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This is Alan Turing Turing The enigma Honestly, don't know who this is Well, let's check it out This is very random Possible by back blades get a free 15-day trial at back blade Imagine for a second that there exists a hero a man who has served his country in its darkest hour And has made great scientific breakthroughs who may have saved as many as 14 million lives How would you reward this man? Would you give him riches awards? Accolades or would you hound him from your institutions? Would you destroy his relationships before finally driving him to suicide in 1954 the British government? They made the latter choice that hero's name Alan Turing his crime Refusing to live in the closet a mathematical prodigy Alan Turing escaped a troubled childhood to become perhaps Britain's greatest Mathematician the father of modern computing he pioneered concepts of artificial intelligence in cryptography and saved millions of lives as a Codebreaker in World War two. He also dared to be openly gay at a time when loving another man could see you not just jailed But destroyed by the establishment join us today so Alan Turing was a mathematical prodigy who saved millions of lives But was an open community member back in the 50s 60s As we journey through the inspiring life and the tragic death of the mathematician who took on the Nazis and one It is said the first person we fall in love with fluences us for the rest It is said the first person we fall in love with influences us for the rest of our lives Perhaps that's never been more true than in the case of Alan Turing. I ain't never heard that When the teenage Turing met Christopher Morkin in 1928 it was the start of a relationship that would drive Turing to do his greatest work So it's really remarkable how close this meeting never came to happening There are near infinite universes out there where the father of computing never met the muse who would inspire him The first branching of the multiverse came in 1912 when Ethel stoning discovered She was pregnant with Julius Turing's second child at the time Julius Turing was a Functionary in the Indian civil service and there was no reason to believe the new baby would grab anywhere But amid the heat and humidity of the Indian plains But this was 1912 serious unrest was starting to break out against the British Raj And Julius decided that his child would be safer growing up in Britain And so it was that on June the 23rd Ninety-twelfth Alan Matheson Turing was born not in Andhra Pradesh, but in London Still India would powerfully affect young Alan's life although Julius wanted his children raised in Britain his job required Him and Ethel to live in India so in 1913 They went back leaving Alan and his brother John in the charge of Colonel Ward to compare Ward to the drill sergeant in full metal Jacket it would be a bit of an understatement Leaving Alan and his brother John in the charge of Colonel Ward Ward To compare Ward to the drill sergeant in full metal jacket it would be a bit of an understatement Ward was a true military man He liked boys who stood to attention not sissies like young Alan who preferred reading to rugga as a result Alan's early years were spent constantly being bellowed at until Ethel finally returned to England and decided Alan would fare better at boarding school And it's at this point that we get our second great branch in the multiverse in 1925 at age 13 Alan arrived at the prestigious Sherbourne boarding school in Dorset by now The boy was a veritable maths prodigy Unfortunately Sherbourne was a school that prided itself on Latin and Bible studies How do you just like like? Like we went from an Unknown age to 13 like how like I'm wondering how What makes you become a mathematician like what makes you great at math all of a sudden it's just something in your brain that click We've got to be something that's just given to you Because math is not my strong suit I'm okay with it, but I ain't the greatest you feel me Stuff that Alan kind of sucked at he sucked so bad in fact that the school actually opted to expel him It was only after some serious begging from Ethel that Alan was allowed to stay that decision would prove important when in 1928 Alan finally met Christopher Christopher Morgan was an attractive lad with a cheeky grin in the year above him at Sherbourne He was also a serious maths enthusiast the moment Alan first saw Christopher It was like time had stopped he took to following the older boy around always sitting next to him in class at first His behavior it seemed to have amused Christopher But as the weeks passed he and Alan began spending time together debating geometry and conducting science experiments before long They were inseparable. It wasn't exactly a romance Alan would write in later letters that Christopher was probably aware of his young friends romantic feelings But he had no desire to act on them. Yes It is sort of that classic story of a young gay man falling for his straight best friend But it didn't matter now and never I'm gonna be real with you sir. I've never heard that story. I Didn't know that was a classic It became bitter about this unrequited love. He was just happy being in the same room as Christopher as 1928 became 1929 and then 1930 the bond between Alan and Christopher only deepened Alan's grades They even improved and the danger of expulsion it drifted away and then came February the 7th 1930 and this idyllic life It was shattered into a million jagged pieces that day the tuberculosis that had afflicted Christopher since childhood It went into overdrive to come out. It said that the moments he had the news Alan I repeat Christopher had a premonition of his love's death on February the 13th 1930 Christopher Morkham died not yet even 18 in assembly. They had master gave a heartfelt speech to mark his point Not yet even 18 in assembly. They had master gave a heartfelt speech to mark his passing But for Alan what use when they are words he'd lost the one person in the world Who mattered to him the one beautiful thing in his life from that day on Alan Turing had simply never be the same again As 1930 first dawned on the rolling hills of Dorset Alan Turing had been an aimless student and a committed Christian By the time that fateful year retreated over the horizon. He was neither of those things Christopher's death it hit Turing like a haymaker to the stomach He cut himself off from his religion began trying to scientifically prove the existence of ghosts anything to give him hope that His one love hadn't been erased from existence. I worshipped the ground he trod on Turing wrote to Christopher's mother It was no exaggeration for the rest of his life Turing would always remember the first boy he fell for but life It goes on in 1931 Turing left Sherbourne and enrolled at Kings College Cambridge where he studied maths and dabbled in anti-war politics Yet even here the ghost of Christopher. It was never far away in 1932 Turing wrote nature of the spirit a hopeful essay that attempted to use the brand-new field of quantum mechanics to Suggest that our spirits might live on in eternity Turing was still clearly in the denial stage Tragedy but this flirtation with the otherworldly it wouldn't go to waste the papers Turing studied during this period would Directly influence his later work the next few years they passed in numbed heartbreak at Cambridge Turing had his first sexual Encounters with other boys. He also earned a first degree in mathematics aged 22 in 1935 he was even made a fellow finally that same year the broken young man discovered a reason to keep on living in 1935 Turing began working on a famous maths problem using some of the ideas that it cultivated while researching nature of the spirit one year later In 1936 he finished his masterpiece on computable numbers with an application to the Einstein Problem sorry about my German there, but don't let this name put you off You're still living with the insights of this paper to this very day The actual point of Turing's paper is really beyond the scope of the video today But part of it revolved around a thought experiment using something called a Turing machine to create the thought experiment Turing proved how you could take the then human process of computing numbers and create a machine capable of doing the same That's right. Well like a calculator Turing invented a calculator As a by-product of solving a maths problem Turing invented the basis for modern digital computers. This was oh computers Holy I'm thinking I'm keeping it basic up. Okay computers Hey, there's a truly dazzling step of mathematical logic a real once-in-a-lifetime achievement It was also thought to be hopelessly hypothetical something that was theoretically sound But nothing that any modern human could ever hope to build Yeah, the technology didn't catch up yet, but when they've kept knowledge kept the technology caught up Boom. I'm pretty sure there's real ideas floating around like that currently that the technology can't meet the demands of What's needed? Nonetheless Turing moved from Cambridge to Princeton, New Jersey in September of 1936 to keep working on his concept While he was in the USA He happened to catch an animated film at the cinema friends later said the mathematician was completely Bolled over by Disney's Snow White particularly the scene where the wicked Queen makes an apple deadly by dipping it in a cauldron While whispering dip the apple in the brew let the sleeping death seep through and that my friends That's what we call foreshadowing in 1938 Turing finally returned to the UK where he picked up a job with G CCS the pre-World War two British signals in deception and code cracking branch He was originally only going to stay there for a year in fact in summer of 1939 Turing was offered a teaching job at a university But as your laureate But you know summer of 1939 was when the fate of Europe changed forever It was at this point the Turing was really only weeks away from a meeting with destiny. I'm not gonna lie I've learned way more about history After school than during school It's more interesting now in school Maybe it was the way they was teaching it, but it was not interesting Like all you wanted to do was go in class and get a D so you can graduate for me at least but like The enigma All right, so it's time for us to rewind the clock back a little on our story all the way back to 1918 So 1918 at this point young Alan Turing is still dealing with parents who vanished to India at the drop of a hat And has never even heard of Sherbourne or Christopher Morgan, but it's not Alan Turing with time-traveled here to look at It's an anonymous-looking German man named Arthur Sherbius in February 1918 is the first World War still raged Sherbius had quietly filed a patent for a new cipher machine Looking like a typewriter the machine randomly scrambled messages as you input them producing gibberish that only someone with their own copy of Both the machine and the cypher key could possibly decode Sherbius named the machine the enigma in two short decades It was gonna be infamous Sherbius originally wanted the enigma on the commercial market But it wasn't long before the military came calling no surprises enough Or even in the 30 even now like commercially what I need that for Everything's already encrypted. I mean but back then I Mean I guess but it sounds like something for the military 1926 while Turing was close to getting his ass expelled from the Sherbourne the German Weimar Army purchased the enigma plans and started Developing their own even harder to crack version. This was worrying to Germany's neighbors for obvious reasons in 1930 The year Christopher died Polish intelligence began secretly trying to collect information on the new cipher machine in 1933 They got their break a drunk playboy in the German cipher office named Hans Delio Schmidt sold information on the enigma to the French Secret Service they passed it on to the polls and under the direction of mathematician Marion Raveski Polish intelligence was able to construct their own enigma device the bomber the bomber wasn't perfect It could decipher a lot of enigma traffic But it relied on the Germans not updating their methods when 1938 ended with Hitler annexing Austria and the Czech Sudetenland The polls began to worry that maybe they needed to show some other nations their stolen device in summer of 1939 Polish intelligence They finally passed on a replica enigma to both France and Britain. This was a decision They made just in time on September the 1st 1939 pants the tanks rolled into Poland by the time a month had passed The entire Polish state had been conquered by Germany and Russia and Britain and France had declared war. Okay Everything happens how it's supposed to happen if they wouldn't be gay that up They would have been destroyed or it would have been found out and things wouldn't have turned out the way they have turned out So back in our main narrative Alan Turing responded to the outbreak of war by reporting to Bletchley Park The hub of all British code-breaking efforts there You're already waiting for the young maths whiz was the Poles last gift before they were conquered that replica enigma that Turing Would use to save millions of lives now just before we get into the rest of the story today I do want to thank our sponsor backblaze who make these long. No, I like to try and in fact I as being synced with my computer I understand you got to pay the bills, but hey is also backing stuff up anymore. I can That if I they will eat hard disk Hands is off back Our Turing cracked that support this show, which is great And let's get back to our story and how Turing cracked that code So at this point in the story you might be feeling a little confused if Bletchley Park already had a replica enigma machine Well, why did they need Turing the problem was that enigma ciphers? They were constantly changing the Polish machine could intercept its traffic But without that day's cipher it was semi useless What Bletchley Park needed was a device that could crack the enigma code no matter the cipher and do it quickly This is where Turing's strange genius came in now You may have seen the Benedict Cumberbatch film about Turing's life called the imitation game and have a vision of The Imitation game Gotta watch that one And Turing as a borderline asperger's loner obsessed with maths at the expense of all else But the real Turing it wasn't like that Well, maybe a little I mean it's certainly true that he used to chain is mugged the radiator So no one else could drink out of it and it wear a gas mask in summer to keep his hay fever at bay But he was also a fan of socializing and he liked to go out drinking and dancing with his colleagues So while Turing certainly was a spooky maths genius while a Bletchley Park, please don't picture him as a 1940s version of Sheldon Cooper It's just not like that Now the early going work on enigma was heavy Although Turing helped build a machine known as the bomb with an E to help decipher Intercepted messages many of them only came through as gibberish or it turned out to be nursery rhymes the Germans had sent as tests As 1940 got underway Turing was reassigned to Hut 8 where he led a team tasked with decoding German naval transmissions This was important for two reasons the first was that as an island Britain had to import its food to survive Great when you've got a friendly continent on your doorstep less great when German U-boats are sinking all of the maritime traffic coming to the UK The second important reason is that it was in Hut 8 that Turing first met Joan Clark If Christopher was the great love of Turing's life Joan was the great friendship a mathematical genius Joan had volunteered her talents of Bletchley Park Only to be told that women can't do maths and she would have to take a job as a secretary Within days though it had become clear to even the knuckle dragging Neanderthals running the place that Joan's brain was the sort of brain They were desperately looking for and she was promoted to Hut 8 But as this was still the 1940s Joan was still paid a fraction of what her male colleagues earned Still she and Turing they really hit it off They went to the cinema together and they went out dancing as bombs rained down on southern England the two mathematicians friendship It began to blossom until in early 1941 Turing did something unexpected what he proposed to Joan now since you've watched That's out of nowhere. He's still in the closet though. Ain't he he's trying to conform to society's box You know I'm saying instead of being of self at this point right this far and heard all about Christopher You're probably wondering why a gay man like Turing would propose to a straight woman like Joan Joan kind of wondered it too She knew Turing was gay, but she still said yes It took a disastrous romantic vacation for them to face reality and call the whole thing off still Joan and Turing They remained firm friends better still they remained excellent co-workers in Hut 8 And Hut 8 in 1941 was the nerve center for the British fight back against Hitler that summer Turing and his colleagues developed a technique Known as ban barismus which broke the naval enigma codes wide open suddenly the British knew where the U-boats were Ships could be rerouted supply lines could be kept open and lives could be saved looking back It's really quite difficult to picture just how close Britain came to starvation in 1941 We see the course of World War two today like a narrative that can't be changed with Crazy really when I think when I used to think of war I would just think of soldiers on a front line fighting a battle But like all of this stuff going wrong behind closed doors Like it's is way more interesting than guns being fired. I didn't go a lot. Yes Yes, the soldiers are very important, but this stuff right here They're like logistics of it all it's kind of cool. I feel I Ain't gonna hold you That's what wars are one and hut eight clearly Plucky Britain standing alone always destined to triumph But just as there are other universes where Turing never met Christopher There are other universes where hut 8 never managed to crack those naval codes and Britain starved in a brutal siege That fall in 1941 buoyed by their success the team at hut 8 wrote to Winston Churchill asking for more funds They only asked for a little thinking the great man could never possibly have heard of their small team and what they were up to So imagine their surprise when Churchill wrote back on October the 21st saying that hut 8 would now have access to any amount of resources They needed with the utmost urgency even the Prime Minister knew that Turing and his team were gonna be the ones that saved Britain By early 1942 Bletchley Park analysts were decoding on average one German message every two minutes or around 84,000 a month yet even as they saved millions of lives and helped decisively turn the war the team were forbidden from telling anyone about their Achievements as a result that makes sense You don't want them you don't want like spies to know or anybody to get information and pass it on like a they know They're decoding your messages, of course That makes many suspected the hut 8 team of refusing to help the war effort Turing's landlady actually accused him of malingering and called his refusal to enlist a disgrace among people in the know Though Turing's reputation it was soaring in December of 1942 He was cleared for travel to the USA and given a top-secret security clearance to help American codebreakers But by March 1943 had been recalled to Bletchley Park as he was just too invaluable to be away in America as 1943 became 1944 the tide of war began to turn in the summer of 1944 D-Day dislodged the Germans from their once unassailable Position in France what followed was a slow-mo a dislodged the Germans from their once unassailable position in France What followed was a slow-motion collapse of the Third Reich that killed more people than perhaps any other war in history With his work wrapping up Turing began to make plans for his post-war career He decided that he might build a universal computer around this time Okay, back to the CPU. He also seems to have decided to start living mostly out of the closet Turing was now a hero a man whose work had saved Britain from starvation I mean who could possibly object to a war hero man. It's still 1950 who just happened to love other men Finally in August of 1945 1945 I've nearly three months after the collapse of Nazi Germany Japan formally surrendered to the Allies the Second World War It was over for Turing this meant an OBE one of Britain's highest honors It also meant being told to never ever reveal what had done at Bletchley Park Not that Turing cared He was a hot property now a genius that everyone was clamoring for in 1946 the National Laboratory commissioned him to build the first modern Computer the ACE had it been finished It would have been the most powerful early computer by far sadly Though the NPL bogged at the cost and decided to build a smaller version known as the pilot While the pilot's ACE was a milestone in computing It was overshadowed by the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory in Manchester's own effort the first working Electronic stored digital computer in 1948 Turing quit the NPL and moved to Manchester to join them It was around this time that of course they're making moves that he want to make And not being worried about the money Julius Turing finally died Turing's father had quit the Indian civil service many years before but it mostly lived brought for tax reasons when he died It was discovered that he'd rewritten his will to leave far more money to Turing than to his brother John like the gentleman He was Turing disregarded his father's wishes and the two brothers shared their inheritance equally the 1950s dawned on a Bury of activity for Alan Turing in 1948 the mathematician nearly competed at the London Olympics making the shortlist for the marathon event In 1950 he created the famous Turing test for determining if a machine has human level intelligence Finally in 1951 he began working on the creation of artificial life one of the very first people to do so 1951 they've been working on this 49 plus 23 is now saying I already told you I'm up mouth wasn't that great 72 years they've been working on artificial intelligence and now when I open up Snapchat. I got a AI That's crazy. AI is everywhere Thanks, Turing All in all things were going pretty well for Turing now He was respected in his profession mildly famous as a mathematician and living as close to openly gay as was possible in the 1950s Now, you'll no doubt recall that we started this video by describing Turing's life as tragic Buckle up because it's time for this innocent man to be brutally destroyed I'm not surprised Can't believe it's a little bird on my lap out when he making all that noise like that Hey In a weeks before Christmas 1951 Alan Turing was out shopping in Manchester when he happened to lock eyes with Arnold Murray A young man of around 19 Murray was a good-looking working-class lat that same day Turing took him out to lunch and charmed him a week Later Murray stayed the night at Turing's house soon the pair were seeing each other regularly It was during one of these romantic weekends that Murray started complaining that he was always short of cash Turing offered the boy some money, but Murray refused the next morning Turing discovered money missing from his wallet Although he confronted Murray the boy claimed he was innocent and the two reconciled and that was the pattern for the next few weeks Turing's money disappearing and Murray refusing to admit his guilt. It's likely the why would he do that when he offered him to That's pride man. He offered me money. I can't take it, but I'm still it The well-paid Turing could have lived with this odd arrangement where it's not for what happens next on January the 23rd 1952 Turing returned home to find his house had been burgled Deciding Murray had gone too far this time. He called the police a week or so later on February the 2nd 1952 Murray unexpectedly turned up on Turing's doorstep screaming that he was innocent He claimed a friend of his named Harry had been the burglar and that it targeted Turing after Murray admitted that the pair were In a gay relationship perhaps wanting to believe his lover Turing reported this new information to the police Not long after cops arrived at Turing's house Turing was asked if this was about Harry and it was But not in the way that he thought unknown to Turing the police had already arrested Harry when Harry told them Turing was in a sexual Relationship with Murray the police decided Harry wasn't the real criminal here The real criminal was Alan Turing that same day Turing was arrested on a charge of gross indecency of having sex with another man Murray was arrested alongside him in late February 1952 the pair attended a preliminary hearing together Turing was bailed Murray went to jail as a war hero used to moving in academic circles It's likely Turing never realized anyone would care that he was gay But the law itself otherwise in the 1950s it was routine for police to spy and entrap gay men You could have saved Britain from starvation in World War two You could have helped defeat the Nazis But if you weren't a hundred percent straight then you were worse than a common burglar in my that that's crazy I'm not gonna lie Shout out to all the community members man. Yeah, I ain't no y'all. I ain't no it was that deep Much 1952 Turing played guilty to one count of gross indecency the court I'm like he's had sound like touring steps so y'all could run What originally planned to jail him that his lawyers convincingly argued that Turing's work was of national importance in the end Turing was offered a choice one year in prison or chemical castration Bro, that's why he chose chemical castration a course of female hormones were released into his body via an implant in the thigh Chemical castration it was designed to destroy libido and leave you impotent It also had horrific side effects an increased risk of cancer was one and extreme depression was another When the news broke of Turing's conviction yet his security clearance revoked his clearance for traveling abroad Is it likewise went in the trash the years of Turing the genius were over in the eyes of the British establishment? He was now nothing but a monster It was a cold wet Monday morning when Alan Turing's housekeeper let herself into his home on June the 8th 1954 it was now over two years since the mathematicians trial and conviction for homosexuality and Turing's life It was in tatters Turing's public outing had caused a rift with his family Turing thought his brother John was trying to hide the fact that he had a homosexual sibling and his mother's reaction to Turing's Sexuality had been cold and dismissive The same time the course of hormone treatment had wreaked havoc on his brain and his body While under treatment Turing had a small number of sex dreams that convinced him that he was turning straight He wrote to a friend I've had a dream indicating rather clearly that I'm on the way to being hetero Though I don't accept it with much enthusiasm still by 1954 The worst was generally thought to be behind him in April 1953 The implants had been removed from Turing's thigh ending his hormone course a month later He'd picked up a new job at the cutting edge of computing There had even been a sort of reconciliation with his mother while their relationship never fully recovered it had come back from the lows of the trial As the housekeeper crept through the house that rainy morning in 1954 She had no reason to suspect that anything would be unusual The only sign she might have noticed was the faint whiff of bitter almonds on the air Upstairs the door to Turing's lab was open It had it installed some years before and spent his spare time experimenting with different chemicals But the housekeeper hardly noticed she was too busy staring or what lay on the bed his eyes closed and then Turing they dead on the bedsheets A half-eaten apple beside him the coroner's report would later claim that he had laced the apple with cyanide and bitten into it Committing suicide in a ghoulish homage to snow white It's generally thought to be an unresolved question whether Turing killed himself or Accidentally poisoned the apple with cyanide gas while working in his lab However, a recent exhibition at London's prestigious science museum published the original coroner's report for the first time in full It's noted that there was so much cyanide in Turing's stomach that accidental ingestion was effectively impossible The apple the coroner reasoned was a last meal a final treat to take away the bitter almond taste of Cyanide on June the 12th 1954 Alan Turing was cremated at Woking Cemetery despite his heroic wartime record Despite his pioneering scientific work, the press barely marked his passing. He was just another dead pervert What did anyone care 13 years after Alan? Turing died in 1967 the British government finally decriminalized homosexuality in England, Wales 42 years later in 2009 Prime Minister Gordon Brown issued a formal apology to him finally on Christmas Parades and anything received 2013 the Queen posthumously pardoned Alan Turing this led to the creation of Turing's law which came into effect on January the 31st 2017 and posthumously pardoned Thousands of gay and bisexual men who were convicted for their sexual orientation in Britain. It was a hot I ain't no nothing about none of this I'll fight a cadre of conservative MPs tried to filibuster the bill falsely claiming that it would Pardon convicted pedophiles even in the 21st century the prejudice which destroyed Alan Turing It still hasn't completely faded today It's estimated that Turing's work on enigma may have shortened the war by two years saving millions of lives in the process His work on computing artificial intelligence artificial life and many other fields is considered to have been pioneering Without this one remarkable man who met such a tragic end sound like he saved lives in multiple ways You know I'm saying Turing law making pure decoded Nazi Colts he did a lot You and I would be living in a very different world. I'm surprised. I don't got Turing day and you can't so I really Surprised I don't got a day for until I leave a like comment subscribe. I ain't no nothing about this. This is eye-opening