 Okay, yung paksa ko ay media at marshalo. Bagong man ang PS21 na me-launch na kurso ay may mga four semester ako nagduro ng media at marshalo sa UP journalism department sa Mascom. Nung nag-sumapya ko sa PS21 na group, I was regularly bringing in yung mga materials ko at yung mga insights ko on how might we should teach media at marshalo to students in journalism courses at syaka sa ibang kursos sa university. Yung pagtuturo ng media at marshalo, I used these two themes. Importante kasi na hindi mo lang ipakita yung repression of media during marshalo but also to show that there was resistance coming from the journalists themselves or the media itself. So ito yung dalawang theme that I use to frame the discussion sa media at marshalo. Balik pa now, kailangan kasi ilagay sa context media repression under marshalo. So ito yung context na binigay ko. Before marshalo was declared yung media sa ating bansa was considered the freest in Asia. Halos lahat ng media industries or media corporations are privately owned and independent. In other words, they are not regulated by the government unlike in other countries where there was strong hand or presence of government media or state-owned media. Kuntilang yung state media because the country has predominantly private-owned media and they are independent. In other words, independent from government control and funding. Arambos sa kanila, especially the big media corporations are owned by oligarchs and they made their fortunes from sugar industry, from trading and of course e-commerce and media. Nadapat natin ma-emphasize din na the media natin ay dalaway yung tradition, yung revolutionary tradition, which of course goes back to the solidarity of the Spanish colonial times yung paglaban sa Amerikano during the Commonwealth era. Atyaka yung libertarian, the post-war era, which is predominantly or basically America introduced na the free press, works towards the creation of an informed public and supports democracy. These are the two traditions of the media in the Philippines. Nung nag-declare ang marshalo, marami nagsisabi na it is the dark Arab Philippine media na of course na busalan or silence, self-regulate and post-war media. Atyaka kasi at Tonya Maria Nievas, Tonya Nievas, one of the leaders na media, yung sa kappanahon na Marcos, sabi niya media as being under a stage and journalists are working under the shadow of death and self. Ibig sabihin, there is incompatibility between authority and rule or dictatorship with the tenors of press freedom na nawas hindi mo pwede isabay kasi press freedom thrives in conditions of openness and democracy. Nilagyan mo siya ng control or constrain, hindi na siya malaya. Basically that yung incompatibility best describes na the packet the media under Marcos was suppressed or repressed, sorry. So when marshalo was declared, ito yung nangyari, these according to primitive o meharis, ito yung number of English dailies and business publications, Chinese dailies, lahat ito yung sinara. And yung mga major news organization, cinecure yung building nila with military, pinapadala nang military and armed soldiers, pinapalikiran yung kanilang newspaper offices at hindi sila pinayagan ng magprint ng kanilang newspapers. And of course, matindi dito, I'm going to discuss this in the next slide, the arrest of editors, columnists and reporters who were independent and critical of the Marcos's. Of course, yung marshalo yung mag-justify ni Marcos na may arrebellion kailang kailangan mit marshalo. This also to in media, sinabi rin di Marcos na there is communist conspiracy and media are enabling yung communist propaganda and given the communist platform kaya kailangan din sila isara. So these are the major newspapers padlocked by Marcos and yung last two free press and graphic are magazines and the rest are newspapers, English and Filipino and mixed newspapers. Ito yung ma-inaresto. Si Rolando Fadul nag-turu yan sa UP Journalism Department and also Luis Chidoro, of course Louis Beltran also taught in the Journalism Department. And of course, ito yung mga publishers, si Chino-Roses, Hanyu Lopez, Chidoro Luxin senior, not the junior, Max Sullivan. So ito yung inaresto at Kinolong. And after the suppression of the press of the privately owned independent press, there emerged scony press. After a few days, five days later, pinayagan na mag-publish ang Daily Express, owned by Roberto Benedicto na fraternity broad and classmate ni Marcos sa UP College of Law. So sabi ni Primitiveo Mihares, hindi ito toong kay Benedicto yun, actually yung pagaari ng Daily Express ay nasa kay Marcos, siya lang yung soko-dummy. But of course, tumata yung owners in public si Roberto Benedicto. And then there are three newspapers that were allowed to publish shortly afterwards. These are the Daily Express, of course, the bulletin today, owned by Hans Menci, is sa Siang general, was the former ADCamp of Marcos, a chakayong brother in Lonnie Marcos who owns the Times Journal. It's a third newspaper allowed to publish. And then of course, yung Channel 9 and DWWW ay pinayagan. And of course, yung state-owned radyo ng bayan ngayon ng tawang. It was called PPS before. Mayroon din Presidential Assistant si Marcos by the name of Juan Tuvera, asawa siya ni Karima Pulotan Tuvera, nagpabrisin sila ng isang Chinese newspaper, The Focus Magazine, which is a literary culture magazine, at dalawang newspaper na evening edition, chakayong Metro Manila Times na morning edition. So ito yung pinayagan na magpublish sa Panahuna ni Marcos. And then another thing about repression is may mga guidelines, may mga laws and the creation of layers of censorship. And chakay, this censorship was institutionalized by these organizations. Kanyakanya silang censorship board. Mayroon si Enrily, of course, Glenny's Enrily, the oldest living mammal in politics, si Tataad, buhay pa ngayon. And mayroon din Simiharis, mayroon din siyang censorship. Tawag dito ay Advisory Council, mayroon din, and of course, yung KBP, Public Association and National Press Club, these were controlled by the Marcos regime. And chakayong Broadcast Media Council. So they take care of licensing, they take care of guidelines to publish, chakay may Department of Information under Sir Dania na timiting na nila talaga ako anong balita ang lumalabas. And during the time, Enrily, yung lumabas yung movie na The Godfather, gustong ipasensorn in really kasodaw violent ay yung mga sins. So and then of course, kasi yung military was also doing its own censorship under those groups. May yung military na hindi trained to, la naman siyang expertise to look at media contented, sadili si Dan naga decide ko anong yung lalabas na balita. And how did Marcos control the media as he said censorship? Pero I think yung masakiti censorship when a journalist should be working on conditions of freedom at chakay censor may sarilo, masakiti yung, because you're lying to yourself. I think that's even more destructive psychologically. And God lines on what to write. And then sinabi ni Marcos na si Kaya Sir Dania. You tell the editors to publish only positive stories or play down the negative ones, chakay yung makritika stories huwag nalang. And then of course, they control the newsprint kasi hindi kailangan mo ng newsprint to print newspapers, but they monitor it so you can just set up your own newspaper without being licensed by the government. And that's also true for the broadcast, station and television. So sabi ni Saganiamp, the latest Saganiampon. Sometimes censorship can become absurd and ridiculous. Kasi may mga sinasabi si Marcos at chakay kong iba yung lumalabas, niriretouch nila. Wala pang Photoshop nungon, niriretouch nila yung mga foto. Pati yung mga billboards ng movies sa cinehan, mga posters, kailangan kasi paint over yung mga firearms, kailangan crew katiyong mga buhok na mga lalaki. And this is really silly and so ridiculous, but that happened because of censorship. Okay, so these are the laws. Ito yung mga batas kung paano pinagawa yung censorship and the corresponding punishment. So this, my even rumor mongering is punished under PD-19, of course presidential decrees are Marcos created laws by the power of this that in him he declares himself to be the legislature and creates craft laws. But some of these laws still work to this day, which is really we should be stricken out of our jurisprudence because some of them are really harmful and created their conditions of control. So it's subversive journalism, it's penalized and pedikang ipakulong ni Marcos. And of course there were extra judicia killing of journalists. Ito yung mga journalist na na matay sa panahuna ni Marcos and especially in 1984. A year after the assassination of Benigno Kino Jr. Marami kasi yung mga journalists na naging critical na at pinasalvage. Kuli was killed in Marawi. And ito yung mga journalist, ding kong sorry, Kenetli sa suno primitive yung Miharis nagsapil ang siya. And these are the journalists that were killed. Si Kenetli yung militari na kapatay sa kanya yung mangamit niya eventually fell into the hands of that soldier or the military killed him. And there were also libel cases, yung I think which is a practice carried on to this day siyong media corruption. Because journalists ayaw nila ng, ayaw sila payagan magsula, nibribless ni Marcos eto yung pressurize ilabas niyo and this practice of corruption continued to this day. So in 1982, may walong baba in journalists that were invited for interrogation. Ito sila, Cheris Doryo, Maglipon, Lorna Carol, Carlo Tirol, Babs Scotcholivarez, ito sila. Pinatabog sila sa Port Bonifacio. Pinag tapanong and it was actually an interrogation before a military panel at sinasap mga questions ranging from the personal to the political to professional. Kasi yung sinasagest niya nag-brainwas kayo ng inyong mga readers. You're involved in brainwashing your readers. These are the eight brave journalists who stood up and wrote pieces that were critical of the Marcos dictatorship. And then of course, may retirement, forced resignation of dark editors among them, Magsanok, Rodriguez, atyaka yung mga critical journalists, nibinibigan ng assignment. And of course, Tony Nieva was detained because he was accused of rebellion and subversion. And in 1982, after the WeForum wrote about the fake medal of Marcos, it was raided, nagkandak ng radio-military at pinasara yung WeForum arrested, who said it was sheer the publisher and editor, entertain of its staff, including Sok Rodriguez and Armando Malay, senior. Okay, at least it's a quote from Leti Jimenez Magsanok, the late Leti Jimenez Magsanok, former editor of PDI. Sabi niya, yung trabaho kasi nag-journalist is simply to inform. Atyaka, kung magsusulat kami na mga lubak-lubak sa daan at sa mga sex stores, para kami rare-view mirror, na nakikita namin yung mga manholes atyaka mga smooth road and where it's our job to point out the flaws, the potholes and manholes, so to speak, so ulang mahulog doon, sabi niya. And this is, of course, the libertarian tradition of the Philippine press. Okay, but of course, kung may hegemony, may counter hegemony for my ideology, may counter hegemology, and in the 80s, there emerged something called the alternative press, a.k.a. the mosquito press, paano nagumaway ang mosquito press, paano lumita yung pangalan, yung government official means most, nagsabi na, well, ya, mosquito press nang yan kasi parang mosquito na nga gating, di naman siya harmful, madali naman siyang patayin, madali siyang alisin. And that's what they thought because these are the definitions of the mosquito press, also called the alternative press. Basically, these are anti-Marco's publication, variety, sorry, din tayo doon. May mga iba-ibang klase, these papers published by independent journalists, WeForum at Malaya, may mga newspaper din, mga pahayagan na nilathalin ng religious and ecumenical groups, like the association of AMRSP, major religious superior in the Philippines, and Veritas, which is the Catholic Bishops Business Conference of the Philippines, may mga supplements din. These are part of the main issues of newspapers, but in the weekend, they come up with supplements and then may newsletters ng mga human rights organizations. And then, of course, may mga student publication din, gaya ng Philippine Collegian and other student publications in other universities, mayroon ding underground revolutionary publications, these are part of the mosquito press tradition. At siya kaming mga leaflets, occasional publications na pinag-distribute, pinag-mass-dig, these are mammograph, photo stencil, and photocopy distributed by sector organizations and people's organizations, dueling, rallies, demonstrations, and pickets. Ano bang pang nature? Ano ba yung klase yung mosquito press? These are anti-marcus press, which is also oppositional press. What does it do? It opposes the discourse of the dominant discourse, of the marcuses, of the marcus regime, sorry. And when alternative press namin namin, it's counter hegemonic press. It undermines the hegemonic of the marcus regime. Ano ba yung mga factors contributed to the growth of the mosquito press? Paano sumibol paano lumagoy yung mosquito press? These are the sum of the factors. Yung spread of anti-marcus movement, yung lawak ng paglaban against the marcus regime, yung paglabasan ng mga political groups that provided sustained resistance and political awareness. So, of course, nakikibaka against the marcus dictatorship. Of course, hindi natin madinayto, the watershed, of course, was the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. But everything seems to be just like, you know, it seems like to be a surprise to everyone na dumami yung mga taong lumaban, at saka lumabas at nagbabasa at nagahanap ng jario na nalathalan ng katutuhanan. Then we have to consider the technological side of it. Ito yung sinabi natin, technologies of reproduction. Ito yung mga xeroxing, electronic printing technologies nams madali magpakalap ng mga printed materials. Dati kasi linotype pa na yung electronic na mas mabilis na yung mga printing presses at saka may xerox machine and electronic printing and it's easy to spread information because of this technology. Well, you can say ngayon, we have platforms, social media before, those are analog but they were so useful in spreading printed materials. So ano ba yung effects? Ano ang impact ng alternative press or anti-marcus press or mosquito press? First, in undermine yung hegemony of the marcus press. At saka, pinagbabanggagi yung dominant discursive space. Dati kasi monokuli lang ang crony press. For example, the day after the assassination of Bacchino, yung malaya na malit lang siya na jario na 15,000 copies na yung circulation. Naging 90,000 kasi nagprint siya ng arrival statement niya. He was never able to read sa welcome rally na wala ng hin. Na di naman na ganap. So nagiging malaki yung circulation. And then of course, it saw the boycott of the crony press. Ito yung mga slogans nila. And pinagpanawagan to support the anti-marcus press. And of course, yung alternative press, nagsasa lang yung political resistance among Filipino journalists as part of the growing anti-marcus movement. So nakisalidin yung mga Filipino journalists in the anti-marcus movement, in the growing anti-marcus movement, ano ba yung politikana papel ng alternative press? Ito yung pama-mahayag na the undermine ng authority ng marco dictatorship. And then it opens a space for freedom of expression. At saka nagsumusuporta siya sa mga groupong lumalaban sa anti-marcus at ang mga tao nago-organisa around issues and there are many groups, like the urban poor, the labor groups, so gente, mga madre, at mga taong simbahan, et cetera, among others, of course. And then sinabi natin ng alternative press kanina is counter-hegemonic press. Bakit yung counter-hegemonic? Papahayag siya ng realidad na iba sa dominant discourse on yung marco na bagong lipunan, na kayo ay komunista at si Nino Yakinno ay komunista at mga opposition, ay hindi credible, et cetera. And of course, especially in the dying years of the marco dictatorship. And then we also presented stories that normally considered sa news so may mga stories nabot makliing dulad, the chikoddam, the human rights violations and of course, pakekibaka ng mga lumal sa Mindanao. And bakit pwede natin masabi na journalists are organic intellectuals in the sense of grouchy's idea of organic intellectuals. Sila yung gumagawa professionally, they have their own routines and their own values and beliefs but they reflect on the sense of meanings about their work and how they see the world. And of course, when they create meanings of a disengagement, a reflection and routines and professional practice, they also bring in their colleagues and also let the information or the content out to the vast audience that they have created. Okay. Ito yung mga useful na books or references when you look at the role of media. Ano nangyari sa media sa panahulang marco's dictatorship? Una yung, this is the annotated, revised annotated edition ng Kunjugal dictatorship ni Primitivo Mejares was published in 2017 by Ateneo de Manila Press. Sinuso Simit Primitivo Mejares. He is the media star of Marcos. He defected in 1975 at mag-testify siya before the U.S. Congressional Committee. He published the book in 1976, the Kunjugal Dictatorship. Nawala siya disappeared in a missing siya since 1977. Una nangyari sa IT Norture. Okay. Malapit na ako, last three slides and then ito yung reason bakit Kunjugal Dictatorship. You read chapter 12, the era of thought control, which is an important chapter on media. And then, of course, this is a book published by the U.P. Press. It was edited by Cereslo. It put together two books into one published. Ito yung may mga censored materials. Yung means na hindi pinapalabas sa materials, makapaglalaban ng journalists. This is a crucial book as a reference in delivering the lecture on media and martial law. The third is, it's a conference report, published, but I think out of print na ito but I think there are still copies around memory, truth-telling, and the pursuit of justice. It is, it was a conference in 1999 on the legacy of marker citators. Two three articles actually written by Luis Chodoro, Isaganiyan Boat and Eugenia Pustol, and they give you a lot of information and insights on the resistance and repression and resistance of media under martial law. Okay, and the last book is published in Ohio at the State University. There's also the attention to the chapter, the media and the second coming of the first quarter. So written by Talita Espirito, a passionate revolution, the media and the rise and fall of the Marcus regime. It was published in 2017. I bought this in a book because it was not available in the Philippines. I'll stop. Maraming salamat sa pakikinig na buhay tayong lahat.