 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar IA's Academy for the Date, 3rd of December 2019. In our today's analysis, we'll be seeing some important news articles like Purchasing Managers Index then about Carbon Trading and an editorial on AIDS. The page numbers of the news articles taken up for today's discussion is displayed here for five different editions. The handwritten notes in PDF format and the timestamping of all the news articles taken up for today's analysis is available in the description section and also in the common section for the benefit of the smartphone users. Let us now move on to our discussion. This news article is about Purchasing Managers Index, in particular the Manufacturing Purchasing Manager Index. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. First, let us see about Purchasing Managers Index in brief and then we shall be seeing about some of the important aspects of Manufacturing PMI and finally we shall be seeing the news article. Now, coming to Purchasing Managers Index. This Purchasing Managers Index is an indicator of economic health for manufacturing as well as services sectors. See there are two Purchasing Managers Index which are released for India. One is the Manufacturing PMI and the other is the Services PMI. So both these are compiled by IHS market which is a company. This company will send questionnaires to the purchasing managers in a panel of around 400 manufacturers and it will receive responses to the questionnaires which it had sent and based on the responses the Manufacturing PMI will be calculated. Now this Manufacturing PMI is a weighted average of five figures. One is the new orders, the next is the output, the third is the employment, the fourth is the suppliers delivery times and fifth is the stocks of purchases. So based on all these parameters a weighted average will be arrived at based on which the Manufacturing PMI will be calculated. So we can tell that this Purchasing Managers Index provides an accurate and a timely set of data to understand the industry conditions. Now this data will be useful for the business decision makers and also for those purchasing professionals who plan to purchase their materials beforehand. So we can tell that Purchasing Managers Index acts as an indicator of business activity, economic health and investor sentiments. Now the key features of this Purchasing Managers Index is that it is released on a monthly basis. So the Purchasing Managers will have an idea about that industry trends on a monthly basis and one more key feature is that this particular data will not be revised after publication which makes this data reliable. This is all about Purchasing Managers Index and about Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index in brief. Now let us see the news article. Now this news article is based on the manufacturing PMI that has been released for the month of November 2019. This news article tells that the manufacturing activity has increased in the month of November. Some reasons have been given in this news article and also we shall be seeing some of the key findings for this manufacturing PMI for the month of November. Now one reason why the manufacturing activity increase in the month of November was due to the increase in the growth of new orders and also due to the increase in the growth of production. In this graph you can see the manufacturing PMI trend for the past 10 to 11 years and if you see for this month that is November the manufacturing PMI rose to a value of 51.2. If you see in October it was 50.6. Now one thing which you need to know from this graph is that a reading about the value of 50 means there is some growth activity happening in the economy. Whereas if the reading is below the value of 50 then it denotes contraction which means the economic growth is slightly lower than expected or we can also tell that the economy is not growing. Now let us see some of the key findings from this November month report. One thing which this report has told is that there is a modest increase in the sales when compared to the previous month that is the month of October but if you compare it to the earlier months in this year the sales are somewhat lower. One more key finding from this report is that the employment has fallen for the first time since March 2018. It is the first time in 20 months. Now some of the reasons have been given why the employment has fallen for the first time in 20 months because large number of companies have told that the existing workloads are being managed by the existing staff. Also if there are some people who retire then the manpower for that particular position is not being replaced which is nothing but the non-replacement of retirees and the third is that even the temporary contracts for manpower are not being renewed. So all these are some of the reasons why the employment has declined for the first time in 20 months as per this manufacturing PMI report. This is all about this news article. To summarize we have seen about purchasing managers index and then about manufacturing purchasing managers index and finally we saw the news article which discusses about the November 2019 data of this manufacturing PMI. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This editorial is an assessment of the fight against HIV AIDS. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this editorial is given you for your reference. Before moving on to the editorial first let us see about what is HIV AIDS in brief. The AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome is caused by human immunodeficiency virus that is HIV. See this HIV is a retrovirus and it kills or damages the body's immune system cells that is the immune system of the human body. There are two types of HIV one is type 1 and the other is type 2. If you see type 1 is more common in India. This AIDS is generally caused by unprotected sex with an infected partner that is with a partner who has already been infected by HIV. It may also spread through the use of infected syringes of HIV infected people and it might also spread through blood transfusions where that particular blood is infected with HIV. Now if you see the first signs of AIDS is influenza that is there will be flu like symptoms or there may be swollen glands but at times if you see symptoms might not appear. They may even appear after two or three months. Generally blood test is done to confirm the diagnosis there is no cure for this HIV AIDS but there are many medicines to fight or control the HIV infection. Before entering into the assessment that has been made by the author first let us see some of the important targets and indicators that has been mentioned by him to combat AIDS at the global level. If you see at the global level we have the sustainable development goals framework that is goal number three which deals with good health and well-being. If you remember even during our yesterday's analysis we were seeing about this goal number three when we discussed about antimicrobial resistance. Now under this sustainable development goals framework there is a target 3.3. This target 3.3 clearly asks the countries to end the epidemic of AIDS along with ending the epidemics of tuberculosis, malaria and also the neglected tropical diseases by the year 2030. So you can see that there is a target to end this AIDS. So it is almost a prevention target. One of the indicators to measure the progress that has been made in achieving the target for HIV AIDS is the number of new HIV infections per thousand uninfected population in terms of gender, age and key population. So what is this key population? In this terminology of HIV prevention and control the phrase key populations refer to those persons who are vulnerable or who are susceptible to be infected by this HIV. Now the key populations include men who have sex with other men then it might also refer to the people who use injected drugs then it includes the people who are in prisons and other closed settings and it also includes the sex workers and their clients and it also includes the transgender persons. If you see at one point in the editorial the author mentions that the risk of acquiring this HIV infection is 22 times higher in men who have sex with other men and also amongst the drug users and the risk of acquiring HIV infection is 21 times higher in sex workers and 12 times more in case of transgender persons. So this is one of the key indicators to measure the progress in achieving the target for HIV AIDS. Next if you see we have a treatment target that has been adopted through UN AIDS nothing but the joint United Nations program on HIV AIDS. This is a lead United Nations agency that coordinates the battle against HIV AIDS. Now it has a target this target is called as the 1990-90 target. What is this 1990-90 target? By the year 2020 90% of those living with HIV will know their HIV status. This is the first 90. The second 90 is 90% of all people with diagnosed HIV infection will receive sustained anti-retroviral therapy. And the third 90 is 90% of all people on such therapy will have viral suppression. So the target year is 2020 and if you see in case of the sustainable development goal target it has to be achieved by the year 2030. So these are some of the important targets and indicators that have been mentioned by the author to combat AIDS. Now where are we as a world in achieving these 2020 and 2030 targets while we near the end of this year 2019. The author has given some data and statistics to show the progress of the world in combating AIDS. Now let us see them. First the author states that much success has been achieved in the past 20 years in the global battle against AIDS. If you see between the years 2000 and 2018 and at the global level there was a reduction of 37% in the new HIV infection. The HIV related deaths fell by 45% and the lives of around 1.36 crore persons were saved because of anti-retroviral therapy. In the later part of our discussion we will be seeing what this anti-retroviral therapy is. Then if you see huge efforts were made by the medical community to develop effective drugs against combating HIV. Now these drugs became widely available across the world due to generic versions especially if you see they were generously made available by the Indian generic manufacturers. And if you see this movement was led by Yusuf Hamid. He is the chairman of generic pharmaceutical company SIPLA. Now when we say a generic drug it is nothing but an substitute for its brand name. Say for example for general fever paracetamol is taken. A branded paracetamol tablet might cost somewhere between 20 to 30 rupees but you do have the generic version of the same composition paracetamol which you will get in 1 rupee. So this 1 rupee drug is called as the generic drug. It will have all the same aspects of that of a branded drug like in terms of dosage, in terms of safety, strength or the route of administration that is like you consume in your mouth then in terms of quality then in terms of its performance characteristics and also in terms of the intended use when you compare with the branded tablets. So this is what is called as generic drug. So these generic drugs were made generously available by the Indian generic drug manufacturers. And also if you see when HIV-AIDS was found this panicked the entire world but huge financial support has been received across the world to combat this pandemic. Pandemic is nothing but a disease which occurs worldwide. And if you see the contributions were received from both public as well as private. Then if you see there were huge ignorance and stigma related to HIV but these were vigorously combated by the coalitions of HIV affected persons. And these persons were supported by several sections of civil society and also by the media. So this brought some sort of awareness about what is HIV and how it can be prevented and it also helped in preventing the stigma that was surrounding this HIV. So the affected individuals were able to handle the stigma. So one is the anti-retrobarial therapy then comes the generic drugs available for AIDS then we saw huge financial support that was received by the private and public and finally about the coalitions that helped in increasing the awareness surrounding this HIV. Now apart from this the author also discusses about the access to life-saving treatments for HIV-AIDS. If you see according to a recent report by UN AIDS out of the 3.8 crore persons were now living with HIV 2.4 crore persons are receiving anti-retrobarial therapy. This is what we saw first anti-retrobarial therapy. Now if you see the situation which was some 9 years ago at that point of time only 0.7 crore population that is only 70 lakh persons received this anti-retrobarial therapy. But now the population has increased quite large. Now let us see what is this anti-retrobarial therapy. During the start of this editorial we saw that HIV is a retrovirus. These belong to a family of viruses called as retroviride if you see. So what do we mean when we say retrovirus? It is a type of virus that uses RNA acids, genetic material. When this virus infects a cell then it uses an enzyme called as reverse transcriptase. This enzyme is used to convert its RNA into DNA that is RNA of the virus into DNA. Once it gets converted then the retrovirus integrates its viral DNA into the DNA of the host cell. In our case it is the human cell and we know human cell consists of DNA. So what can happen because of this integration? See this integration allows the retrovirus to replicate in the host body. So this is how the retrovirus starts replicating in the human body. Now this anti-retrobarial therapy will help suppressing the HIV virus and it will help in stopping the progression of HIV virus in the human body. So this is how anti-retrobarial therapy works. Now if you see this HIV virus infects the CD4 cells in the human system. These CD4 cells are protective white blood cells which indicate the health of the human system because these cells fight against infection. Now as the HIV infection progresses the immune system becomes progressively weak and this makes the individual more susceptible to other infections. Now because of this anti-retrobarial therapy the progression of these HIV virus will be stopped. So this is how the anti-retrobarial therapy works. So we can see that there are numerous efforts that have been taken worldwide to combat HIV AIDS by making sure the persons receive life-saving treatments like anti-retrobarial therapy and by use of generic drugs and also in terms of adoption of right-based approach to overcome the stigma that is associated with HIV. But are these efforts which have been taken across the world sustainable? The answer is a big no because there are certain concerns at present in combating this HIV AIDS which the author discusses next. Now let us see them. So what are the present concerns? The author says that at the global level only 19 countries are on track to reach the 2030 target. Also there are worryingly high rates of new infection in several parts of the world. So the first concern is the high rates of new infection in several parts of the world. Now one distressing fact that needs to be noted is that these new infections are among a significant number of young populations. So it is those young population who are more susceptible to this HIV infection at present. The next concern is the gaps in the service provision at various levels to combat HIV infection. That is proper health care services are not being provided. Now due to these gaps around 7.7 lakh HIV affected persons died in the year 2018 and around 17 lakh persons were newly affected as per the author. The next concern which the author has raised is that in some regions such as Central Asia and Eastern Europe have had a setback in containing HIV infection although improvements have been noted in certain other areas of the world like Eastern and Southern Africa. Now this is because more than 95 percentage of the new infections in the regions of Central Asia and Eastern Europe are occurring among the key or vulnerable populations. And we saw what are these key and vulnerable populations just earlier. The next concern which the author raises is related to the progress in achieving the 1990-90 target set by UNH. Research studies say that only around 62 percentage of the HIV affected individuals were on treatment and only 53 percentage had achieved viral suppression. So this makes clear that the world is falling short of the 1990-90 target which was set for the year 2020. So these are some of the concerns that have been raised by the author to tell that there is a slowdown in the present global efforts recently. Next the author talks about what are the reasons for the present slowdown in combating HIV-AIDS. The first reason is a very wrong assumption that the success which was achieved in the beginning of this 21st century is a conclusive victory. But in reality if you see this is not because as we just saw a lot of people are getting infected and a lot of people are still dying because of this HIV infection. So the assumption is wrong. The second reason which the author tells is that the present sustainable development goal framework as an expanded agenda. This expanded agenda is in terms of focusing multiple diseases not only AIDS but also diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases as we just saw during the beginning. So this is also a reason why there is a slowdown post 2015. Now why this year 2015 because the millennium development goals came to an end by 2015 and this agenda for sustainable development started from the year 2015 and these goals have to be achieved by the year 2030. Now since there are new priorities the funds are mostly forwarded to the new priorities that is to focus on other diseases or sometimes even they are diverted to focus on those newly prioritized diseases. So the expanded agenda of the sustainable development goal framework is the second reason. Yet another reason is the information dissemination that is when initially this HIV infection was known to people there was a very high level of public awareness on how to prevent HIV. But if you see this did not continue in the same speed and vigor. So the present generation is not having a real awareness on this HIV related to what are the risks that can happen because of this HIV infection and they are also not aware of prevention oriented behaviors. So this is the reason why we saw that the new generation of young persons are becoming more susceptible to this HIV infection. So information dissemination is yet another reason. So these are some of the reasons given by the author. Then the author talks about few new trends and challenges which also acts as hurdle in taking needed actions in fast mode. One is that among the new infections in African continent some distressing trends were found. The adolescent girls if you see were very vulnerable to sexual exploitation by older men. Here the older infected men could pass the infection to these adolescent girls through sexual contact and it was also found that they were domineering male behaviors. So as a result the HIV infection is inflicted on unprotected women. Here the term domineering male behavior is nothing but even when the women wish to use protection measures like condoms the man will not allow her to use by dominating himself over the decision of the women. So this is called as domineering male behavior. Now as a result of this the infection is passed from the man who is infected with HIV to a woman who is not infected with HIV because of unprotected sex. So this is one disturbing trend which is observed among the new infections that are reported in Africa. Despite all these there have been many efforts that have been put forward globally and somehow we can see an improved survival rate among the persons who are affected with HIV. But it is found that the improved survival rates also bring certain other health problems which demand attention. Among those individuals who have been treated with HIV AIDS the risk factor for cardiovascular diseases were found to be high when their age increased. Also the usage of antiretroviral drugs were found to increase the risk of atherosclerosis nothing but the fat accumulation in the blood vessels especially the arteries. And if you also see there are certain other infectious diseases such as tuberculosis which can coexist with AIDS. If you remember during our fifth November analysis we saw that tuberculosis can coexist with AIDS and we saw that this was one reason for the increased death rate and tuberculosis in the state of Karnataka. So these patients require a comprehensive treatment and they cannot be treated only for HIV because there are certain other diseases like cardiovascular diseases and tuberculosis which can coexist with HIV infection. And apart from this if you see there is also a challenge of mental health disorders. It is especially seen amongst those persons who are on lifelong therapy for this disease. Here the challenge is that it requires constant monitoring and special treatment. Now the big question is do we have resources to handle these reasons that slow down the momentum in combating AIDS? The answer is we do not have satisfactory resources. So there has to be a multiprong strategy including all kinds of actions to handle these emerging trends and challenges. This is all about some of the reasons and the recent trends and challenges that have been shared by the author to tell that there is a recent slowdown in combating HIV AIDS. Now moving on to the final part of the editorial here the author has discussed about the need for vigil in India to prevent this HIV infection. See Indian experience has more or less been positive but it still requires continued vigilance and committed action. It is positive because the HIV related deaths declined by 71 percentage between 2005 and 2017 and if you see between the years 2001 and 2003 HIV has infected around 38 individuals in 10,000 persons whereas at present if you see the number is 22 out of 10,000 persons. Now this was possible due to the efforts taken by the National AIDS Control Program and the National AIDS Control Organization and the Civil Society. Now why do we need continued vigilance and committed action? This is because India has an estimated 21 lakh persons living with HIV as of now and out of these 21 lakh persons 42 percentage are women which is roughly around 9 lakh persons. Every year around 87,000 estimated new infections and 69,000 AIDS related deaths are recorded and 9 states have rates which are higher than the national prevalence figure. This means that there are regional variations within India especially if you see in the state of Missouri the situation is 10 times worse than the national average because around 204 out of 10,000 persons are affected with HIV only in the state of Missouri so we can tell that an increased vigil is required and a committed action is required to properly target and prevent HIV on a regional basis. Finally the author concludes the editorial by saying that mere technical innovations will not win the battle against HIV AIDS. This is because we have only the therapy to suppress the infection but till date there is no vaccination available to prevent the infection at the first place and if you see efforts to develop new vaccine for preventing this HIV-AIDS as are still in the development stage. Therefore what we require is the revival or the resurrection of the combination of multiple partnership like the political will, professional skill and society level partnerships along with the technological innovations. So if all these efforts can be made once again we can again see the decreasing trend of HIV-AIDS as we once saw during the early part of this century. So we can see that the author here has stressed for multi-level partnerships. Now the reason why the author has given this lead editorial is because every year on 1st of December we celebrate the World AIDS Day and if you see the theme for this year is ending the HIV AIDS epidemic community by community. During our discussion we saw that globally we were not able to meet the 1990 targets which were set for the year 2020 and now we have the sustainable development goal targets to end this HIV AIDS epidemic by the year 2030. One can think that there is still a long time to achieve this but to be frank this time period is quite short. We need to have strong community level coalitions to tackle this HIV in this next phase. So the entire global community needs to work the way how it worked during the earlier phase when HIV was discovered. If you are able to put that same level of efforts we might be able to meet the sustainable development targets by the year 2030 which is to end the HIV AIDS epidemic. This is the significance of this editorial. So to conclude this editorial we have seen about HIV AIDS in brief then we saw the global targets and indicators to combat and prevent AIDS. Next we saw about the recent slowdown in combating AIDS and the reasons which were given by the author along with the trends and finally we also saw about the need for vigil in India to further prevent this HIV AIDS. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. Now let us see this news article which is titled UN chief opens climate summit with call for hope over surrender. See represented tips from various countries are now at Madrid the capital of Spain for a two week meeting on tackling global warming. This is nothing but the conference of parties 25 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which is UNFCCC which was inaugurated yesterday that is on 2nd of December at Madrid. So in this context let us now see about the significance of the comments that has been made by the United Nations Secretary General then about carbon trading which is mentioned in this news article and we shall also see some of the fundamental aspects of global warming. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. Before understanding the context and the significance of the statements that has been made by the Secretary General of United Nations first we will see the fundamental aspects of global warming and its profound consequences. Global warming indicates the rising or increasing average temperatures of the globe over a period of time. The warming of the globe is because of the increasing amount in the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This happens because of a lot of socio-economic activities across the globe. Now some of the greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc. If you see these greenhouse gases can absorb the earth's re-emitted infrared radiation and again these greenhouse gases emit the absorbed infrared radiation in all the directions. So as a result of the amount of these greenhouse gases increases, this in turn increases the temperature of the globe. So this is what we call it as global warming. Now there are a lot of consequences because of this global warming. This mainly includes change in the rainfall pattern, then unpredictability of the weather, then irregular monsoons, then intensive tropical cyclones, then raising incidents of floods and severe droughts across the globe so forth and so on. Therefore at the global level, significant steps were initiated to check the consequences of the global warming. Some of the steps include this United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, then the Kyoto Protocol and the latest being Paris Agreement which are some of the mechanisms under this UNFCCC. Now first let us see in brief about this UNFCCC. This United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aims to prevent the dangerous human interference with the climate system. And if you see the Kyoto Protocol is the one which operationalizes this UNFCCC. Note that Kyoto Protocol was adopted in the year 1997 but it entered into force only in the year 2005. The latest agreement is the Paris Climate Agreement which was signed in the year 2015. The main aim of this Paris Accord or this Paris Agreement is to limit the rising global temperature by 2 degree Celsius as compared to the pre-industrial levels by the end of this century and also to continue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degree Celsius by the end of this century that is by 200. So this is the brief introduction which you need to have when you are going to see this news article. Now this news article mentions some of the important observations that were made by the Secretary General of the United Nations. The Secretary General has stressed that the world must choose hope over surrender in the fight against climate change. He has stressed that all the member nations should continue their efforts to address climate change. Now if you look at the news article it has mentioned one important aspect of Paris Agreement which is the rules on carbon trading. If you see the delegates of this ongoing COP25 have called for the early conclusion of the rules for carbon trading. Now one important section under this Paris Agreement is Article 6 which speaks about the carbon trading and various mechanisms for carbon trading. But if you see this has not been agreed by all the member nations and still negotiations are going on to conclude this particular article. If you see in the last COP also the negotiations went but it failed and the member nations are hoping at least this year this particular article 6 would be finalized. The issue is this article does not properly describe how the carbon trading systems will work and what kind of rules will ensure that the carbon trading system lead to real emission cuts. So we have to wait and watch till the end of this COP25 which is going on at Madrid Spain. Now in this context let us see in brief about carbon trading. The carbon trading is also called as emissions trading. This is basically a market based system. This allows the trading of carbon credits that is buying or selling of the carbon credits. To give you an idea on carbon trading now take an example of two companies which are polluting that is which releases carbon emissions. Now a particular limit has been set on both these companies to contain the carbon emissions. Now one company has effectively contained the carbon emissions within the set limits but one company has polluted more. Now the company which has polluted more can buy some carbon credit from the company which has polluted less. So this is how a carbon trading system works to know in a very simple manner. Now consider the same example at the global level. The carbon trading will allow the nations who are unable to meet their reduction targets to purchase carbon credits under a unified regulatory framework. So the carbon credits can be purchased from other member nations who have unused permits or unused carbon credits. Now if you look at this diagram which demonstrates a simple form of carbon trading in this figure you can see that country B is exceeding its emissions cap but country A is having unused permits or carbon credits because it does not exceed at its emissions cap. In this case country B can purchase carbon credits from country A. Therefore the carbon trading mechanism allows the nations to meet their emissions target. But if you see the final modalities and mechanism of how the system will work is not clearly explained in article 6 of this Paris Agreement. So this is what you can see in today's news article. It mentions that fixing comprehensive rules governing the carbon trading as per the Paris Agreement is still under progress. Therefore framing the rules for carbon trading requires collective efforts by the parties of the conference which is expected as soon as possible. Maybe we can expect it by the end of this COP 25 summit which is 13th December and throughout the course of the summit we'll be getting more news articles about this COP 25 summit and also about certain other news articles and editorials related to global warming, climate change, greenhouse gases etc. So this is all about this news article. In this news article we have seen in brief about what is meant by global warming, then about the greenhouse gases and then about UNFCCC and various protocols and mechanisms under this UNFCCC. And finally we saw about COP 25 summit and the concept of carbon trading. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. Now let us look at the data point which discusses about certain economic indicators. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this data point is given here for your reference. This first picture discusses about GDP. We know that GDP is the final value of the goods and services produced within the geographic boundaries of a country during a period of one year. Here it mentions that GDP grew at 4.5 percentage in the latest quarter. The growth in this quarter is the slowest growth in the last six and a half years if you see and it is the third slowest growth rate since the financial year 2005-2006. So from this picture you can observe a trend that GDP rate is neither constantly increasing nor constantly decreasing. So sometimes you get a question on UPSC problems on the economic indicators. One statement would be a general definition and the second statement would be a statement like they will tell it has been continually increasing or it has been continually decreasing. But if you see mostly the economic parameters keep varying every quarter or every financial year. Same is the case with the GDP growth rate year. It is neither constantly increasing nor constantly decreasing. Secondly if you see the data point analysis who has fuelled the growth in the recent quarter. Here they are talking about three terms. One is the private final consumption expenditure. Next is the government final consumption expenditure and finally it also discusses about gross fixed capital formation. Now when we tell private final consumption expenditure it usually refers to those expenditure incurred on the final consumption of goods and services by two parties who are private. One is the resident households and the second is the non-profit institutions who are serving the households. Now they can mostly be funded by households for example religious institutions such as mosques, temples, trade unions, political parties etc. And when we tell government final consumption expenditure it refers to the final consumption expenditure incurred by the government. So in simpler terms just remember private final consumption expenditure is being done by the private usually by the residents and the government final consumption expenditure is being done by the government. Now if you see the gross fixed capital formation it is nothing but the money spent for the acquisition of produced assets and it also includes the production of assets by producers for their own use but the monetary value of disposed assets is not included in the calculation of gross fixed capital formation. If you see we discussed in detail about this gross fixed capital formation during our 22nd November analysis just have a look at it for further subject clarity. Now if you see this picture you can find that the gross fixed capital formation has reduced in the second quarter when compared to the first quarter. On the other hand the private final consumption expenditure has slightly increased so is the government final consumption expenditure as well. Here you have to note that when we tell the gross fixed capital formation is falling it means the investments are falling this is because the investment rate is measured as gross fixed capital formation as a percentage of GDP but when it is fueled only by the government final consumption expenditure we can tell that it is not a healthy trend in an economy. Even in this image where the data point has analyzed the services sector it is found that the services such as public administration and different services are in the increasing trend whereas if you see the trade hotels transport services real estate and financial services are witnessing very slow and low growth. Also the public administration and defense services growth is also fuel mostly by the government but comparatively if you see the trend in the services sector is not so much worrying as the trends in the industrial sector. Then this data point also mentions that why the industrial sector is in a state of depression or darkness this is because there is a drop in consumption due to the drop in the investments so this indicates that the government has to do something to increase the consumption demand. Now how it can increase the consumption demand is it has to give more money in the pockets of citizens. Now there are many ways to increase the money in the pockets of citizens let us see some of the ways one is to reduce the income taxes then maybe the government can increase the public spending in terms of minimum income support then expanding pension benefits to include more beneficiaries then the government may increase the salaries of its employees then it may also increase the spending on public investments that can generate employment and this will enable a conducive environment for investments so that jobs are generated and people are given wages that is salaries. Now if money is available with the people they can use it for consumption so this is how government can try to increase the money in the hands of citizens. So from this data point we have seen that the GDP growth has slowed down then about the trends of private final consumption expenditure government final consumption expenditure then about gross fixed capital formation and then we discussed certain trends about the industry sector and the services sector. Now you can make use of this GDP growth graph in any of your main answers that is concerned with Indian economy you need not draw the exact graph but you just need to know the trend for the past four five years so that you can give a comparison when you're writing the answer and from the other pictures just know that gross fixed capital formation which is the investment rate is quite low as of now and also the consumption patterns in the economy is very low. With this we come to the end of the analysis of this particular data point now let us move on to the practice questions discussion session. Look at the first question the question is consider the following statements about purchasing managers index they've given two statements and you need to choose the correct answer. Look at the first statement it tells that it is an indicator of the social wealth of a country. Now look at the topic again it speaks about purchasing managers index. Purchasing is an activity related to manufacturing a particular product and when we see terms like purchasing or manufacturing it is something related to the economy so it cannot be an indicator of the social wealth it can be an indicator of something related to economy so just by the name you can eliminate the first statement. Now know that purchasing managers index acts as an indicator of business activity economic health and investor sentiments so it will help the businesses to plan accordingly for the upcoming months and it is also useful for the business decision makers. So here the first statement goes wrong it is not an indicator of social wealth of a country. Now look at the second statement it tells that manufacturing and services PMI are released for India on a monthly basis. This statement is correct there are two different PMIs released for India one is the manufacturing PMI and the other is the services PMI. Both these PMIs are released on a monthly basis and one more key feature to note is that once released they are not revised that is once they are published they are not revised any further. Now this question asks you to choose the correct statements the correct answer is option B2 only since the first statement is wrong. Now look at the next question the question is which are not the following statements is wrong about HIV AIDS. Now look at the first statement it tells that the most advanced stages of HIV infection is called as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Yes this statement is correct the most advanced stage of HIV infection is called as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS. So a person is likely to get some other infections like tuberculosis cancer etc. Now look at the next statement it tells that transmission of HIV between a mother and her infant is possible. Yes this statement is also correct if you see normally HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse then through blood transfusions then by sharing of contaminated needle syringes surgical equipments that are infected with HIV and it also may be transmitted between a mother under infant during pregnancy childbirth and breastfeeding. So this statement is also correct. Now look at the next statement it tells that antiretroviral drugs are used in the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. This statement is also correct because HIV virus is a retrovirus so antiretroviral therapies being given for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Now this statement is also correct. Now look at the fourth statement vaccines are available to prevent HIV infection know that till date there is no vaccine developed to prevent HIV infection. So option D is the correct answer here because you have to choose the wrong statement. Now look at the next question the question is considered the following statements with reference to carbon trading. Two statements have been given and you need to choose the correct statements. Now look at the first statement it tells that it is a market based system which allows the trading of carbon credits. Yes this statement is correct carbon trading or emission trading is a market based system which allows trading of carbon credits that is buying or selling of the carbon credits. So this will allow the nations who are unable to meet their reduction targets to purchase the carbon credits under a particular regulatory framework. So the carbon credits can be purchased from other member nations who have unused permits or carbon credits. So we can tell that carbon trading mechanism allows the nations to meet their emissions target. This makes the second statement correct as well. It tells that carbon trading mechanisms allows nations to meet their emission targets by trading the carbon credits. Yes this statement is correct. So the correct answer for this question is option C both one and two since you have to choose the correct statements. With this we come to the end of the analysis of all the news articles taken up for today's discussion and also the practice questions discussion session. If you like the video press the like button comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.