 In our last tutorial, we started looking at the TR command, which is a nice little tool for translating one character to another. But you can also use other things with TR to maybe group things together. So once again, we're going to use the example of Hello World, just because that's a good example. And we'll say TR, and of course, let me change this. I can say H, and I can say W, lowercase there. So I can say change all H's to capital H's. And we get Hello World with capital H. I could also say change all W's to capital W's. And we can go through each letter. I can say E to a capital E. I can say L to a capital L. And when we do that, we start raising everything in uppercase. Now obviously, we could just do something like this. And we should be able to uppercase, switch everything from uppercase to lowercase, or reverse it and go the other way. But there's no need to type out all those letters, because there are things you can put in there to represent all those letters. And there's actually two ways to do it with TR. So let's say we have this, and we want to change it from what it is, all lowercase to all uppercase. What we're going to do here is put inside our braces here. We can say A-Z, which means from lowercase A to lowercase Z, we're going to change everything to lowercase A to an uppercase, uppercase A to uppercase Z. So when I enter now, we get hello world. So basically, using the dash here is the same as typing this out as long as it's inside the braces here. Same here, this brace capital A to capital Z brace is basically the equivalent of typing this out. Although, alphabetically. Not that it really matters, this is typing A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-N-Z all lowercase. Same here for uppercase. Here I kind of just did them in the order of my keyboard. So that's one way of doing it, and of course you can go the reverse. So let's say, let's just put this back to a capital H here and a capital W there. It makes it all uppercase. We can also go the other route and say go from capital to lower and it'll make everything lowercase. Although there is another way of doing it, because there tends to be when it comes to computers, we can say here, we can say inside our braces then colons and in between the colons, we can say upper. And then we can say over here, braces, colons, in between those lower, and we should get all lowercase. So we're converting upper to lower and doing the same thing over here. Here's a little trick for you too. You should be able to just highlight stuff and then center click, which is clicking down on your scroll button on your mouse. If you have one, we'll paste within the terminal. So there are really anywhere in the Linux environment. So now we're going to say take all lowercase and convert them to uppercase and we get all uppercase. So that's two ways or actually three ways of doing the same thing. Is there an advantage to using this technique over this technique or the other way around? I don't know. For me, this is a little bit shorter to type. If you know of any benefits of using one way over another, let me know in the comments. But I don't think it really makes a difference either way. So that's a quick look. Once again, in previous trials, I showed you that if you have a variable, you can just call that variable. So let's say our variable was x, which I think is still set up in my terminal here. So that's converting it all to lowercase and this is displaying it as uppercase. Once again, if I just type in echo, previously I set my terminal x value to hello world and we get that. So that's the way of doing it in bash, which is great because TR is an external tool, which you may not have available. But to do that, you have to have a variable, I believe, or a setup, although there's probably a way to do it by piping. So in this case, I'm saying hello world and putting it out, putting that. But let's say you're outputting a text file. You would have to throw that text file into a variable in the way that I'm doing it here. So TR might be a little bit easier, but you may be forced to create a variable and do it this way if you don't have TR available, although there's other ways as well to convert case. So this is another look at just converting things from one case to another. I hope that you enjoy it, enjoyed this tutorial. Hope you enjoyed all my tutorials. Once again, let me know what you like. If you like these bash tutorials, be sure to thumbs up and like this video. Be sure to subscribe so you don't miss any of my videos. And I just hope that you have a great day.