 So, one of the questions was from Somaya college that flash left flash right works whatever justification, justification means left and right both sides, but I think I to the best of my knowledge they take will always automatically justify it, but we can check that in a document right now. Another comment is that we should start from a new template rather than go by an existing one and that is in it a very good comment. So, why do not we do that first? So, let us go to examples, let us go here let us say vim new dot tech begin first one is comments comments any line can be comment not just first line, first line can also be empty document class article begin document end document this is like starting point every late tech tech file should have it is this there should be document class begin document end document everything else is optional this these three have to be there yeah everything is not optional for example, there has to be some content what if there are only spaces are there will spaces come in the output file that we will know as soon as we compile it pdf latex new it is a no pages of output empty spaces will not come in a pdf file empty lines also will not come latex things there is nothing to do no output yeah if you put M or if you put spaces I am putting some spaces these are all empty spaces still when you compile nothing is, but let us say some output had better come this is what I have typed into the tech file and let us see now it says one page events new dot pdf see some output has come now finally yeah we have started from a blank tech file we have put document class article no options then begin document end document with that much nothing comes but we put at least this much and now it has come what we will do now is we will just copy the same thing yeah 10 times I put the same thing then not larger yeah let us see whether justification ultimately happens see you see some output has had better come again same now it has also got justified yeah even though one line had why do not I make the font even larger each line see readability of this document is not required please do not ask me to make the font larger if it is only this is just a sample pdf file that is being shown for demonstration you do not have to be able to read it yeah if it is something about quotes you should be able to read then I will make the font larger look here it has already got justified one line had only this much yeah why did the next line of the tech file come as continuation of this yeah you as long as there is no empty line let us go back to the tech file this is our tech file as long as there was no empty line there all supposed to be continuation yeah now but we can even empty line look left on empty line and let us go back to the pdf file it is still one paragraph why it is still one paragraph we have not saved that file we have not compiled again pdf file will not change until you save the file and then compile we have saved the file now we have compiled it now look it has become two paragraphs everything from here up to here was one paragraph because you left a empty line it has not left empty line here but it has put this beginning of the paragraph that indentation and it has ended the line even if there was some space from here even if there was some space here still it has gone to a new line all that has happened only because in the tech file let us see the tech file again in the tech file we left this empty line yeah in this empty line let me put some spaces yeah lots of spaces still the output will not change yeah we can also put some many new lines still output will not change see output is exactly same even though we put one line having many spaces and many empty lines in spite of that output is exactly same yeah is this clear so left and right justification always happens default yeah I would say when would you require no justification you might require flash left you might require flash right that is for lines that is for those which are not full for example address on the top you want to be on the left side you want the date to be right side maybe also your signature or name your sincerely maybe we want flash right but if the if it is paragraphs always left and right justification will be will happen in fact I I do not know if it can be disabled if you want to disable it then you have to put it as separate separate paragraphs and you have to what you have to do is you have to disable this pair indent indent that comes with the new paragraph indent paragraph can be removed that is the only way and then to remove pair indent to make that as 0 points is not difficult it is doable but we do not require it here okay this is an example of how we can start from a Bayer file and put now but then I hope you acknowledge that we have many things to cover and for me to type them all into the tech file we will just take too much time yeah rather than that we go with the existing tech file that existing tech file has just few used packages and listings listings LST set that command for Python it had its significance will come when we cover to the when we reach that topic until then you can comment it out okay let us go to the slides so we were here before we stopped that open code for accent or left code for opening and and close code which actually looks vertical in the tech file is the one we will use for closing also for apostrophe for double code just use them twice they will come together close by flash m for emphasis this also we have started seeing we will quickly see flash left flash right and center environment yeah this is the next thing we will see suppose we abstract already comes in the center begin center every begin should end with the end yeah this is to be centered this is not to be centered yeah let us just compile this and see the difference whatever content we have put is immediately after the abstract before the section introduction begins we will compile now again that particular error is there it has come yeah this is what we were discussing just before the P break but I told you that some output will still get generated if you do x if you do if you just enter here is our output this is to be centered as certainly got centered what has not got centered is this whatever was after the end center yeah this is not to be centered what about this space here this is because the thing that is the beginning of a paragraph that is why it has indented it if you do not want this to be indented this particular thing is not in the slides but it is getting recorded anyway be available even if you do not take note if you put no indent it will remove that so we can compile this later and see what we can also see is if you put lots of such text then then what happens here this is to be centered put again again yeah so up to here it has got left and right justified but here because the last line did not have enough text instead of leaving space to the right side it has left space to both sides this is this is what you can note also there is no indent of the paragraph that it has left and here also the indent that was there in the beginning of this has been removed these are the important changes we did to the tech file but then this perhaps this is not what you wanted you wanted this is to be centered on separate separate lines so how do we get it to be on separate separate lines yeah let us go back to the tech file this is also is to be sent suppose these are separate lines this yet another this is yet another to be centered individually we want them to be set full lines here the last line does not require double slash because it will anyway end because of this empty line also because the environment is ending now when you do this is perhaps what we typically want here this is to be centered also is to be centered this is yet another to be centered incidentally this line was longer than this line and looks like pyramid that is just a coincidence if you interchange the sequence of lines then it will come it will not come nice as a pyramid yeah and then this one was outside that center environment so it has gone to the left and also it has not left the beginning of the line beginning of the paragraph indentation because we put slash no indent command why did this indentation would come after every introduction whenever introduction begins it will not whenever chapter begins whenever section begins that time it is not the beginning of a new paragraph but a section then it will not put if you wanted there I do not know if some particular format or journal requires that if you really require an indentation like a paragraph you can always put some space there if you want that space to be precisely equal to the indentation of a paragraph that is also doable first let us just remove this this is causing I already told that we do not want the PDF latex to end with errors it should always come back to the prompt that is why we removed this you also want the numbers let us say suppose here we want slash we want the indentation slash par indent paragraph indent perhaps I made some other mistake it has not put that slash it has not put the paragraph indent yeah so paragraph indent is always going to be ruled out whenever it is a beginning of a section if you still want some space then you have to put some h space some horizontal space whereas that is the only way it appears let us see why that error came so if you force a par indent it is giving an error it appears yeah when we do PDF latex now without par indent then it is compiled and come back to the prompt sure is that is this clear are there any any further questions how many had a question how to add image and graph this is very important in our documents we want to have images about that we will see later are there any other questions what are the other files to be generated while compiling is PDF latex a u x file dot a u x file what is use of the file yeah sure any other questions for including if you care is it a essential to give the file extension like BMP or JPEG so his question is that when you are including a graphic then what about the extension do we have to give the extension or is a default extension it will expect and look for those extensions so that is a very important topic and we will look into that in more detail that is a very important topic any other questions sir my question is how to convert let us find some other format other than PDF okay okay thank you for your questions we will start answering them one by one because we have to use push to talk we recommend that you ask in chat also meanwhile yeah thank you the next question is from KJ Somaia sir I have two questions how to get the particular font say Times New Roman or a real or any other font and second question is how to make it recognize that text typed in another lipis for example Devanagari yeah thank you very much for this question we will discuss that in more detail yeah very much are there any more questions otherwise we will stop the interaction with Somaia and start answering all the questions we have connected so far one more question sir when you type a chapter command after that whatever the text is there it's not coming up for paragraphs yes yes we will answer that paragraph if you use the chapter command or whatever the section command after that whatever the text is there it's not coming up paragraphs and second and second one question is that flush left allow you to take the content to the left flush right allow you to content to the right but if I want to justify particularly some space I wanted not to that the center can you repeat that last part that you want neither flush left nor flush right nor center sure yeah we will answer that question okay so let us just have a look at the various questions somewhere about alignment so we will quickly see about the alignment in more detail then there were some questions about what are the various extensions yeah let us have a look at the various files that have got generated or log to see then about when you include some figure then what is the default extension that is there of the image whatever file we are including then there are some questions about IEEE if you want IEEE style in two columns how do you do that that is straightforward then how do we have different forms other than times Roman how do you have italics how do you have other calligraphic math calligraphic fonts and how do you write Devanagari important how do you write Devanagari there are many other Indian scripts Indian script that are possible in latex now and then there was a question about chapter there's no begin paragraph space after chapter section how do you actually get the space we tried pair indent but that didn't work in fact that gave an error yeah then there was also a question of how do you if you don't want flash left or flash right but you want to move the text by a certain amount to the right or to the left how do you move it by a certain amount yeah so let us see these one by one so let us see all the files that are generated yeah glimpse then there was also a question about are there any other latex to some other from tech file instead of PDF file if you want some other file for example html is also very important what other files are also possible instead of PDF file yeah these are the various questions we will start answering one by one so the first easiest question to answer is so we wrote our content yeah we wrote our content in a tech file once we wrote the content in a tech file then we did PDF latex it generated a PDF file yeah what are these two other files log file is just the information that came on the screen when you did PDF latex lot of information came on the screen all that information is certainly there in the log file and some more extra information and this is just a log whenever you run a program then some log is created that log this it keeps track of what all happened all these errors etc everything is there in the log file if you want to just look at the information that came on the screen you don't have to compile it again compiling might be a big task for big big documents what is a ok file ok file has this information about page numbers about various labels very soon we will use labels all those labels in all are going to be stored inside the ok file AUX stands for auxiliary actually even though auxiliary x is auxiliary but we normally call it as ok file ok just like latex has a tech as in technology ok is also AUK like that so these are all ok file has some information you are recommended to open it and see it has in our case we don't have any labels perhaps we have a citation which kept coming as question mark but that is question mark it came because we because we put the end document a little too early yeah once we start seeing references that I am the question mark will be will be replaced by actually a number because we had a section it has also written this even though we don't want the table of contents it has this command write file table of contents yeah this particular thing and this happens to be the page number where that section begins of course you don't want the table of contents that is where right file is not having an effect and TOC file has not got generated when we when we see we see that TOC file has not got generated that is because table of contents has not been demanded if you put a slash table of contents command then that TOC file will get generated as far as just PDF latex is concerned these files are getting generated if we do latex if you do latex then when we see we see that it has we did latex of new file new dot tech file it has also generated a dvi file device independent but then I think it is not essential for you to do latex just do pdf latex just latex is required when you want to use ps tricks some latex used to be there before after you have a dvf file one used to make a pdf file directly from dvi by yeah this is another way of creating a new dot pdf file instead of pdf you can also make a ps file this also creates a ps file you see now new dot pdf got created first by pdf latex it got overwritten when we did dvi pdf but instead of pdf you might want ps file so dvi ps created this new dot ps file yeah so from a tech file we can go to at least ps pdf dvi but for html purposes you might want to convert it to a html file there are latex to html latex to man there is a man latex to man latex to html is also a program that takes a tech file and creates a html file directly yeah it is not been installed on this computer that is why it will say that look it is not currently installed but I am sure that this is the command one can use to create a tech file directly to html file there is also a latex to rst so for those who already know there is something called new there is a rst file rst is also what report lab structured text another relatively recent way of writing a very plain text file using any editor of your choice from which you can create a pdf file directly you can create a html file directly and rst just like tech file is a very small file the file size is very small but lot of formatting etc can be done and rst is not so well suited for math for mathematical equations but otherwise we I personally use rst for many purposes after recently I came to know about rst so rst is another structured text so report lab structured text is a full form of rst and that built on python and many in our fossey project know about rst that is how I picked up about rst so one can convert from tech to rst also once it is rst one can go from rst to many other html is possible pdf file is of course possible so these all formats are compatible with each other from rst one can also go to a so called odt file odt means open office document from rst one can go to odt may be it is not the rst is there here rst to odt is possible and once it is odt you can all agree that you can open it in open office and save it as a doc file as a microsoft word doc file from odt one can go to doc so there is a long chain of various intercompatibilities of extensions about file formats but then we are interested in latex so we will convert it to just pdf file so before we answer some more questions it appears like there's a question from saint Joseph college kerala so we'll just take that question before we answer other questions sir two questions how to when we select a particular our document class we get a margin setup how to make it conventional or a custom margin second question is how to alter the orientation that is printing in landscape to portrait stage so the two questions from saint Joseph kerala was about how to set the margins from default margins to other margins for example I personally when I print the drafts of my papers I leave very less margin in order to save paper so what if paper is provided free still why waste so much margins on the sides so I leave very less margin how to set the margins how to also make the lines come closer to each other if you're just interested in giving somebody a printout of some text just for record you may not want so much line spacing spacing between lines how to change that this is very much doable how to set the margins is just some command called odd side margin even side margin top margin text height text width these are some commands about which we can show quickly later another question was about how to make it in landscape of portrait mode the default is portrait mode if you want landscape landscape option is there and skip option is there also when you want to include a figure into your document and you want to turn the figure by 90 degrees landscape portrait modes are very much adjustable doable and just from small change in the top in document class perhaps you can set mode equal to landscape of portrait such small changes will change it to portrait mode to landscape mode default is of course portrait if there are no other anymore are there any more questions from Kella my question was in word in word in in Microsoft word we can change the page layout of one page in a document where all other pages are in portrait mode and one of the pages in landscape mode right like that yeah sure so the question is that when you when you make certain settings in document class any setting that is done before begin document those settings are applicable for the entire document yeah so so clearly if you want margins to be different for only one page or you want page number to not be there only on one particular page or only one particular page you want instead of portrait you want landscape for example a big a big table you want that particular table such a big so many columns so you want only that page to be in landscape instead of portrait so settings for a individual page have to come after the begin document yeah so using using something called fancy header package f a n let me just type it here so that it is visible to all so using slash fancy header this this allows one to make various settings for an individual page h h d r actually stands for header but not just for header one can do plenty of changes for individual pages in which those settings are only for that page margin settings landscape portrait all settings will be applicable only for that page then one can say this this page style so that it is applicable only for that particular page where that command occurs when it is lateking if it is supposed to come near a table then near the table you say this page style yeah so these using use package fancy header I can do a whole lot of advanced things and this is something we will not cover in the school during the sessions at least on moodle we can take some time and answer these questions but not on a view yeah so let us if there are no more questions then we will go back to continue to answer the various other questions we collected so far okay so there another question was when you include graphics what is the default extension should it be JPG EPS do you even have to specify the extension why not make why not make latex always look for a default extension so when I using a so called declare declare file extensions declare graphics files extensions using such a command one can say all the whenever we say figure then figure dot EPS figure dot JPG figure dot JIF in this particular sequence it will look for the figure dot big file figure dot EPS file so one can use declare file extensions command on the top exactly how to do this I have to open one of my own template tech files but we can answer this on moodle certainly another question is in IEEE papers you often require two columns and let us see an example here for example this particular PDF file here there are two columns this is what because this has been prepared for a particular conference paper so it has two columns so if you use instead of document class report book article instead of this default that we showed if you use IEEE tran for example our IEEE con these are also CLS files these are also class files which are not default in latex yeah after all IEEE is a company it's a corporate while latex is open source when in latex installation why should IEEE class file come yeah for example LCF here is another publishing company they publish their own journals there are private company after all why should false installation like latex install LCF here CLS file or why should they install IEEE class file it will not come but on IEEE journals it will be it will tell explicitly if you are compiling using latex then please download this class file and in document slash document class you can put IEEE class yeah for example the particular class file is not on this computer now we can so let us go back to this so perhaps here is to article one has to use IEEE con after you have put the IEEE con dot CLS file inside one of your latex directories then when you compile this it will automatically do it account to IEEE format IEEE format default is two columns if you don't want two columns you can also use slash one column command and do this yeah default is two columns but for our article it will article also if you want two columns one can just do this after begin abstract one can say from here we want to call yeah please note I am not using IEEE now because IEEE may not be on this computer it doesn't come in the default latex installation why don't we latex this and see so here it has put everything from here on just two column there is enough there is not enough text to go to the second column that is why it has come only on the first column moreover you will notice that it doesn't shift from one column to two column in the middle of a page yeah why some part was already written in one column format and then suddenly we said we want two column it will not shift yeah so these are some intricacies of the article CLS file how the two column will have its effect is defined inside the CLS file we chose document class article so inside the article.cls there will be some such yeah you are encouraged to see the CLS file yourself there is a CLS file that information is what you can see from the log file yeah to grep article glimpse log look it says that because you said article it has picked the article from this particular place yeah when you say article document document class article default is CLS extension these are some other extensions which are not relevant for the default latex user yeah after many years of using latex I came to know about this it is not so urgent if you want to see what is the CLS file you are encouraged to look for this particular file and open it not during the sessions later on typically the commands here are plain tech commands not latex but just tech the tech is on what latex has been built we will not entertain questions about the different between tech and latex in this view okay another question was how do you get different fonts times Roman italics emphasis are the only fonts they have seen so far how do you get all other various fonts calligraphic fonts some of the fonts we already saw in one of the PDF files in the beginning today in particular how do you get Devnagari yeah so let me tell you there are plenty of fonts already in latex contributed by volunteers there is no company that makes Devnagari fonts for latex contributed by various people individuals then I was possible I have used it myself for Hindi Arabic font is possible I have used it myself for Urdu I am also sure that Tamil Malayalam Bengali Telugu fonts are possible Marathi and Hindi of course are Devnagari fonts plenty of these fonts are possible not just across India across the world Arabic Urdu plugin by which we can write in plain text and then convert it to Urdu in latex these are things that I have used myself and this is already 10 years ago I am sure it is possible much more easy way now okay so Devnagari is possible but we will not cover it in a view about Devnagari we recommend that you look on the net yourself we will not entertain those questions and moodle also now as far as the question about chapter there is no space because at the beginning of the paragraph immediately following a section or a chapter no space is left this is indeed a question we try to answer yeah let us look at the document here so look at this document so this section has started here this space there is no paragraph indentation here even though we put slash par indent but this is the next paragraph because there was a empty line because there is empty line this line here has not been completed that line has been left like that and a new line has been started and here there is some empty space this is the default paragraph indent space how do you get the space here it appears like it is a convention that in the beginning of the chapter beginning of the section indentation is not required in the beginning of that paragraph that is why that is a par indent is disabled there if you really want a space and you know what you are doing for a particular paper you are submitting maybe you are sure that you need space just put slash a space once here 3 c m we like 3 centimeters of space h for horizontal h space horizontal space and there is also v space as you can guess in such places wherever there is space better to put a star star here means it doesn't mean that numbering has been disabled why because for space anyway no number is generated star here means you want the space precisely here whenever you are introducing all the spaces I told multiple spaces are same as one single space but if you put the star there then the space will come precisely where you put this command now let us come save this and come compile this now let us see it has left a whole 3 centimeters of space here yeah so if you really want to force latex to put space where you want you are free to use slash h space sometimes we really require to put this h space this is how you can put the space and slash h space is what you can use to put space wherever you want not just h h is for horizontal you can also put vertical space for example many years ago when I used to make figures by hand by draw the figures on hand and then paste it inside a latex document that time you have to just leave some vertical space and you stick it and then give it for xerox so such a in such a place you have to use v space command v space star will leave 3 centimeters 4 centimeters of vertical space right now we have left only horizontal space yeah another question that was there here was that if you want alignment neither or neither left nor right neither flush left nor flush right but some spaces in the middle then you can use a slash h space yeah what what h space doesn't do this it will put spaces only on the beginning of that line rest of it is just like yeah it is all indented there all the same left margin is left if you want to put a whole block with more paragraphs you can use some begin block end block yeah if you want to make a smaller page that fits on the top center left right center a whole page that is left exactly 2 centimeters further margin from the left side there is something called mini page begin mini page and mini page will answer this this is also something we will not answer on during in the sessions yeah there is something called mini page for those who are taking note let me just clarify slash begin mini page yeah text that that becomes a mini page and this mini page is like some block that gets created by latex that can be shuffled left right yeah you can say h space h space 4 centimeters this will be for that whole page will get shifted 4 centimeters to the right because you have left 4 centimeters before this yeah this is how one can do more advanced shifting of pages shifting of a small block of text inside a bigger bigger page whether mini page require some more use packages or not is something that is best found on the net okay so we will not cover this in our course I think that answers all the questions that were asked fonts fonts Devnagari Arabic we will not cover but Roman and some other fonts is certainly we will cover in this course that is what we had started seeing okay so let's go back to the so slash begin flush right date 19th today is let's say 13 November so let us see where that date has come to this space before the date has got left why as that how much space to leave 2 centimeters 3 7 4 centimeters do we have to do trial and error about how much space to leave no we are already decided that look on this side should be aligned to the right side yeah that in other words it has to be flushed it has to be flushed to the right side as much as possible until it hits the margins yeah that is a begin flush right and flush right whatever you put in the middle they'll get flushed you might also want to fill some horizontal space this is something we do in the end of proofs QED some Latin some Latin set of words abbreviated as QED I mean quit desktop dictum something like that we all in India luckily don't have to learn Latin it's already advantages that we know English so H Phil has not worked the way I want maybe it's double cell in case somebody knows about this please answer so we need some time it has left some space only that I don't know how it has worked we need some time to answer this and then we will explain about this back in the course yeah okay so we'll go to the next topic about about typewriter font boldface how to put dashes hyphen text flash text after text comes the name of the font TT so please know there are three T's there are three consecutive T's here text TT TT stands for typewriter font in typewriter we all know that font comes from one place and the on the thing that moves more and more the cylinder moves more and more right as soon as you press a character and how much it moves is a fixed amount independent of whether this character requires more space or less space in that sense typewriter font is so-called fixed width font every font has the same width and then it appears like typewriter for email addresses we often put typewriter font text TT will put the content that is to be given as an argument to this command in typewriter font text BF it put it in boldface font text BF is same as slash BF slash BF is what we have already used in fact I don't even know what the difference is always works exactly the same maybe in math mode it is different this is text meaning it is not math plain text math mode that the effect might be different notice that for slash BF we didn't give as a as a argument yeah we enclosed it between curly brackets what is the difference between them is what we will see now let us go here text TT example of typewriter font yeah the same thing we are putting as another one but this time not as argument this time not as an argument to the text TT command but it is enclosed between curly brackets example of regular text no no font change yeah why don't we see BF also together what have we seen what have we typed in a tech file text TT text text and then two then two tees text TT is now taking something as an argument to this command on the other hand this particular command is not taking this as an argument yeah it is just a command after which there is no argument why I said that argument has to come between curly brackets to that command there should be no space there single space or no space is really different single space is same as any number of more spaces but whether you put a space here or not matters much so here we have put between curly brackets your text BF they are doing the same thing for text BF why don't we change this example of bold old-face font and then this one is regular font now we see the effect of various things first let us compile this there is some other error that has come in so curly bracket instead of round bracket bracket as was giving some errors here we have this first example of typewriter font example of bold-face font and this is just regular font yeah these are three different font that has come of course in all three cases the argument whatever text you wanted in a different font was given as an argument that is because we commented out something why don't we uncomment it and compile again so so text tt seems to require it to be given as an argument only that is a conclusion of this experiment that if you don't give it in if you don't give it as a argument only the first letter comes in the required font rest of it doesn't come in a different font surprising that is for text tt that is indeed different between text tt and just tt between text BF and just BF yeah as the example of teaching this particular topic I have come to know this important difference between text tt and tt text tt has to take as an argument and if you don't give an argument then only the first letter comes in that different font yeah but on the other hand just tt or just BF will work between curly brackets after you close the curly bracket look this has come in this regular text this has come in regular font because whatever the BF environment it entered inside the curly brackets yeah so these are the different fonts they have seen whatever underline also note that if you if you forget to close the curly bracket yeah if you don't put curly bracket for example let us see an example here here we have started slash BF and after that we the slash BF was not enclosed between curly brackets in the purpose of this experiment is that this slash BF yeah we will not have an effect on this why because this particular thing has been given as an argument to this if it is BF then you will not see the change text tt for example but this one that BF continues to be applicable for this also yeah these are some small subtle things look this one came in bold this one came in typewriter because we changed actually text tt even though we forgot to change this word here this one continues to be in boldface font because we did not put those curly brackets yeah these are some small if you have not understood this don't worry about it it is not too critical if you want dash then just put a two two consecutive hyphens will put a little larger dash single dash will put just a small hyphen small hyphen dash m dash for a larger dash enumerate yeah come now comes the important things enumerate itemize these other environments is what we start seeing now yeah notice that in our original sample document we had those things also why don't we remove these extra things we introduce now sub packages some table here item 4 item 56 begin itemize itemize means bullets default itemize means just bullets notice that I had commented out that I commented that listing and and we actually have in our tech files something that requires that listing that's why it has given some errors why don't I end the document right here so here because of the begin document it has put these bullets just put all these items yeah item 4 item 56 these are this some text type type yeah the important is it is not numbered they just come as big dots if you want some other symbol to come instead of dot that is also you can put almost any symbol that that you require so that can be specified as optional arguments to item between square brackets as I said all optional arguments come between square brackets default is dot instead of dots if you want them to be numbered if you want them to if you want them to be numbered as one two three then all you have to do is enumerate these both are called lists begin itemize begin enumerate enumerate and itemize are something called a list so inside a list you have to have this item these are the items that you want to be listed either with bullets or with numbers now we have put numbers here we have listed them because we want them to be enumerated which was begin enumerate only a small change on the top and suddenly all bullets have been replaced by numbers yeah also some indentation has been provided yeah we can see lot of much more text and see what happens suppose we have much more text then is indenting applicable how is the indenting yeah some text I have put just to make it larger so this is how it has come suppose we have much more text on the right side it has gone up to the others yeah but on the left side there is some indenting first of all this indenting has come just like for bullets or enumerate this dot also has come one numbers they are all increasing by themselves you can put a label you can pick out the numbers so that you are referring to it from somewhere else how to give labels and ref that is something we will see very soon perhaps immediately after lunch this is aligned yeah that some this much space has been provided how to increase the space how to decrease it negative space is all possible to for certain papers I wanted to want it to squeeze to lesser number of pages so I change all these indent values the spacings is all changeable this is how indenting is done in listings you can also nest these listings one you have inside another yeah inside this you can start another let us say here begin enumerate can put a comment second one second enumerate then these items are automatically applicable for the second one yeah how to automatically get this indenting that depends on the editor PDF latex latex does not require any indenting yeah python programming language certainly requires indenting but latex PDF latex do not require it to be indented for your ease of readability if you want this indent then you should use a good editor yeah inside when one can use something called latex suit and one can get this extra indenting done so this indenting inside the tech file is optional but when you do PDF latex it will indent the eventual output back to the the upper enumerate you also put a comment here second enumerate ends so please note this is our tech file enumerates have been nested there is one enumerate here one item was already there second item was also already there third item itself is enumerated list yeah and the fourth one is the original one second enumerate has two sub items sub item is what we are calling for convenience this item it will also be called item only slash item is a command why do not we save this let us see our output argument first one it has chosen as one two three four for the second it has itself chosen a and b yeah there is no point in choosing again one two there will be a lot of confusion yeah so it has changed from room Arabic numerals to then alphabets if you want this to be in a different way that that setting is possible then this has come back to this notice that all this has got indented further of course you can also have some regular text in the space regular text and then enumerate what if we do not leave a new line it has said regular text and then enumerate incidentally the page has changed there and then the enumerate has started with that same in anything that we had seen before yeah do you can you nest only enumerates inside enumerates can you nest enumerate inside itemize can you nest itemize inside enumerate all these things are possible you can make the outer one as itemize if you make the outer one as itemize then the inner one numbering will change from outer one has become itemize that is why dots have come and so the inner one has become one two yeah you can also make the outer one as enumerate and inside one as itemize you can have another nest inside you can do any number of nestings like this only that there should be enough different different numbers to choose one is one numbers one two three then is the alphabets then Roman numerals plenty are available capital capital small letters are available different font numbers are possible you can also set it you do not want but this is a little touchy thing suppose we want something else here you want all these to be percent yeah if you put a percent immediately becomes a comment you can put a slash only the first one is going to be instead of bullet there will be a slash this is really advanced thing and don't worry about it yeah here bullet has changed to die percent we have to put slash percent so that the percent doesn't act like a comment rest are dots you can use the same percent symbol for everything else also this is one way that you can put but in enumerate you cannot choose it so directly it has to be set differently because the numbers are going to be different yeah you cannot set that as easily okay so that completes lists lists for enumerate and itemize these are the ones that we use most if there any more if there any questions we will take the questions now there's a question about giving an example of using two different languages in a single document so this is something I have done myself for Urdu and Devnagari but that's eight years ago and I I think that one should take a lot of care when using different scripts because even for BF and TT I already showed you how how whether it is given as an argument or whether you open the curly bracket but don't close it these are going to have lot of difficulties in the rest of the document and one should pay a lot of attention to this so lot of care has to be taken indeed in doing it in the same document what I had done for convenience is I did them as second separate documents and I merged the PDF files I got the second of the two documents to have a page number that continues from the end of the first one and then I had merged the two PDF files because I was not sure how to use them in the same document but this is only eight years ago I am sure it is possible to do better now one question one important question is can we start the itemize list starting from any number rather than one only yeah so this is a extremely good question one question that has come and chat is can we start the itemized lists starting from not just one two three but from some other number yeah there is very much doable so you what you have to do is you have to set the counter there is a counter for page number counter for we already saw sec num sec num depth there is a counter for all the lists each sublist new counter the counter for chapter number section number each of these counters have a default that they start from one but every counter can be set using set counter set counter name of the counter that you want to change set to some other to some other one footnote for example reference all these can be set to whatever number you want using the set counter command yeah beyond this we will not be able to answer now because I need to look up myself another question is how to have different types of bullets so bullets so let's come back to this particular presentation let's come back to this PDF file here this is what we will call bullet yeah bullet is the default in itemized only in enumerate we will have numbers or we will have alphabets these are running they are changing from item to item yeah each of this is anyway called an item yeah but this particular symbol here is called bullet this one is called percent when is it called bullet it's called bullet here here we will not call this bullet yeah these are numbers instead of Arabic numbers one two if you want Roman numbers if you want alphabets those things can be set those can be set but then I have not done that myself one has to see enumerate one has to see more details about the enumerate list either you can open the article.cls file itself and see how this enumerate listing has been defined because it could be different for example nitriple con easier is to just look on the net yeah even though this detail information will certainly be there in that class file in article class file that is where all this enumerate what numbers to choose as default inside inside enumerate if you use another nested enumerate what to what new number it should shift to all that is certainly written in enumerate list settings inside the class file but instead of reading that is easier to just look on the net yeah these are the two places where you can see because I don't know about this now so there are some questions from Kolhapur okay please ask a question okay sir my question is how to define Roman numbers for customized list number list so his question is that inside a enumerated list instead of one two three if you want roman letters yeah so if you want roman letters then some particular setting has to be changed in after you begin enumerate you have to just reset something this we need some time I have forgotten about this I will check this and tell you later today afternoon this is very much doable any other question the question is that we won't write something in superscript subscript and I had been saying that latex is most useful for mathematical things in which we will have lots of superscript subscript and I have not even told you that yet of course this is a this is a question that we will answer right now even though we will certainly see it in much more detail later we will answer this question right now yeah so let us go back to the tech file are there any other questions from Bhopal question is that how to set the margin of the paper as per IEEE format margin is given just like 0.75 and 0.25 in between two columns so the question is how to set the margins according to IEEE conference or IEEE transactions general transactions how to set the margins to those values so that question we will answer now how to get the two column also we have answered but we will see that in more detail are there any other questions from Bhopal hello while typing down the thing in IEEE format it is required it is required that the thing should be in two columns and if the figure is or the table which we want to type is more than two columns that is more than a single column can we reduce it and put it in that particular format yeah so that the other question is that IEEE wants everything to be in two columns only the final version I should say yeah the earlier versions do not have to be in two columns the final versions and the conference submission have to be in two columns but if the table if a table is very wide for half of the page yeah typically tables are wider than half the page and in sing it will not fit in one of the two columns in a two column format not fit in such thin space then what to do IEEE requires that only that part you do for the full column that is really the hardest part to make only part of it go for the one column rest of it to come in two columns this is indeed a very difficult thing and we will try to answer now the next question is from Srinagar please ask footnote for a whole document I did not understand what is the meaning of a footnote for the entire document footnote at a particular part in the text if there is some extra information you want to provide which is not so important that you will put in the paragraph then you will put a footnote and just at the bottom of that page only you require the footnote for the entire document means what it should come at the end of the document or the footnote should all come together at the end is that what you want to ask yes so some information we need to actually that should be uniform across the document and we actually generally put it in the footnote kind of a footer in Microsoft word so the question is see footnote we would like to say is a note a small note inside a piece of text which is less important that is why it will be just one small sentence two three sentences at the bottom of only that page this is different from header and footer which is applicable for all the pages for example we want to say that on every page we want to say the title of the document author yeah for example page numbers somebody has asked how to remove the page numbers and not have page numbers somebody might say the page number should come in the header not the footer so that header footer is applicable for all the pages and that is best set using the fancy header package I told about a fancy header is an optional one it doesn't come in the default latex installation or maybe nowadays it does fancy header will allow you to set the header footer for odd odd pages even pages bottom of all pages footer of all pages whether the whether the page number should come inside the header or not those all are possible using the fancy header command fancy header use package okay so from that we'll discuss are there any other questions from Srinagar so does like does latex support any other language apart from English and how do we specify that particular language in the document so one can as I said I have used Urdu Devanagari one can use many many scripts you write in plain English text of unfortunately our keyboard is most likely an English keyboard so you enter the text using English letters and the final document will be generated like it is in let's say like it's in Devanagari not just Devanagari Telugu, Malayalam, Tamil, Bengali many such languages are possible I am sure what are languages are possible internet is the best resource at this point I do not know but the final this is for the script of the final document the text the tech file itself has to be in in the letters we know English letters that I don't think there is an option there are there any other questions before we disconnect from Srinagar sir one more question so which is how can we manage the width between the space between two columns if we want to enlarge the space or you want to reduce the space between two column of a document the question is that in case we have IEEE style for example where you have two column format then IEEE when you submit it they will check whether you have left the margins correctly or not because for extra pages you have to pay a lot of money so what people do they just decrease the side margin so that it fits in the correct number of pages so they have auto checker whether it whether the margins have the right spacing or not whether the content fits in the correct spacing or not but luckily what IEEE doesn't do is it doesn't check the middle margin whether the correct amount of space has been left in the middle or not so perhaps it is possible to decrease the middle margin so that you can squeeze in more text per page and it's indeed possible yeah the middle middle margin some particular command will stand for the middle margin and these commands are all very self-explanatory so IEEE .cls this is the class file one has to download from the net in order to use IEEE style yeah all the margins then automatically get set IEEE conf decides how much margins have to be set and inside that some particular variable will be there for which we can change it to more or less yeah this certainly doable and I've done this in the past but I don't remember which particular command to use for this but there's enough help on the net about this and I'm sure it is possible okay so we don't have any more time to take questions now but we will take the questions that are on chat the first thing immediately when we start after the lunch