 During this module, we will be looking at importance of APA code of ethics with regard to research and publication. One of an important concept and aspect of research and publication is related to informed consent. We really need to carefully weigh that in which circumstances we are going to use informed consent and how. In certain circumstances, we need to be very careful that if we are going to use informed consent, maybe it will overall reune the purpose of the research. And on the other hand, if we are not going to use the informed consent, it may be considered very unethical. So let us review that in which circumstances we need to give the informed consent to the participants and in which circumstances we are not supposed to give that to the participants. Like informed consent for recording voices and images in research is one scenario. Psychologists obtain informed consent from participants prior to recording their voices or their images for data collection. As a journal rule, they are supposed to do that unless research design includes deception. And as a student of psychology, you are well aware of the fact that what is deception? By now, we have been talking a lot about deceptive techniques and its importance. And specifically, in the case of deception, we will not use informed consent because we have given the participants a scenario in which we want to see their true behavior. And if we first give them informed consent, they will show altruistic behavior, which will not be able to fulfill the purpose of our research and it will reune. Then consent for the use of recording is obtained during debriefing. So those are all scenarios in which we did not take consent form prior to the beginning of research. In that, we have told them on the debriefing stage that now you will give us your informed consent that we have either observed your voices, your images, your behaviors or recorded them. They are the different type of researches which we have been talking about. They are the classical one, they are modern in nature. But this is very much true that if we are using deceptive techniques, in that situation, we have to ensure that the participants' behavior is natural. They can perform with their full zeal. They should not be afraid that they are being recorded. And we observe them and on their basis, we conclude something about their personality. Because if this image goes, we will not be able to truly assess the behavior. The research consists solely of naturalistic observations in public places and it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm. Now you can see that there are many situations in which we are doing natural observations. Now there can be many phenomena of natural observations. For instance, in an open public place, there are already different cameras and we have not taken any informed consent from them. But through them, we are recording some activity of the general public. That could be maybe the helping behaviors of others in problematic situations. We set a scene in which an individual is going to an old age person and he falls unconsciously. And now we are seeing which people are coming to help him which is available in his surroundings. Now they do not know that this is a set-up, a stage, this is a deception and we are seeing the helping behavior towards this phenomenon. But in the recording, we are seeing that first of all, maybe he has a small child, then a woman, then two young people and they are helping him. And we repeat this scene in different settings and we conclude that in such a situation, when there is so much availability in all kinds of people in our surroundings, which people first show their helping behavior towards an elderly person? Right? So in such a situation, where no harm is being given to anyone, where that child, that young person, that woman, it does not matter that their behavior is being recorded on an individual's behavior, it will not be a harm to take any form of informed consent. Similarly, when the government is recording voices or images for a lot of reasons, for instance, they are for traffic jams, for instance, they are to stop the crime rate, then there is no need for informed consent, because a general information is given to people that these places and these voices can be recorded and observed. Like a lot of telephonic data is being recorded and people know that this is being recorded. Then dispensing with informed consent for research. So there are certain circumstances in which the psychologist are required to dispense the informed consent because if permitted by law, federal or institutional regulation, they can only conduct the research. If we get permission from that law, that authority, where we are going to do research, from that institution, from that organization, and along with that, in many such setups, where any authority figure is present, we cannot do that research without taking informed consent. Search could not reasonably be assumed to create distress and harm and involves study of educational practices, curicula, or class management. For instance, if you go to school and do research, then what will they see if you take permission from the administration? They will see if the research is psychologically upset or if they create any kind of distress in the administration. If there is no such thing, then they will allow you and you can use that questionnaire and that research tool to the participants. Then only anonymous questionnaire, naturalistic observation or archival research for which disclosure of responses would not place participants at risk. We have talked about two scenarios. One is naturalistic observation. You are proceeding without informed consent. Similarly, if you have anonymous surveys, then you can do certain things there as well. We require that we do not need informed consent, but if it is altogether anonymous, like you have sent a link to someone on the web, then you do not need any name or identity there. You do not need informed consent there because no one can access the data from whom it came from. And then archival research, in which we are using different kinds of archives as our study source, then we will not take informed consent from the participants because the things that are read in the archives have access to everyone and that data is a part of our record research, so we can withdraw further information from it. The study of the factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in organizational setting for which there is no risk to participants' employability and confidentiality is protected. Whenever we are going to conduct research in any organization, this is very much important to ensure that the confidentiality, the job employability and job satisfaction and all other factors which is related to that organization should be protected. If we ask the participants of ISRA's questions which are exploring their work-based issues and also their management issues, we are asking ISRA's questions which can reflect their distress and we did not take informed consent from that management, so that would be considered highly unethical. So these are the scenarios in which we are looking at where to dispense the informed consent in certain situations where the informed consent cannot be given yet the research could be conducted.