreign contribution? Know that this term foreign contribution has been defined under section 21H of this 2010 act. According to it foreign contribution means the donation, delivery or transfer made by any foreign source to India. And remember that it does not include gift for personal use and also know that if the market value of such article or gift at the time of gifting is more than the value specified by the central government then it will be considered as foreign contribution. So if it is within the limit then it is gift beyond the limit it becomes foreign contribution. So any donation, delivery, transfer of any currency whether it is an Indian currency or a foreign currency all come under foreign contribution. It can also include donation, delivery, transfer of any security as defined under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act of 1956 and it also includes any foreign security as defined under Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999. So all such contributions received from any foreign source are deemed as foreign contribution. Here you should have an idea that the educational fees or the business transactions and certain other aspects are excluded from the definition of foreign contribution. Then if you see the contributions made by a non-resident Indian from his personal savings through the normal banking channels is not treated as foreign contribution. So this is the definition of foreign contribution. Now who can receive foreign contribution? Know that any person or association can receive foreign contribution but subject to certain conditions. Firstly it must have a definite cultural, economic, educational, religious or social program. Secondly if you see it must obtain the FCRA license that is either the registration or the prior permission from the central government. And thirdly it must not be prohibited under section 3 of this 2010 Act. This section defines the entities which are prohibited to receive foreign contribution. Now who all cannot receive foreign contribution? It is given here for your reference like the candidates appearing for elections like political parties then the government servants the number of any legislature etc. Next you need to know to whom this particular Act is applicable. As per section 1, 2 of this 2010 Act the provisions of this Act is applicable to the whole of India and also to the citizens of India outside India. Then if you see it is applicable to associate branches, subsidiaries that are located outside India then it also includes companies, bodies, corporate, registered or incorporated in India. Next let us see how permission is obtained for accepting foreign contribution. See the common terminology that is used is the FCRA license which is also mentioned in this news article. But if you see there are two modes of obtaining permission to accept foreign contribution according to this 2010 Act. One is through registration, the other is through prior permission. Now let us see the eligibility for the grant of both these as mentioned in this 2010 Act. First let us see the eligibility for the grant of registration. See firstly in order to be registered under this Act an association should be registered either under the Societies Registration Act of 1860 or the Indian Trusts Act of 1882 or under section 8 of the Companies Act of 2013. Secondly if you see the association must be in existence for at least three years and it must have undertaken reasonable activity in its field for which the foreign contribution is proposed to be utilized. And further if you see it must have spent at least 10 lakh rupees over three years preceding the date of its application on its activities. So these are some of the criteria which the association should meet in order to receive foreign contribution. And if you see once the association receives a registration certificate then such a certificate is valid for a period of five years and it shall be renewed thereafter as prescribed by the government. So this is about the eligibility for the grant of registration. Next let us see what is the eligibility for the grant of prior permission. Know that the organization with less than three years of existence is not eligible for registration as we saw earlier. So such organizations can apply for a grant of prior permission under this 2010 Act. Here if you see the prior permission is granted for the receipt of a specific amount from a specific donor for carrying out specific activities or projects. For this purpose the association should meet certain criteria. Firstly as we saw earlier it should be registered under either of these three acts. And secondly if you see it should submit a specific commitment letter from the donor indicating the amount of foreign contribution and the purpose for which it is proposed to be given. So these are the eligibility conditions for the associations to obtain registration or prior permission. So here the cutoff period is three years. About three years it is registration and less than three years the association has to obtain prior permission in order to receive foreign contribution. And these are some of the reporting norms that are specified under this 2010 Act. So this is all about the discussion of this news article. In the context of this news article we have elaborately discussed about the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act of 2010. The objectives of this Act and what do we mean by foreign contribution, who cannot receive foreign contribution, for whom it's applicable and what are the methods through which permission to receive foreign contributions is obtained etc. Now have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This editorial article is written by Justice A.P. Shah who is retired Chief Justice of Delhi and Madras High Courts and he was also the former chairperson of the Law Commission of India. In this editorial he speaks about two recent developments at the Supreme Court. However if you see the major portion of this particular editorial discussion is dedicated to the judicial independence at the Supreme Court. So let us look at it now. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. See in this editorial the first event which has been mentioned by the author is about the sentence of Mr. Prashant Bhushan and the CO Mo2 contempt of court case. In the judgment the Supreme Court said that by showing magnanimity instead of imposing any severe punishment the Supreme Court is sentencing Mr. Prashant Bhushan with a nominal fine of 1 rupee. And we saw that if he fails to pay this particular fine by a particular date he shall undergo a simple imprisonment for a period of three months and further be debarred from practicing in Supreme Court for three years. So we have been discussing this particular issue for quite some period of time. So by now we hope that all you aspirants will be aware of the challenged provisions of the contempt of Courts Act of 1971. Now the author views this particular act as a self-defeating act which is not good for a healthy democracy and he hopes that this law will be eventually changed. Now let us come to the second matter that is discussed in this editorial which is pertaining to judicial independence. Here if you see the author has discussed about judicial independence in the context of a particular judge of the Supreme Court Mr. Arun Mishra. Here the matter which the author has discussed is about the way in which the cases were allocated to him during his tenure at the Supreme Court in the period 2014 till 2020. Here the author puts forward a question if there is a role of Chief Justice of India in this regard he tells yes there is a role of Chief Justice of India. Why because the Chief Justice of India is the master of the roaster. As the master of the roaster the Chief Justice of India has the prerogative and authority to allocate cases to different benches of the Supreme Court. Here the author of this editorial calls this master of roaster system as an opaque system. Why because the Chief Justice of India usually does not provide any reasons as to why cases were allocated to particular benches. Here why the author discusses this particular master of roaster system is because politically sensitive cases dealing with the executive were allocated to the benches involving justice Arun Mishra and if you see many reputed commentators have conducted detailed analysis of justice Arun Mishra's decisions and studies have found that the decisions were predictably in favor of the executive that is the government of the day. As a result of this if you see many columnists scholars and legal luminaries have speculated that the Supreme Court is moving away from a right based court to an executive court that is Supreme Court is favoring the executive that is the government of the day in one way or the other. Here you can link the role played by the Chief Justice of India in allocating cases to different benches to the criticisms raised by Mr. Prashant Bhushan on the office of CJI yourself. Even if you see certain judges at the Supreme Court at times have said that the Chief Justice of India's are being remotely controlled. So many people have said that the master of the roaster system should undergo a change since the Chief Justice of India's and even some judges at the Supreme Court could be influenced by the executive that is the central government. Here the question is how can the Chief Justice of India's be influenced. The author who himself is former Chief Justice of High Courts as we saw tells that politically colored post retirement opportunities are being offered to the retired Chief Justice of India. If you remember we have seen a recent example where the previously retired Chief Justice of India Mr. Ranjan Gogai is presently a member of the Rajesh Saba. So as a result of all these things the author states that usually threats to judicial independence comes from outside the court that is from the executive. So this is one thing here the author has discussed one more thing he tells that in the recent times threat to judicial independence is also coming from within the Supreme Court. Hence the author has called for reforms in the manner of allocation of cases to different benches of the Supreme Court. Here the author tells that rules based mechanism for allocation of cases without any discretion should be implemented. He also tells that the case allocation system should be neutral. For this purpose if you see in this editorial the author has quoted the European example where there is rules based mechanism for allocation of cases as followed by the European Court of Justice and then by the European Court of Human Rights etc. So the author tells that such a rules based allocation will prevent packing benches in Supreme Court with pro-government judges that is those judges who favored the executive. So such actions will demonstrate neutrality impartiality and transparency and all this in turn will ensure that the courts are protected from outside interference as well. So this will improve the public confidence in the impartiality and independence of the judiciary as a result and also it will assure the litigants of equality and fairness and it will try to protect the basic rights and freedoms by not compromising on the same. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this editorial. To summarize we saw the two events discussed by the author. One was related to the contempt of courts act of 1971 and the second was related to the judicial independence where we saw certain threats to judicial independence like the master of roster system, certain fault lines in the system and finally we saw how it should be modified and what would be the advantages if reforms are brought into the judicial system. Now have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article speaks about eco-sensitive zones. It tells that a road is being laid within the eco-sensitive zone of the grizzled squirrel wildlife sanctuary which is also called as Sri Viliputur wildlife sanctuary that is located in the state of Tamil Nadu. So in this context you need to know about eco-sensitive zones from example's perspective. First let us see about them and then let us come back to the news article. See eco-sensitive zones or ecologically fragile areas are those areas which are located within 10 kilometers around the protected areas national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Know that they are notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change under section 3 v of Environment Protection Act of 1986. See the purpose of eco-sensitive zones is to ensure that these areas act as shock absorbers for the protected areas so that non-forest activities are not conducted in these areas and if you see these eco-sensitive zones would also act as a transition zone from areas of higher protection to areas involving less protection. We have the 2011 guidelines issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change to regulate the eco-sensitive zones. As per these guidelines the width of the eco-sensitive zone and the type of regulation differs from one protected area to another protected area. The general principle is that the width of the eco-sensitive zone is 10 kilometer around the protected area and in case of places with sensitive corridors connectivity and ecological important patches that are crucial for landscape linkage sometimes even area beyond 10 kilometers width can be included in the eco-sensitive zone. So, the width is not uniform it varies from one protected area to another protected area as you can see in this picture. It is an example of the eco-sensitive zone of Banner Gata National Park which is located in the state of Karnataka. Next if you see according to the guidelines some activities are prohibited, some activities are regulated and some activities are permitted as you can see here. So, this is in brief about the eco-sensitive zones that you need to know from exam perspective. Now, coming back to the news it tells that the eco-sensitive zone for this particular grizzled squirrel wildlife sanctuary was up to 5 kilometer from the border of the reserve forest that is the area of higher protection. Here the bone of contention is that the road is planned along the zero point of the zone without permission from the forest department. The environmental activists are warning that this would eventually lead to encroachment of the forest area and cause harm to the ecology and wildlife. So, based on a complaint from an activist the wildlife warden of this particular wildlife sanctuary has ordered an inquiry to look into this issue. So, this is in brief about this news article. Now, have a look at both these practice questions. Let us move on to the next news article. Every UPSC aspirant knows this name Keshavananda Bharti the man behind the concept of basic structure doctrine. He was a sole petitioner in the historic fundamental rights case which prevented India to enter into a totalitarian regime. Now, why we are seeing this news is because Keshavananda Bharti who is the sage of Edneer mutt which is located in the state of Kerala passed away yesterday that is on 6th September. So, we have two relevant news articles today related to Keshavananda Bharti. So, in this context let us discuss the famous case law Keshavananda Bharti versus state of Kerala and what led to this case and what was the judgment given by the supreme court and the significance of this judgment in today's context. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. See the issue began when the Kerala government passed the Kerala land reforms amendment act of 1969. This amendment act aimed to end the feudal system and distribute land among landless farmers. So, what Keshavananda Bharti did was he approached the supreme court in 1970 contending that the land reforms attempted to impose restrictions on the management of the mutts property that is the property of Edneer mutt. Here the sage argued that the amendments breached his fundamental rights under article 25 which is right to practice and propagate religion and then article 26 which is about the freedom of religious denomination including managing and administering its property and then article 31 that is right to property which is no more a fundamental right. See this news article tells that the supreme court in the year 1973 upheld the amendments in the Kerala land reforms law and Keshavananda Bharti did not get any relief but if you see Nani Falki Wala who was an advocate who represented the sage extended the ambit of this particular case by challenging series of constitutional amendments that was introduced by the then Indira Gandhi government where the constitutional amendments granted unlimited power to the parliament to alter the constitution. Before looking at this judgment you should know that there are certain other supreme court judgments like the Golaknath case law of 1967 then the R.C. Cooper case law of 1970 and then Madhavraha of Sindhya case law of 1970 all these supreme court judgments put a restriction on the parliamentary power and among these if you see the most important was the Golaknath case law of 1967. In this particular case law the supreme court said that the parliament's amending power could not touch the fundamental rights and this power would be only with a constituent assembly. To get over these judgments what the then Indira Gandhi government did was it passed several constitutional amendments like the 24th constitutional amendment act then 25th and 29th constitutional amendment acts. So what this advocate did was he challenged these amendments through this particular Keshavananda Bharti case in the supreme court and if you look at the judgment of the supreme court what it did was it upheld the validity of the 24th constitutional amendment act of 1971. It said that the parliament is empowered to average or take away any of the fundamental rights but at the same time if you see the supreme court laid down a new doctrine of the basic structure or basic features of Indian constitution. So the constituent power under article 368 does not enable parliament to alter the basic structure of the constitution. It means the parliament cannot average or take away a fundamental right that forms a part of the basic structure. See this Keshavananda Bharti judgment did not define what constituted the basic structure. Over the years if you see there were various judgment which included several elements in the basic structure like the supremacy of the constitution then the sovereign democratic and republican nature of Indian polity and then over secular and federal characters of the Indian constitution then about the independence of the judiciary rule of law doctrine of separation of powers between the judiciary executive and legislature and then about the parliamentary system then about the principle of free and fair elections and even about the welfare state. So this basic structure doctrine has formed the basis of the Indian judiciary's power to review amendments to the constitution by parliament. This is why we have been seeing news that the supreme court objected to the amendments as they had in conflict with the basic structure of the constitution. So this is in brief about this particular Keshavananda Bharti case law. Now if you see apart from this basic structure doctrine this particular Keshavananda Bharti case law is also unique because of the statistics and the ramifications of this particular case. Why because if you see this case was heard by a constitutional bench of 13 judges which is the largest ever formed in the supreme court and the verdict was a split verdict 7-6 that is 7 in favor and 6 against. Later if you see what the then Indira Gandhi government did was it superseded three judges who were part of this particular majority verdict and appointed a particular person as a chief justice and all those three judges who were part of the majority verdict resigned in protest against the government's move and not just that the national emergency was proclaimed shortly after the judgment was delivered on 24 April 1973. So we can say that this Keshavan and the Bharti case law was timely as it helped the judiciary to thwart many attempts on democracy and the dignity of individual during the dark years of national emergency and even in the coming years. So this is in brief about the discussion of this news article. If you see it is quite tough to comprehend this particular case law then in there during our polity related topic discussion we will be quoting this case law. So we saw that Keshavan and the Bharti passed away yesterday. Now if you look at this particular sage he was an exponent of a particular traditional art called as Yakshagana theater which is very famous in the state of Karnataka. This news article tells that the sage was a good singer and a popular Bhagavata that is singer and director in Yakshagana art form. We saw that the sage is from Kerala but Yakshagana is traditionally Karnataka based art form but if you see this particular art form is also performed in Malayalam as well as in a language called Thulu which is a dialect of parts of southern Karnataka. To know more about Yakshagana theater form we request the viewers to have a look at our 16th June the Hindu news analysis. So this is all about the discussion of both these news articles. Now have a look at this practice question let us move on to the next news article. This editorial discusses about the initiatives taken by the United Nations and by regional organization called UNS CAP that focuses on financing the economic recovery from COVID-19 pandemic. This editorial says that due to COVID-19 countries in Asia and Pacific suffer sharp drops in foreign exchange inflows. This is due to the declines in export earnings remittances tourism and FDI. If you look at this editorial it speaks about global initiative of the United Nations which is financing for development in the era of COVID-19 and beyond know that it is co-convened by Canada and Jamaica. The purpose of this initiative is to develop comprehensive financing strategy in order to safeguard the sustainable development goals that are to be met by the year 2030. And this editorial also tells that in the Asia-Pacific region to be specific several countries have already adopted financing plans in order to recover from this COVID-19 pandemic in three key areas. One is to address the challenges of the diminished fiscal space and the accumulated debts and the second area is to ensure sustainable recovery from the economic downturns and this recovery has to be consistent with the ambitions of the Paris climate agreement that is without degrading the environment and it should be sustainable as per the 2030 sustainable development goals. And the third key area is to harness the potential of regional cooperation. So at the regional level the countries will cooperate to finance amongst themselves for development. So these are the three key areas. In this regard if you see this editorial mentions that the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific has recently launched a regional conversation series on building back better. The aim of this conversation is to share collective insights on the sharing pathways to resilient recovery from COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent economic collapse. So in this context try to know about this UN escape from film's perspective. Know that all the six main organs of the United Nations were established in 1945 when UN was founded. They are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusty Ship Council, the International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat. Now if you look at this Economic and Social Council it is the heart of UN system that aims to advance the three dimensions of sustainable development economic, social and environmental. In this regard the Economic and Social Council has established five regional commissions to promote regional development. One of the commissions is SCAP which is the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Know that it began in 1947 at Shanghai in China as the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. It was formed to assist in post-war economic reconstruction and economic development in the region. In 1949 if you see the headquarters shifted from Shanghai in China to Bangkok in Thailand and also the name was changed to Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific. At present if you see UN SCAP as 53 members and nine associate members and India is a member since 1947 and apart from this if you see countries like France, Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America are also member states of this UN SCAP. The strategic alliances and the regional expertise have lifted millions of people out of poverty in the Asia-Pacific region and also if you see SCAP has guided this region on enabling a better standard of life as envisaged in the charter of United Nations. See the overall objective of SCAP is to promote inclusive and sustainable economic and social development in the Asia-Pacific region. Here if you see the priorities accorded to the implementation of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development and the achievement of the sustainable development goals. So in this regard SCAP services helps the member states in building national capacities in these areas. So this is in brief about SCAP that you need to know from exam perspective. If you look at this editorial it emphasizes that regionally coordinated financing policies will help in restarting the trade and reorganizing the supply chains and again revive the tourism in a sustainable manner. So the author of this editorial tells that the governments across Asia and Pacific must try to pool the financial resources in order to create regional investment funds such that it will enhance the societal well-being and the economic resilience in case if any future pandemic like the present COVID-19 pandemic occurs. With this information now have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. Now let us look at this news article which is about the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. It states that this NCDRC has ordered a real estate company to refund the money of home buyer along with the interest. Why because the company did not inform him about the pending litigation in the court and because of this there was a delay in the possession of the home by the home buyer. Hence NCDRC has ordered to refund the money along with the interest. In this context you need to know about National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. If you remember we have discussed in detail about this NCDRC in our 27th July the Hindu news analysis. We saw its composition, the functions, the term of office, about the appointment of the child person and the members, their age limits. Then we saw the jurisdiction of this commission in a detailed manner. Why because the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 has been replaced with the Consumer Protection Act of 2019. And as per this 2019 act the central government notified the Consumer Protection Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission's rules of 2020. So you need to take note of the recent changes that have been made as per the new legislation which is the Consumer Protection Act of 2019. Next this news article is about the Mopila Rebellion. If you remember yesterday we discussed in detail about this Mopila Rebellion and about the decision by the Union Ministry of Culture to review the inclusion of the Mopila Rebellion that is the Malabar Rebellion leaders Vareem Kunnamidharji and Ali Musliar in the dictionary of Marta's of India's Freedom Struggle. If you look at today's news article it speaks about a report that was submitted to the Indian Council of Historical Research in the year 2016 where the report recommended the removal of the wagon tragedy victims and the Malabar Rebellion leaders from this dictionary on Marta's of India's Freedom Struggle. From exam point of view you need to know about this dictionary then about Mopila Rebolt and then about the Indian Council for Historical Research from exam perspective. So try to go through yesterday's news analysis. Now let us move on to the practice questions discussion session. This first question is about Foreign Contribution Regulation Act of 2010. It is a two statement question and you need to choose those statement or statements that are correct. Look at the first statement it tells that this act aims to regulate the flow of funds from India to foreign nations. It is a wrong statement it should be otherwise from foreign nations to India that is where it is foreign contribution. Now look at the second statement it tells that political parties of India are prohibited from receiving foreign contributions under this act. Yes this is a correct statement as you can see here these are the entities that are ineligible to receive foreign contribution and political party is one among them. So here the correct answer is option B2 only. This question is about ecologically sensitive zones. It is again a two statement question and you need to choose those statement or statements that are correct. The first statement it tells that they are areas within 10 kilometers around protected areas national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Yes this is a correct statement. Look at the second statement it tells that activities like felling of trees, drastic change in agriculture systems and setting up of hotels or resorts are prohibited in these areas. It is an incorrect statement as you can see here these are the activities that are regulated in ecologically sensitive zones whereas some other activities are prohibited as you can see here. So here the second statement is incorrect and you need to choose those statement or statements that are correct. Hence the correct answer is option A1 only. This question is about grizzled geon squirrel. It is again a two statement question and you need to choose those statement or statements that are correct. Look at the first statement it tells that it is listed as near threatened by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Yes this statement is correct as you can see here these are the protection status of grizzled geon squirrel. Now look at the second statement it tells that grizzled geon squirrel is found in western guards in India. Yes this statement is correct statement it is found in western guards along the states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and in portions of eastern guards in Tamil Nadu as well. Also you can find this squirrel in the country of Sri Lanka. So you can find this squirrel overall in the Indian subcontinent. Here both the statements are correct. The correct answer is option C both one and two. This question is about UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Look at the first statement. It tells that it is one of the regional commissions established under the United Nations Security Council to promote economic and social development in Asia Pacific region. Don't tend to over read the statement. The statement is incorrect because it is established under ECOSOC that is the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations not under United Nations Security Council. Now look at the second statement it tells that the membership of SCAP is limited to the countries in the Asia Pacific region. This statement is again an incorrect statement because during our discussion we saw that even some European countries like Netherlands, France, United Kingdom are all part of this UN SCAP. So both the statements are incorrect here and you need to choose those statements that are incorrect because the question demands you to choose the incorrect statements. Hence the correct answer is option C both one and two. Today we have two main practice questions. Look at this first question. The question is the master of the roster system has been increasingly emphasized in the recent years. Do you think there exist drawbacks in the existing structure? What changes do you suggest in this regard? This is a 10 marks question. You need to answer this question in 150 words. The second question is about the Kesavananda Bharti case law. The question is the Kesavananda Bharti versus state of Kerala case is an important landmark in the judicial history of independent India. It has empowered the judiciary to protect the fundamental rights of citizens discuss. It is again a 10 marks question and you need to write your answers in 150 words. Post your answers in the comment section and we shall review and give suitable suggestions and feedbacks within a reasonable timeframe. With this we come to the end of the analysis of all the news articles taken up for today's discussion and also the practice questions discussion session. 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