 Greetings aspirants, Today I would like to start my discussion by appreciating the 927 plus aspirants who had cleared the preliminary examination from the Shankar IAS Academy. To be specific I would like to congratulate the 70 aspirants who had cleared the prelims in the first attempt itself. So wishing all the very best to these aspirants for their main examination and with this happy note let's begin our today's news article discussion for the date 4th July 2022. Displayed here are the list of news articles that I have chosen for today's discussion. See each and every topic that we have chosen today is covered in both preliminary as well as main's perspective. So kindly pay attention and make note of the points that is required for your upcoming main's examination as well as the aspirants who are preparing for the upcoming preliminary examination also can utilize these points. So without wasting much time now let's start our discussion. Now have a look at this news article. This news article mentions that our Prime Minister is going to launch year long celebrations to remember the contributions of Aluri Sita Ramaraju. Today is the 125th birthday anniversary of this hero. So the celebrations will be launched today. In this context let us learn about Aluri Sita Ramaraju and his contributions. Siraju was born on 4th July 1897. He belonged to a village called Mogallu near Bhima Varam in Andhra Pradesh. But by the age of 18 he renounced all worldly pleasures and became a sannyasi or sage. After that he roamed the hills and forests of Andhra and mingled with local tribal community. But the tribals were being oppressed by the British government. Where the Madras Forest Act 1882 British had closed large forest areas and prevented people from entering the forest to graze a cattle or to collect fuel, wood and fruits. This affected their livelihoods and was a denial of their traditional rights. Additionally the British also started forcing them to contribute beggar for road building. See beggar is a labour that villages were forced to contribute without any payment. So all these enraged the hill or tribal people especially the tribes of Gudum hills of Andhra Pradesh. Hence they started revolting in early 1920s. But the tribals gave importance to Raju and called him a mystic. Because Aluri Sita Ramaraju claimed that he had a variety of special powers like he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people then he could survive even bullet shots. So captivated by these claims the rebels or revolting tribals proclaimed that Aluri was an incarnation of God and he would rescue the tribals from their accumulating existence in the hands of the British authorities. But remember 1920 was the year when the non-corporation movement that is NCM was started by Mahatma Gandhi. This inspired Raju and he started talking about the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi to their tribals. Due to this he even persuaded people to wear kadi and give up drinking. Based on the NCM that is the non-corporation movement he initially also asked the tribals to seek justice in the local panchayat courts and boycott the colonial courts. But this did not bear any fruits and did not elevate the suffering of the tribals. Now even though Raju was a sannyasi he was also a strong believer in justice. But Raju used this movement to spread awareness about the need for change. He also asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force and not based on non-violence. So he raised his voice against the unlawful British policies and even waged many battles against them. Mainly the Rampa rebellion against the British was launched in August. This was under his leadership. I remember that in February 1922 itself Gandhi withdrew NCM that is the non-corporation movement due to the Chowri Chowra incident. The Rampa rebellion is also known as the Maniam rebellion or Maniam Fitturi or Gudum rebellion. Both Gudum and Rampa are hill tracks located near the Godavari river in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Even though Rampa administrative area was home to about 28,000 tribes they said that Gudum is a main area involved in rebellion. Here Gorilla warfare was used to fight against the British consisting of army of tribal people. The Gudum rebels also attacked raided police stations. They even killed British officials and stole arms and ammunition for their battle. Originally the rebellion started with the attack of Chintapali police station in Vishakhapatnam. According to NCRT these battles were another interpretation of the idea of Swaraj. It was a two year armed struggle from 1922 to 1924. So frustrated by this British even announced a reward of Rs. 10000 for anyone who could capture Raju dead or alive and finally Raju was captured in the year 1924. It is said that Aluri Sitaram Raju surrendered with expectation that he would be given a fair trial in return but Britishers backstabbed and executed him in the year 1924. This marked the end of a glorious fight against the British government. All his achievements and inspiring legacy of anti imperialist rebellion led to him being a folk hero over time. Aluri Sitaram Raju was a non tribal who fought for the rights of forest dwellers. So he was honored with the title Maniam Viradu which means hero of the jungle. To celebrate his legacy a year long celebrations will begin today and Prime Minister will also unveil a 30 feet bronze statue of Sitaram Raju today. So that's all about this news article. So in this discussion we saw about the contributions of the hero Aluri Sitaram Raju. This kind of points can be utilized in your mains where you can quote such that a non tribal is fighting for a tribal people ok. Also you can expect preliminary type of question from this topic wherein a question regarding the contributions of Raju can be put as a question or regarding the rebellion that he fought can be put as a question ok. So with these key points in mind now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now let us take up this text and context article. As you can see it is about the functioning of the National Investigation Agency that is NIA. The NIA is again in the limelight because of the two killings related to Prophet Muhammad issue. As you are aware that a member of the ruling party may derogatory comments about the Prophet. This triggered widespread protest and two persons have been killed. These two cases have been transferred to the National Investigation Agency for further investigation ok. This is why the focus on this agency is on the news. Normally we talk about when and why was NIA created right. See it was discussed already on our 10th May in the news analysis. You can watch it but today we are going to see the jurisdiction of National Investigation Agency. And this jurisdiction of NIA enables it to take such cases creating national commotion ok. See you have to primarily remember two things. NIA is a statutory body created by the NIA Act of 2008 ok. And at present this NIA is functioning as the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency in India. Now to know about its jurisdiction we need to know when and where the act is applicable to which offenses it is applicable and to whom it is applicable ok. So if we talk about applicability the act extends to the whole of India meaning it applies to the Indian citizens. Then other than this it also applies to citizens of India outside India ok. Mainly it also applies to persons in the service of the government. This also includes a persons on ships and aircrafts registered in India. Here in case of persons in government service or on ships and aircrafts it is not necessary that the individual should be on Indian soil or waters or airspace because it will be applicable wherever that person may be. Additionally the act is also applicable to persons who commit a scheduled offense beyond India against the Indian citizens or affecting the interest of India. The scheduled offenses are those ones which are specified under the acts mentioned in the Scheduled to the NIA Act. These are the scheduled acts and the offenses under each of these will be scheduled offenses. So it covers wide range of offenses or crimes like terror activities, human trafficking, counterfeit currencies, arms trafficking etc etc. Additionally since 2020 the NIA is also empowered to probe offenses under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotrophic Substances Act that are connected to the terror cases ok. Here note that any of these offenses can be investigated by NIA and NIA has the power to search, seize, arrest and prosecute also. Plus NIA can also investigate offenses related to these under section 8 of the Act. See in two ways NIA is given a case to investigate. In one way when any scheduled offenses is committed the officer in charge of the police station in that area will get the news first and will be filing the FIR that is First Information Report. This police officer shall forward the report to the state government under section 6. Then the same report is forwarded to the central government by the state government acts expeditiously as possible. It is being forwarded to central government as it is the authority to decide whether that offense is a scheduled offense or not and it is a fit case to be investigated by the NIA that is National Investigation Agency. See this has to be decided within 15 days. If the case is found to be fit then central government directs the NIA to investigate the set offense. So when the NIA starts investigation from there on the state government as well as the police officer do not have the authority to investigate the set case understood. But if state government's assistance is requested by the NIA then state government can be involved ok. Now in the second way there is no need for the central government to wait for the report from the state government regarding the occurrence of a scheduled offense. It can so more to take note that a scheduled offense is committed and thus direct the NIA to investigate the offense as per section 6 clause 5 of the act. So these are the scenarios when a scheduled offense is committed inside India. Then what about outside India? Here again only the central government has the power to decide whether a scheduled offense has been committed outside India. Then the central government may direct the NIA to register the case and take up the investigation as such offense has been committed in India. But the case registration and investigation will be subject to international treaties and domestic laws of other countries. Now remember two things here all these do not mean that the state government has no power to investigate and prosecute scheduled offenses. It has powers to do so and a section 10. Also the state government does not ask NIA to take up the case. The appropriate route is through the central government only. State government can only request the central government to hand over the investigation of a case to the national investigation agency ok. So these are the two key points that you have to be clear of this. So that's all about this news article. So in this news article discussion we discussed about the jurisdiction of the national investigation agency and regarding when was the national investigation agency formed and what are all its functions. We just go through the May month Hindu news analysis which is dated on 10th. Ok see as means is fast approaching you have to take your preliminary as well as means preparation in a combined manner. That is why whatever discussion we are making we are discussing points relating to both preliminary examination as well as your main examination. Ok so regarding the agencies formation or function you may have a preliminary type of question and regarding the jurisdiction also you might get a preliminary type of question. Mainly it might come in means so kindly make use of all these points to enrich your main's answer. Ok with these key points in mind now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this editorial article here. This editorial is with reference to custodial debts. The article talks about the use of technology in preventing custodial debts. It also talks about the issues associated with it. So today's discussion is going to be like this. First we'll understand custodial debts and then we'll see the use of technology in custodial debt prevention and the issues related with it. And finally we'll end our discussion by seeing some of the solutions suggested by the author to prevent custodial debts. Ok before that the syllabus relevant to this news article is given here for your reference kindly go through it. First of all what is a custodial debt? See custodial debts are evens of the demise of persons who are detained by police during pre-trial or after conviction. Custodial debts can be broadly classified into three types. The first one will be death in police custody. The second one will be death in judicial custody. And the third one will be death in custody of army or paramilitary force. Here police custody means that police have the physical custody of the accused while judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate. In the police custody the accused is lodged in police station lock up while in judicial custody it is in the jail. Ok here you must note one thing custodial death does not always mean death of an accused during police custody or judicial custody due to police torture. It is widely referred to as death that happens to a person who is under trial or has already been convicted of a crime. It can be due to natural causes like illness or may also happen due to suicide, infighting among prisoners etc etc. But in many cases it is due to police brutality and torture that is the reason behind the death. Ok now let me make you clear why we are concerned about these custodial debts now. See India has a record in police brutality and custodial violence. Between 2001 and 2018, 1727 persons died in police custody. But only 26 policemen were convicted for such debts. The recent custodial deaths in Tamil Nadu has again highlighted the methods used by the police during interrogation. See it is very common that the police during interrogation resort to torture and violence which could lead to death of the suspect. So to address the problem of custodial death, technology has been proposed as a solution. How technology can be used to prevent custodial deaths? That we will see now. See several technological solutions are available to help prevent the custodial deaths. This includes body cameras and automated external defibrillators. Then body cameras hold the investigation officers accountable because everything is recorded in the investigation. So investigating officers will be liable for custodial deaths. Then if you take an automated external defibrillator, it is a lightweight portable device that delivers an electric shock through the chest to the heart. The shock can potentially stop an irregular heartbeat and allow a normal rhythm to resume following sudden cardiac arrest. So this automated external defibrillator can be used to prevent the deaths due to cardiac arrest in the police custody. Then another technological solution is deception detection tests. It deployed technologies such as polygraph, narco analysis and brain mapping in learning information that is known only to a criminal regarding a crime. Among the deception detection tests, the brain fingerprinting system has proved helpful for solving crimes, identifying perpetrators and exonerating innocent suspects. Brain fingerprinting is a scientific method to detect concealed information stored in the brain. How can it be done? This is done by measuring electroencephalographic brain responses or you can say brain waves by sensors placed on the scalp. See we know that police departments are increasingly using robots for surveillance and bomb detection. Now many departments want robotic interrogators for interrogating suspects. Robots equipped with AI that is artificial intelligence and sensor technology can build a report with the suspects. See it can utilize persuasive techniques like flattery, shame, coercion and strategically used body language. The aggregation of information and its analysis by the robots have been highly accurate. Further, if you take the artificial intelligence and mission learning, they are emerging as a tool of interrogations. The artificial intelligence can detect human emotions and predict behavior. When you take the mission learning, in real time it can alert superiors when polis are mating out inhuman in treatment to these suspects. Therefore these are also options to prevent the custodial deaths. Despite these many advantages of technology, the author of this news article says that technology is no panacea for custodial deaths. Panacea means something that will solve all problems like remedies you can say. The author says technology is not a solution because there is a lot of concern about it. For example, take the AI or the robot interrogation. It has concern both legally and ethically. There exists the risk of bias. The threat of mission learning algorithms targeting individuals and communities and the hazard of its misuse for the surveillance, all these know are placing a high risk of bias. Though the technology is constantly improving, it is a restricted tool that can't eradicate custodial deaths. While it might provide comfort and transparency, it can never address the underlying issues that lead to these situations. So these are all the concerns that the author is mentioning when it comes to technology. So what the author suggests to address the issue? Firstly, multi-pronged strategy has to be formulated by the decision makers. It must include legal enactments, technology, accountability, training and community relations. Secondly, the oneness of proof for not having torture the suspect should be on the police. Even the Law Commission of India proposed this in the year 2003. Thirdly, stringent action must be taken against personnel who breach the orders issued by the apex court in D.K. Basu, USA state of West Bengal in the year 1997. See, in this case, the court laid down certain basic requirements to be followed in all cases of arrest or detention as a measure to prevent custodial violence. Fourthly, the draft bill on the prevention of torture 2017 has to be passed as soon as possible. This draft bill proposes stringent punishment to the perpetrators to curb instances of torture and have a deterrent effect. The punishment could extend up to life imprisonment and also include a fine. Finally, the author suggests compassionate policing for addressing the issue because technology may make policing more convenient but it can never be an alternative for compassionate policing which is established on trust between the police and the citizens. So, that's all about this news article. See, this news article is very much important for your upcoming means examination because the National Crime Records Bureau has also recorded more custodial deaths and there might be a question regarding this. See, in today's discussion, we had critically analyzed the use of technology in the prevention of custodial deaths. So, these points all you can very well utilize in your main sources. Okay, and the way forward that is suggested by the author is very very useful for quoting in your main sources. Okay, these all will make your answers look unique and you can quote them in your intro part or in the conclusion part so that it will be highlighting your answer for that question. Okay, so in this discussion, you had known about what is custodial deaths. Then you had seen an important part that is prevention of custodial deaths using technology. What is the advantage and disadvantage of it? Then we ended our discussion with the way forward suggested by the author. Okay, so with these key points in mind, now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now have a look at this data point article. See, this data point is about India's plastic waste problem. Okay, recently that is on July 1, 2022, single use plastics were banned in India. First of all, what is a single use plastic? See, according to the Indian government notification, a single use plastic is defined as a plastic item intended to be used once for the same purpose before being disposed or recycled. Here, look at the definition given by the government carefully. Not only the plastic items that are disposed of after single use defined as single plastic, but the plastic items that are put for recycling after single use also comes under this category. That is the single use plastic category. Okay, now coming back. See, we saw that first July, India banned the use and sale of single use plastics. Right. Here, what you have to note is that not all single use plastics are banned. I have attached here a list of 21 items that are banned by the government. The key point that here you have to note is not all single use plastics are banned. Only 21 items that are listed here are banned. See, you need not memorize all these 21 items, but just be aware of these 21 items. That will help you to attend any preliminary type of questions. Okay. So, by banning only 21 items in the single use plastic category, what our government has done. See, what our government has done is that it has tried to identify a handful of problematic plastics which are low utility and have high littering potential. These are from the bucket of single use plastic community list. Okay. Also, to accommodate the industry's concerns regarding the ban, our government gave the industry a reasonable time to phase them out. See, the timeline of single use plastic ban implementation. The first announcement for phasing out single use plastic was made on August 15, 2019 by the Prime Minister of India. Roughly two years later, in the year 2021, the draft notification was released. This was in the month of March. Okay. The deadline for phase out proposed in the draft notification was January 1, 2022. In the final notification released in August 2021, the deadline was extended. So, it was extended to July 1, 2022, based on the request from the plastic industry. So, the industry has been given ample time to adapt it to the ban of single use plastics. See, these points that I discussed now know. This can be really utilized in your main sources directly. Is the ban of single use plastics a boon or ban to industry? See, they had given the industry ample time to adapt to the ban of single use plastics. Am I right? So, this point you can utilize to enhance your main's answer. Whenever a question comes on, this single use plastic ban is a boon or ban to the industries. Okay. Now, moving on, how was the ban proposed to be implemented? See, the ban at the central level will be implemented by the central pollution control board that is CPCB and the state pollution control boards will update the central pollution control boards regularly. Okay. Then in the supply side, direction has been issued to all petrochemical industries to not supply raw materials to industries engaged in the banned items. Okay. Also, at the local level, the local authorities have been directed to issue fresh commercial licenses. In these licenses, there will be conditioned that the banned single use plastic items will not be sold on their premises and existing commercial licenses will be canceled if they are found to be selling these items. Okay. In addition to this, those who are found violating the ban would be penalized under the Environmental Protection Act 1986. See, the Environment Protection Act 1986 allows for imprisonment up to five years or a penalty of up to one lakh or both in case of violation of plastic ban. So, through these mechanisms, no, the ban is proposed to be implemented. Okay. This is about the single use plastic ban in our country. Now, moving forward, let us see some data mentioned in the data point which can be used in your main sensors. First, according to the Down to Earths Magazines State of India's Environment Report 2022, 35 percentage of India's plastic waste is in the form of multi-layered packaging. What is this multi-layered packaging used for? See, this multi-layered packaging is a packaging used in the fast moving consumer goods, that is FMCG products. For example, you can take the milk, gum, fruits and vegetables, toilet paper, then soda, beer, all these know are utilizing this multi-layered packaging. And these are termed as the fast moving consumer goods. Okay. The thing is that these multi-layered packaging that accounts for 35 percent of India's plastic waste cannot be recycled on a commercial scale. This is why, as a small step of government through the recent ban included the ban of wrapping or packaging films around sweet boxes, then around invitation cards, then around cigarette packets, all these are banned. Now, moving on, the report also says that 68 percent of all plastic waste ends up in landfills of the remaining plastic waste, only 12 percent of all plastic waste is recycled, and the reset of the plastic waste, that is the remaining 20 percent is incinerated. See, all these data know you can directly use in your main census. Okay. Now, look at this graph. So far, we discussed points regarding the national level weightage, right? Now, let me tell you some state level weightage. These points also you can utilize in your mains. The graph here shows the relation between the share of plastic waste that is not recycled and estimated plastic waste generation. Here, the worst performance can be found in the top right corner. See, the state of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat generate the most plastic waste, and these states also do not recycle more than 60 percentage of the plastic waste they generate. Okay. And moving on, the data point also mentions a new term, which can be put up in your preliminary type of question. See, they had mentioned a term called mismanaged plastic. Here, mismanaged plastic is a plastic material which is at the high risk of entering the ocean via wind, tidal transport or inland waterway. See, according to the Our World in Data publication, India generated 9.5 kilogram of mismanaged plastic per person. That is at the high risk of entering the ocean. Okay. So, this is some kind of plastic material which is at the high risk of entering the ocean. This is the term you have to remember. Okay. Finally, look at this table. I have taken this table also from the data point only. The table mentions various types of plastic, its description and the share of the plastic in the India's total plastic waste generation. See, just go through the table well. I am going to ask today's quiz question from this only. See, there is a clear explanation given for each type. Just go through it. You will understand this. And this is also an important preliminary area. That is why I am giving this table for you today. And from this only, I am going to ask a quiz question for you. So, pay attention to the table. Go through the table once, then attend the quiz question. Okay. So, that's all about this news article. In this news article, I covered about the recent ban that India has made on the single use plastic. And note that not all single use plastics are banned. Okay. Just go through the 21 items also. Be aware of these 21 items. Okay. And then we saw how it will be implemented and what are all the national level, state level and regional level implementation that is going to be done regarding this ban. Then we saw about some data regarding the waste generation at the national level and at the state levels who are the worst performers also we saw. Right. See these points all you can directly put up in your main sources. And this kind of data point information are directly from the government sources. So, you can utilize these points very boldly in your main sources. Okay. So, these key points in mind. Now, let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now, have a look at this news article. This news article mentions that a tiger that was roaming in search of prey has been captured. It was roaming on the outskirts of Gopal Swami Betha range of Bandipur National Park. So, by taking this opportunity, let us see about the Bandipur National Park. The Bandipur National Park was formed in the year 1974. It includes the most of the forest areas of the then Venugopala Wildlife Park and the adjoining forest areas. But in the year 1973 itself around 680 square kilometer area was brought under the project tiger as a potential tiger habitat. So, this area became Bandipur Tiger Reserve and is one of the first nine tiger reserves in the country. Then through a notification, it was declared as a national park in the year 1974. Here more adjacent reserve forest areas were added to the tiger reserve and was extended to 880.02 square kilometer. Here note that around 872.24 square kilometer was declared as the core or critical tiger habitat under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. That is why more often we hear Bandipur Tiger Reserve than the name Bandipur National Park. So, what is its exact location? So, it is situated in the state of Karnataka. It is in the contiguous landscape that is spread in the two revenue districts of southern Karnataka namely the Mysore and Chamrajnagar districts. More importantly, the tiger reserve is a distinct landmarks located at the tri-junction area of the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. See, it is an important part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Also, it is a part of the western Ghats Tiger Landscape that consists of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Nagarhol Tiger Reserve and the Vayanath Wildlife Sanctuary. Additionally, the southeastern portion of the tiger reserve gets connected to the adjoining tiger landscape also. This landscape includes Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve, Male Mahadeshwara Hills, i.e. AMM Hills Wildlife Sanctuary, then Kaveri Wildlife Sanctuary and Satya Mangalam Tiger Reserve. So, it is clear that biogeographically, Bandipur Tiger Reserve lies in one of the richest biodiversity areas of our country. Therefore, its most famed resident is Tiger. It also houses the endangered Asiatic wild elephant. There are also other endangered species in Bandipur such as slothbeers, guards, Indian rock pythons, jackals, muggers and four-horned antelopes. See, this Bandipur also shelters sambar, mousdeer, chytel, slothbear and the rare flying lizard. It also has over 200 species of birds. Bandipur also supports a wide range of timber trees including teak, rosewood, sandalwood, Indian laurel, Indian quinoa tree, then giant clumping bamboo, etc. etc. See, you need not memorize all these species names. Just be aware these species are present over there. Also know that the prominent rivers in the reserve are the Moya River, Nuguhol River. Other important rivers are Mavina Hala, Shikati Hala, then Bidara Hala, Hibala, Kekana Hala, Vahadanti Hool, Varanchi Hool and Mukati Hool. So, that's all about this news article. See, in this news article discussion we had covered about this Bandipur National Park which is very much relevant for your preliminary examination. See, we had covered in detail about its location, its area because regarding this only preliminary type of questions will be asked. If at all the area is mentioned and what national park or what wildlife sanctuary is this is asked, you can easily answer with this kind of information. Okay. Now, with these key points in mind, let's move on to the next part of the news article discussion which is the preliminary practice question discussion. See, today we have four questions in which three questions I'll be discussing and one question will be a quiz question for you. Okay. Now, look at this first question. It is regarding the National Investigating Agency or NIA. Okay. It is a two-statement question. So, I have to go through both the statements before arriving at the answer. Now, look at statement one. It is incorrect. See, the NIA has no Suomoto power. It can take up investigation of scheduled offenses only when the central government directs it to do so. Okay. So, here the National Investigating Agency may take Suomoto investigation regarding these scheduled offenses under the act is incorrect. Okay. Now, taking the statement two, it is also incorrect. See, we saw in a discussion itself that as per section 10 of the National Investigation Agency Act, the state government has the power to investigate and prosecute scheduled offenses. So, this statement is also incorrect. Now, read the full question. The question is demanding for correct statement. So, your answer here will be option D, neither one nor two are the correct statements. Now, look at this second question. Arrange the following historical events in ascending order. So, here four events are given. That is non-cooperation movement, Rampa Rebellion, Chauri Chaurah incident and movement led by Baba Ramchandra. See, NCM was worked out and adopted in the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920. But it started in 1921. And when you take the Rampa Rebellion, it was from 1922 to 1924. Regarding this rebellion, only we saw in today's discussion, right? But Chauri Chaurah incident also happened in the year 1922. Rampa Rebellion was in August and Chauri Chaurah incident happened in February, which led to the withdrawal of NCM. That is non-cooperation movement. Next take Baba Ramchandra. He was the one who led the movement of peasants in Awad. Baba Ramchandra was a Sannyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an intented labourer. The movement here was against Talukdas and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rins and a variety of other sissies. The movement was between 1918 and 1990. That is before NCM. So, we had discussed about all the four historical events that is given here. Now, tell me the order. Yes, the correct order is option B, 4, 1, 3, 2. That is movement led by Baba Ramchandra, non-cooperation movement and then the Chauri Chaurah incident and lastly the Rampa Rebellion. Okay, now moving on to the third question. It is regarding the Bandipur National Park. Here three statements are given, right? Now, look at statement one. It is spread across two districts of Kerala. See, this statement is absolutely incorrect. Even though it is spread across two districts, it is not situated in Kerala rather it is in the state of Karnataka. Okay, so statement one is incorrect. Now, look at statement two. It is a critical tiger habitat. Yes, it is correct. Then take statement three. It is a part of the Western Guards Tiger Landscape consisting of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Nagarhol Tiger Reserve and the Vayanath Wildlife Sanctuary. See, this statement is also correct. These two statements, we discussed clearly in our today's discussion itself, right? So, what is the answer here? The question is demanding for correct statements. So, your answer here will be option D, two and three only. Okay. Now, here is the question for you. As I said in my plastic pollutant discussion itself, this question is taken from the table that I displayed lastly. So, if you had gone through the table correctly, you can easily answer this question. Also, I had displayed here the examples of each type of the plastic that is given in the question. So, that you can easily be able to answer this question. If you had gone through these tables or pictures, you can easily arrive at the answer. So, go through the question once and post your answers in the comment section. And the right answer will be posted in the comment section within 24 hours. So, that's all with the prelims question. Now, look at the main question displayed here. See, go through the question and try answering the question to improve your writing skills for the main examination. So, that's all for today's discussion. If you like this video, do like, share and comment. 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