 All right friends, welcome to Shankara's Academy of Indian News Analysis. Today's date is 12th August 2021. The list of topic is displayed on the screen. In today's discussion, we are going to solve four past preliminary questions. In article discussion, we are going to discuss about myopia, we are going to discuss about Kasi Ranga National Park, we are going to discuss about cooperative bands and finally, we are going to discuss about democracy summit. After discussing the articles, we will practice few preliminary questions and after preliminary question, we will see about the main question. So, we have wonderful collection of topics, we have topics from environment, we have topic from science, we have topic from international phase and we have topic from economics. Now, let us begin the discussion. Now, let us solve some past preliminary questions. See, report and indices are important topic from preliminary perspective. Now, look at this 2016 question. Now, look at this 2017 question, look at this 2018 question and look at this 2019 question. All these questions were asked from reports and indices. So, we can see the reports and indices are favorite topic of UPSC, they are being repeatedly asked. With this information in mind, let us solve these questions. First, take 2016 question. Global financial stability report is prepared by the A European Central Bank, B International Monetary Fund, C International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, D Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See, the correct answer is option B, International Monetary Fund. International Monetary Fund publishes a report called Global Financial Stability Report. Now, let us move on to the 2017 question. Which of the following gives Global Gender Gap Index Ranking to the Countries of the World? Option A, World Economic Forum. Option B, UN Human Rights Council. Option C, UN Women. Option D, World Health Organization. The correct answer is Option A, World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum gives an index called Global Gender Gap Index. This index ranks the countries based on gender progressiveness. Now, let us move on to 2018 question. Rule of Law Index is released by which of the following? Option A, Amnesty International. Option B, International Court of Justice. Option C, Office of UN Commissioner for Human Rights. Option D, World Justice Project. See, the correct answer is Option D, World Justice Project. See, World Justice Project, WJP, is an American Independent Multidisciplinary Organization. The main mission of this project is to advance rule of law around the world. It also releases an index called Rule of Law Index. So, the correct answer is Option D, World Justice Project. Now, take 2019 question. The Global Competitiveness Report is published by Option A, International Monetary Fund. Option B, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Option C, World Economic Forum. Option D, World Bank. See, the correct answer is World Economic Forum. Option C. The Global Competitiveness Report in GCR is published by World Economic Forum. It is a yearly publication. It is published since 2004. It tracks countries based on Global Competitive Index. Ranks country based on Global Competitiveness Index. So, the correct answer is Option C, World Economic Forum. See, there is a reason why I have chosen these questions. See, whenever you come across reports and indices in current affairs, make sure you give high priority to those reports and index. And whenever you can find time, go to important organizations and read about their reports. Know at least basic information regarding those reports and indexes. It will help you in elimination. It will boost your score. Another good thing is when you learn about report and indices, learn about India's ranking, India's score, you can use it as value addition in your mains answer. So, it will be helpful in prylums as well as mains perspective. In prylums, you can expect a direct question. In mains, you can use it as value addition. For example, in your mains answer, you can write the rank of India from a report in the intro itself. It will differentiate your answer. If the question is about gender issues in India, you can start the answer by writing India's rank in Global Gender Gap Report. Such kind of information will play an important value addition. It will differentiate your answer. It will give credibility to your answer. It will boost your score. Now, let us move on to article discussion. Now, look at this article. This article is regarding a medical condition called myopia. See, currently we are facing coronavirus pandemic. Because of this pandemic, we are facing lockdown at many places. And because of these lockdowns, many of the schools remain closed. Now, we are providing education through online mode. So, students are stuck in their room. They lack physical activity. They are less exposed to sunlight. And because of the online mode of education, they are overexposed to mobile phones. So, because of these reasons, there has been a sharp price in myopia in children last year. This is the gist of this article. The coronavirus pandemic has indirectly increased the myopia in children. So, in this context, let us discuss in brief about myopia. First, what is myopia? See, myopia is the medical condition name. It has a common name. The common name is nearsightedness. It is also called as shortsightedness. See, this is a common eye condition. Many of us have this condition. We have aspectacles. So, this condition is myopia. What does this condition do? It causes distant objects to appear blurred. See, as I already said, the common name of myopia is nearsightedness. So, as the name clearly says, the person with myopia or nearsightedness can see objects which are nearer to them. But when the object is far away from him, it appears blurred. This is why it is called as nearsightedness or shortsightedness. The person can only see the near objects or objects at short distance clearly. When the object is far away, it appears blurred. I hope this basic concept is clear. Now, let us discuss the symptoms of myopia. Previously, we saw about myopia. Now, let us discuss the symptoms of myopia. As I already said, myopia causes distant objects to appear blurred. This is the first symptom. It causes squinting of eyes. Because of the squinting, a person will also experience eye strain. It will cause headaches. And in the long run, it can also cause significant visual impairment. So, in order to avoid visual impairment in the long run, treatment of myopia is essential. How can we treat myopia? The common treatment is prescription glasses. We wear spectacles, right? That is the common treatment. There is also contact lens and there is also laser surgery. So, these are the common treatment methods of myopia. Now, we have a question. What causes myopia? What causes nearsightedness or shortsightedness? Let me explain the cause. Have a look at this figure. The right side of the figure displays the normal vision. Now, look at the right side of the figure. We can see the light entering the eye. It passes through the cornea and lens. See, cornea is the clear layer in front of the eye. And as you can see from the image, the light passes through cornea and lens. The light gets bent as it passes through the cornea and lens. We can see it is getting bended, right? It is getting focused. And as you can see from the figure, in the normal vision, the light is brought into focus right on the retina. See, retina is a layer at the back of the eye. And we can see the light is brought into focus right on the retina. It is falling right on the retina. So, this is a normal vision. Now, come to the left side of the image. This is eyeball with myopia condition or shortsightedness condition. In this image, you can see the light entering the cornea and lens. It is getting bended, but it is not falling right on the retina. The light is not brought into focus right on the retina. We can see the light falling in front of the retina. See, the focal point is right in front of the retina. So, this is the reason for myopia. The light rays, instead of falling right on the retina, it is focused in front of the retina. This is the cause for myopia. I hope this concept is clear. Now, we have a question. What causes this defect? Why some people develop this condition and why some people do not develop this condition? See, according to medical experts, myopia in most cases is inherited from your parents. So, myopia is caused by genetic condition in most cases. If your parents have myopia, then the chances of you developing myopia is very high. And according to the medical expert, almost 200 genes are involved in myopia conditions. So, to put it in simple words, myopia in many cases is caused by genetic factors. It simply means a child can inherit short-sightedness from his or her parent. So, the first cause is genetic. Now, let us move on to the next causes. See, myopia can also be caused by environmental and lifestyle factors. In addition to the genetic factors, it can also be caused by environmental and lifestyle factors. This is the second important cause. For example, less exposure to sunlight, increased stress, increased eye strain, overexposure to mobile screens, overexposure to computer screens, overexposure to TV, lack of physical activity. All these environmental and lifestyle factors contribute to myopia. And as I already said, the lifestyle of children have been severely affected by the pandemic. And because of these changes in environmental and lifestyle factors, many children are now developing myopia conditions. So, so far I have discussed about myopia, symptoms of myopia and causes of myopia. Now, let us come to the final topic, the treatment for myopia. The treatment for short-sightedness or nearsightedness. The most common treatment is prescription glasses. See, the prescription glasses have lenses. These lenses corrects the light entering the eye and it makes sure the right focus is correctly on retina. This is how prescription glass corrects myopia condition. Okay. In addition to prescription glasses, contact lenses are also available. Contact lens also does the same job. It corrects the light entering there and it makes sure the light falls correctly on the retina. See, in addition to prescription glasses and contact lenses, laser refractive eye surgery is also available. It is also commonly called as LASIC. See, but it is important to note that contact lenses and laser refractive surgery are usually suggested for adults. They are only appropriate for adults. The children are usually given prescription glasses. They are not given contact lenses or laser refractive eye surgery. Contact lenses and laser refractive eye surgery are appropriate only for adults, not children. See, I want to give you some additional information regarding LASIC. Okay. That is laser refractive eye surgery. I want to tell you how LASIC surgery works. See, if a person has myopia condition, during the laser refractive eye surgery, the thickness of the cornea is decreased. So, the eye surgeon using the technology of laser reduces the thickness of cornea. By reducing the thickness of the cornea, the doctors ensure that the light is properly focused on the retina. This is how LASIC surgery works. I hope these informations are helpful. So, with this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we have discussed about myopia, symptoms of myopia, causes of myopia and treatment for myopia. Now, let us move on to the next topic. Now, take a look at this article. This article is regarding Kasi Ranga National Park. See, according to this article, satellite phones have been given to the forest guards of Kasi Ranga National Park. See, in the past few years, the poaching of rhinos has increased in the Kasi Ranga National Park. So, in order to control the poaching of rhinos, satellite phones have been given to the forest guards of Kasi Ranga National Park. This is the gist of this article. So, in this context, we will be discussing about Kasi Ranga National Park from a prillium's perspective. See, in prilliums, national park and wildlife sanctuaries are an important topic. For example, take 2020 prillium's question paper. Almost four questions were asked from national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. So, imagine out of 100 questions, four questions were asked from national park. So, it is a high priority topic. Now, let us go into the discussion. Kasi Ranga National Park. Have a look at this map for better understanding. See, as you can see from the map, Kasi Ranga National Park is located in Assam. Look at the map. We can see the Brahmaputra River flowing along the edges of the national park. So, we can say Kasi Ranga National Park is situated in the southern banks of Brahmaputra. And when we are talking about rivers, River Diplu, T-I-P-H-L-U, this river flows right through the Kasi Ranga National Park. This point is very important. In the past, UPSC has asked about the rivers passing through national park. So, make sure you know this point. River Diplu passes right through Kasi Ranga National Park. See, to the south of the Kasi Ranga National Park lies the Karbi Anglong Plateau. We all know about Karbi Anglong Plateau. It is an important plateau in the north-eastern region and this plateau lies in the southern part of Kasi Ranga National Park. It lies to the south. See, Kasi Ranga National Park is 500 square kilometers huge. It is a vast place. It has a unique habitat. Most of this national park lies in the flat plains of the Brahmaputra River. So, it has a lot of wet grasslands. It also has a lot of oxbow lakes. These oxbow lakes are locally known as Beals, B-H-W-L-S. So, these are the unique characteristics of this national park. See, as I already said, Kasi Ranga National Park lies in the flat plains of Brahmaputra River. So, it experiences a lot of flood. Then how animals survive in this national park? See, the animals use Chappuris to survive in this national park during the flooding. What are Chappuris? Chappuris are elevated flat plains. So, during the flooding, animals will move to this Chappuris and when the flooding retreats, they will go back to their habitat. See, Kasi Ranga National Park has a lot of Chappuris. It has a lot of elevated flat plains. These Chappuris are both man-made as well as natural. The man-made ones were built by Indian Army to protect animals during the flooding. So, Brahmaputra River, River Diplu, flood plains of the Brahmaputra, wet grasslands, Oxbow Lake, Oxbow Lakes are also called as Beals, Chappuris. So, these are the basic information regarding the unique habitat of Kasi Ranga National Park. I hope the information is clear. Now, let us move on to the protection status of this national park. See, Kasi Ranga National Park is one of the most protected areas of the world. It was first established as a reserve forest in the year 1908. Later, it was made into wildlife sanctuary in 1950. 1908, reserve forest, 1950, wildlife sanctuary. See, later, Azam National Park Act of 1968 was passed. And because of this act, Kasi Ranga became a national park in 1974. It also became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. Now, it is also Tiger Reserve since 2006. So, we can see, it is one of the most protected areas of the world. First, it was a reserve forest, then it became a wildlife sanctuary, it became a national park, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site and now it is also Tiger Reserve. This is why this national park is very important. In addition to all this, Kasi Ranga National Park is also an important bird area. This designation was given by Bird Life International. Bird Life International has declared Kasi Ranga as an important bird area. In addition to all this, it is also protected by domestic laws like Asam Forest Regulation Act, 1991, Biodiversity Conservation Act of 2002. These domestic laws also protect Kasi Ranga National Park. So, it is one of the most protected areas of the world. Now, let us look at the fawn of this place. The animals which are found in Kasi Ranga National Park. See, Kasi Ranga National Park is known for the big fight. What are these big fight? One-on rhinos, elephants, Bengal tigers, Asiatic water buffaloes, swamp deer. These five animals are called as big fight and they are found in Kasi Ranga National Park. See, of the big fight, Kasi Ranga National Park is known for the one-on rhinoceros. This national park almost has two-thirds of the world one-on rhinoceros. This is why this national park is very important. In addition to these animals, it also has tigers, leopards, panthers, bears, wild pigs, org, deer, pelicans, storks and other water fowl. It has a diverse species of animals and birds. See, when we are talking about Kasi Ranga, we should also talk about oolok gibbons. This topic is very important. See, oolok gibbons are the only ape species in India. And also according to IUCN Red List, it is also an endangered species. These oolok gibbons are found in Kasi Ranga. So, we can see the significance of this national park. It is a glory to our country. It is glory to our environment. So, these are the basic points regarding Kasi Ranga National Park from Prillam's perspective. In this discussion, we saw about the geography of Kasi Ranga National Park. We saw about the protection status of Kasi Ranga National Park. We also saw about the fauna of this place. And finally, we saw about oolok gibbons. Now, let us move on to the next discussion. Now, look at this article. This article is regarding a loan scam in a cooperative bank in Kerala. The amount of this scam is over 100 crores. And because of this loan scam, several bank officials have been suspended. This is the gist of this article. So, in this context, let us see about cooperative banks. The relevant syllabus is displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can go through it. See, in order to fully understand about cooperative banks, first we have to understand about cooperative societies. See, cooperative societies are institutions which carry the state programs to people. So, they get the state support. See, cooperative societies have both social and economic objectives. They are value-based and community-based. And they are also people-oriented. See, these cooperative societies came into existence formally after the passing of Cooperative Societies Act 1904. So, this act gave the formal existence to cooperative societies. It initiated a formal cooperative movement in India. See, the cooperative movement in India was primarily started to deal with problems of rural credits. This movement wanted to encourage self-help and cooperation among agriculturist, artisan, and people of limited means. This was the primary objective of cooperative movement in India. And cooperative societies came into formal existence after passing of Cooperative Societies Act 1904. I hope aspirants can follow. Now, let us come to the most important point. See, the cooperative societies were given constitutional status and protection by the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act. Very, very important point. This amendment act was passed in 2011 and this act gave the cooperative societies constitutional status and protection. This amendment made the right to form cooperative society as a fundamental right under the article 191c. This is the most important point. This constitutional amendment also added a part 9b in the constitution. This part contains the principles to be adopted by all cooperatives. For example, principles of voluntary formation, democratic member control, member economic participation, and autonomous functioning. These are some of the examples of principles included in part 9b of the constitution. See, the important principles to be followed by the cooperative society is this idea. Interested aspirants can go through it. You can use it as value addition in your answer. Now, coming back to cooperative societies. See, the 97th Constitutional Amendment also provided for MSCS. MSCS stands for Multistate Cooperative Society. What does multistate cooperative society means? It means a cooperative society which is not confined to one state. This point is important. We'll discuss about MSCS again for time being. Let us see about cooperative societies. See, cooperative society is a state subject. It is under the Southern Schedule of Constitution of India. So, these are the basic information regarding cooperative societies. Without studying about cooperative societies, we can't study about cooperative bank. That is why I have explained about cooperative society in detail. Now, coming to cooperative bank. See, MSCS Act was passed in 2002. As I already said, MSCS stands for Multistate Cooperative Society. So, according to this Act, cooperative bank is a MSCS which undertakes banking business. See, according to this Act, cooperative bank is a MSCS. It is a Multistate Cooperative Society which undertakes banking business. This is the official definition of cooperative bank according to this Act. I hope aspirants can follow. So, to put it in simple words, a cooperative society which is a MSCS, if it undertakes banking business, it becomes a cooperative bank, okay? Now, who is the regulator for cooperative banks? See, RBI is the regulatory body for the Indian cooperative banking industry. Another important point. See, cooperative banks are co-operative credit institution working in India. These credit institutions can be classified into two broad categories. Another important topic. What are these categories? Urban cooperative banks and rural cooperative banks. So, these are the two broad categories. First, let us see about rural cooperative banks. It is also called as rural cooperative credit system, okay? See, rural cooperative banks consist of agricultural credit institutions. The primary mandate of rural cooperative banks is to ensure flow of credit to the agriculture sector. So, they provide money at cheaper rates to agriculturalist in rural areas. This is the primary mandate. Now, we have another class equation. See, the credit or the money which is given by these banks are classified into two types. They are classified as short term and long term. First, let us see about short term financial needs. See, the short term financial needs of agriculturalist are fulfilled by three entire federal structures. See, let me brief the train of thoughts. Cooperative banks are divided into two types, urban cooperative banks and rural cooperative banks. Now, first, we are talking about rural cooperative banks. Rural cooperative banks gives two types of credits. One is short term credits, another is a long term credit. First, we are going to discuss about short term credit. The short term credit is given by three type federal structure. I hope aspirants can follow. First, let us see about the apex level, the first tier. The apex level is the state cooperative bank in each state. It is generally located at the state capital. The state cooperative bank controls, coordinates and finances all cooperative banks in the state. I hope aspirants can follow. So, this is the first tier. Now, let us move on to the second tier. The second tier is the central cooperative banks. They are located at district level. First one is state cooperative bank. Second one is central cooperative bank. It is also known as district central cooperative banks, DCCB. These banks operate in a specified area, usually district. Now, let us go to the third tier. Primary agricultural credit societies, PACS. This is the third tier. It is located at village level. It directly deals with rural people. It accepts deposits from agriculturalist. It encourages agriculturalist to save money. It also gives loans to needy borrowers and it also collects repayments. This is why PACS are very important. They directly deal with rural people. PACS serves as a last link between the rural people and RV. Let me repeat, state capital, state cooperative bank, district level, district central cooperative bank, village level, primary agricultural credit societies. PACS, that is primary agricultural credit societies, are outside the purview of banking regulation act 1949. This point is very important. So, they are not regulated by RBI, but the state cooperative bank and district central cooperative banks are regulated by RBI. The state cooperative banks and district cooperative banks are also registered under the provision of state cooperative societies act of the consent state. However, passports can follow. The most important point is PACS are outside the purview of banking regulation act 1949. So, they are not regulated by RV. Now, let us come to the long term agricultural credit. So far, we saw about the short term credit. Now, let us come to the long term credit. The long term credit is provided by land development banks. So, these are the important points regarding rural cooperative banks. Now, let us move on to urban cooperative banks. See urban cooperative banks are also known as UCBs. They are also known as primary cooperative banks. There is no formal definition to UCBs. But according to RBI, cooperative banks which are located in urban and semi urban areas are called as urban cooperative banks. The UCBs are primarily registered as cooperative societies under the provision of state cooperative societies act of the state consent. See every state has a state cooperative societies act and under this act, UCBs are registered as cooperative societies. See, if a UCB serves more than one state, it is also registered under MSCS act 2002. Multistate cooperative society act 2002. I hope aspirants can follow. See, till 1996 urban cooperative banks were allowed to lend money only for non-agricultural purposes. But currently the scenario has changed. These banks are lending for agricultural purposes also. So, these are the important points regarding urban cooperative banks. See, overall we should remember an important point. The cooperative banks enjoy duality of control. They are controlled by both RBI and by the respective state government or central government. This is the duality of control. For example, take banking related functions. The banking related functions of cooperative banks are regulated by RBI. Now, take the management related functions. The management related functions of cooperative banks are regulated by respective state government or central government. So, this is the duality of control. And this point is very important from the problem's perspective. Now, coming to the issue. See, in recent times cooperative banks are surrounded by a lot of issues. So, this has weakened their structural mechanism. What are the issues? Corruption, administrative failure, huge amount of NPAs, that is non-performing assets. These issues are plaguing the cooperative banks. They are weakening their structural mechanism. How can we forget the Punjab Maharashtra cooperative bank scam? Because of these issues, cooperative banks are suffering. So, what is the way forward? See, the way forward is cooperative banks should be completely brought under the regulation of RBI. It needs stronger supervision and control. Only RBI can provide such stronger supervision and control. So, finally, in 2020, in order to address this issue, government has announced to bring UCBs and MSCS under the Direct Stringent Supervisory Control of RBI. Our government is taking the necessary steps. It has brought urban cooperative banks and multi-state cooperative societies under the Supervisory Control of RBI. RBI is now imposing Direct Stringent Supervisory Control on these cooperative banks. I hope aspirants understood this topic. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about cooperative societies. We discussed about cooperative banks. We discussed about rural cooperative banks, the short-term and long-term funding of rural cooperative banks. We also discussed about urban cooperative banks. And finally, we discussed about the issues surrounding the cooperative banks. Now, let us move on to the next discussion. Now, take a look at this article. This article is regarding Summit for Democracy. See, this Summit for Democracy will be held virtually on December 9th and 10th of 2021. So, it will be held virtually this year end. This summit will be hosted by US President Joe Biden. Now, we have a question. What is this Summit for Democracy? Why do we need a Summit for Democracy? These kind of questions comes to our mind. See, in the past few years, democracy and human rights are facing serious threats around the world. Many democratic institutions are facing serious challenges from within and outside their country. The public are also losing trust in democracy. So, this has fuelled political polarization. And using this situation, many global leaders are now undermining democratic norms and institutions. There has been an increasing trend of authoritarianism in global order. Now, many global leaders are undermining democracy. They are targeting journalists. They are targeting human rights defenders. They are meddling in elections. They are also manipulating digital information and spreading disinformation to weakened democratic institutions. So, we can see the weakening of democracy all over the world. So, this is why this Summit has been created. This Summit is aiming to rebuild democracy. It aims to promote global alliance. It wants to lay strong foundation for US foreign diplomacy. It also wants to counter growing Chinese influence. I hope this information is clear. Now, we have a question. Who can participate in this Summit? See, this Summit is open to all stakeholders. The only condition is, these stakeholders must believe in democratic values and should promote democratic values. This is the only condition. So, leaders from governments, experts from governments, civil societies, multilateral organizations and even private sectors can participate in this Summit provided they believe and promote democratic values. Now, coming to the themes of this Summit. See, this Summit has three important themes. First one is defending against authoritarianism. Second, addressing and fighting corruption. Third, advancing respect for human rights. These are the three important themes of Democracy Summit. See, this Summit is planned to be held in two phases. The first phase of the Summit will be held this year. It will be held on December 9th and 10th of 2020. It will be a virtual Summit due to coronavirus pandemic. This first Summit will provide a platform for leaders to make both individual and collective commitments to different democracy and human rights. This is the main aim of first Summit to provide a platform for leaders to make individual and collective commitments to different democracy and human rights. This is the key point. Now, let us move on to the second phase of Democracy Summit. See, the second phase of this Summit will be held after one year. The second phase will also be hosted by President Joe Biden. Now, we have a question. What is the aim of second phase of this Summit? See, the second phase of this Summit will focus on the progress made so far and it will also focus on the common path ahead. This will be the main aim of second phase of Democracy Summit. Let me repeat, the first phase of the Summit will take individual and collective commitments of global leaders. The second phase of the Summit will focus on the progress made so far. It will assess the progress made on those commitments. So, these are the basic information regarding Summit for Democracy. See, in this discussion, we discussed about Summit for Democracy, why we need this Summit, who can participate in the Summit. We also discussed about the themes of the Summit and the phases of the Summit. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Let us see about this Summit in detail once the Summit actually happens. Now, let us move on to the next topic. Practice Problems Question. First question. See, this question is like a story. One walking through this place while encountering the lush green tall grasses of flat plains also come across oxbowl eggs. The oolock gibbons play on the trees as one passes by. One non rhinos that had survived the floods from Brahmabutra had been seen roaming freely and drinking from river Diplu. The passage is the closest description of which of the following. Option A, Kasi Ranga National Park. Option B, Latsingham National Park. Option C, Manas National Park. Option D, none of the above. See, the correct answer is Option A, Kasi Ranga National Park. Kasi Ranga National Park is near the flat plains of Brahmabutra. It also has the river Diplu. It also owes to oolock gibbons. So, this is the closest option. Option A, Kasi Ranga National Park. It also has a lot of oxbowl eggs. When you are talking about Datshingham National Park, it is located in Jammu and Kashmir. We do not have Brahmabutra either. So, Option B is wrong. When you take Manas National Park, it does not have river Diplu. So, we can eliminate Option C also. The correct answer is Option A, Kasi Ranga National Park. Now, let us move on to the second question. Consider the following statements regarding Myopia. First statement, Myopia is a refractive error that makes nearby objects look blurry. Second statement, if you have Myopia, the light waves from distant objects focus in front of your eyes retina. Which of the statements given above are incorrect? Option A, one only. Option B, two only. Option C, both one and two. Option D, neither one nor two. See, first statement is incorrect. Myopia is not the refractive error that makes the nearby objects look blurry. It is Hyperopia or Farsightedness. Myopia makes the distant objects look blurry. Only Hyperopia or Farsightedness make the nearby objects look blurry. So, first statement is incorrect. Now, moving on to the second statement. See, from the discussion of the article we know, second statement is correct. If you have Myopia, the light waves from the distant objects focus in front of your eyes retina. So, this statement is correct. But the question is asking incorrect statements. Only first statement is incorrect. So, the answer is option A, one only. Main practice questions are displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post it in the comment section below. If you like this video, click like button. If you want to post a video, post it in the comment section below. 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