 The problem with publishing research on chocolate is that the press jumps on it, oversimplifying and cessatializing the message. Then the money starts rolling in from candy companies muddying the message. But lost in all that, it's an important idea that the flavanol phytonutrients in cocoa do appear to be beneficial. The sugar in chocolate isn't good for us. The fat and excess calories in chocolate aren't good for us. But natural cocoa powder can be considered a health food. So adding cocoa to a smoothie or oatmeal or whatever would be health-promoting. But ideally choose unprocessed, undutched cocoa, since the flavanols are what give cocoa its bitterness, so they try to process cocoa with alcohol to destroy them on purpose. Thus when it comes to cocoa, bitter appears to be better. In my video on chocolate and artery function, I showed how dark chocolate could improve the function of coronary arteries in the heart within two hours of consumption, using fancy angiography. But there are some blood vessels you can visualize with your eyes. The blood vessels in your eyes. Two hours after eating dark chocolate, significant improvement, and the ability of the little veins in your eyes to dilate. What about the blood vessels in your legs? Purple artery disease, atherosclerosis, in the arteries feeding your limbs leading to claudication, a crampy pain in your calf muscles when you try to exercise due to impaired blood flow. So maximal walking distance and maximal walking time were studied. In 20 peripheral artery disease patients, two hours after eating dark chocolate with a respectable 85% plus cocoa, or after eating wimpy milk chocolate. After the dark chocolate, they could walk about a dozen more yards in about 17 more seconds than before the dark chocolate. But after the milk chocolate, they weren't even able to walk as far as baseline and not a single second more. So there does seem to be something in cocoa that's helping, but a few seconds here or there aren't going to cut it. How about reversing the atherosclerosis, which we didn't even think possible until 1977? Wait, what happened in 77? Do you know where the students start publishing on heart disease reversal until 1979? Well, actually the first demonstration of atherosclerosis reversal with a cholesterol-lowering diet and drugs wasn't on the coronary arteries going to the heart, but rather the femoral arteries going to the legs. What about the arteries going to the brain? Well, there's a non-invasive way to measure arterial function within the brain using transcranial ultrasound. If you ask someone to hold their breath, the brain says, uh-oh, and starts opening up the arteries to increase blood flow to compensate. But if the arteries in our brain are stiffened and crippled by atherosclerosis, they're unable to open as much and as fast as they should, and so are said to have a smaller breath-holding index, which can be a risk factor for stroke. So researchers designed an experiment in which they compared the results of a target food to something neutral like oatmeal. So did they choose like a spoonful of cocoa powder or something? No. A randomized crossover trial of oatmeal versus a deep-fried Mars bar. Wait, why a deep-fried Mars bar? Well, this was published in the Scottish Medical Journal, and evidently, deep-fried Mars bar is a snack strongly associated with Scotland. Wait, is this just an urban legend or something? No, 627 fish and chip shops in Scotland were called to ascertain the delicacies availability, and more than one in five said, yeah, selling up to 200 a week. Just follow the signs. It comes out a little something like this. Batter dipped in deep-fried Snickers bars and pizza were evidently less popular. The researchers conclude that it's not just an urban legend. Encouragingly, they did find some evidence of the penetrance of the Mediterranean diet, albeit in the form of deep-fried pizza. Could this be contributing to Scotland having among the highest stroke rate in Europe? Well, they put it to the test, and interestingly, there was a significant drop in men compared to women. Maybe men are from Mars, women are from Snickers? Regardless, what about chocolate? That's not deep-fried. It's been a few population studies that have followed people over time, and found that those who ate chocolate appeared to have lower stroke rates since confirmed by another study, but maybe chocolate consumption just happens to be related to other behaviors that are heart and brain-healthy. Like, hey, people that exercise a lot have to eat more food, period, so maybe they eat more chocolate. They didn't see any evidence of that, but you can't account for everything. I mean, to prove cause and effect, you'd have to, like, randomize people into two groups, make half-eat chocolate, the other half not, and follow them out for a decade or two, to which one researcher replied, fat chance you try to get people into a study where they could be randomized to 16 years without chocolate.