 evolutionary perspective on glycolysis, first the contents, glycolysis, energy method in anaerobic environment, competitive advantage of glycolysis and common in all life. So first the definition. Glycolysis is the process by which glucose molecules broken down into two pyruvate subunits. Glycolysis is basically a Greek word. Glycos means sugars or carbohydrates and lysos means breakdown. So if we look at the overall process of glycolysis in which sugar or carbohydrates are broken down, mainly the sugars our body uses or our cells use it, that's the glucose. If I use these simple words, we take all the food intake that are carbohydrates, they go somewhere and then they convert to glucose mostly. And then what this glucose does is it breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Glucose is basically carbohydrate or pyruvate is non-carbohydrate molecules. So the word also indicates that glycose means carbohydrate and lysos means breakdown. The breakdown of carbohydrates or specifically we say it is the breakdown of glucose molecules. So here we are going to discuss the perspective of evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary is the thing that is in the back in history, in life history. So in the reference of evolution, if we look at glycolysis, when life started, most probably the first organism had the process of glycolysis. Because glycolysis is the most primitive method through which animals harvest their food from their nutrients. To harvest energy, there are other methods. The other methods are aerobic respiration. For glycolysis, oxygen is not involved, it can continue in an aerobic environment. So if we look at the evolutionary point of view, the environment in the beginning had no oxygen available. In the absence of oxygen, aerobic respiration could not have happened. So ultimately the available method to harvest energy or to harvest energy to animals or to simple organisms, that was the glycolysis. So the first point of view, evolution point of view is that glycolysis is the most primitive method to harvest energy. Energy harvest means that we take food through respiration to produce ATP. So the most primitive method to harvest ATP or energy is the glycolysis. The only reason for that is that when oxygen is not available in the old environment, then only one method was available to animals. That was the glycolysis. Computative advantage. The organisms that had the process of glycolysis, they were successful in that environment. They would only take nutrients from the environment and synthesize it. They would harvest it. For those who did not have the method to harvest energy, it was not possible to survive in the environment. So the second important benefit of glycolysis, which has been in the past life for animals, was that the organisms that had the glycolysis were more successful, more efficient than the organisms that had the glycolysis facility that was not available. Those who did not have the glycolysis, it would have been extinct or ended. Now it is said that if we look at it later, after the beginning of the glycolysis, after that, oxygen was available on the earth or on the earth. In the availability of oxygen, in animals or in organisms, the new method of harvesting energy was the aerobic respiration. That is, when oxygen was not available at that time, the glycolysis, when oxygen was available on the earth, free oxygen was available on the earth, so then along with the glycolysis, the method of aerobic respiration, or in the evolved organism, the glycolysis of the aerobic respiration is more efficient, more amount of energy is provided. But all living organisms have maintained the glycolysis as an energy harvesting process. That is, first there is glycolysis, then there will be aerobic respiration. So, if we look at it, the first method of stepping stones, stepping energy harvesting, the glycolysis is present in all organisms, along with that, the animals have developed the method of aerobic respiration. Just now I said that in all organisms, the method of glycolysis exists. That is, glycolysis is common to all the living organisms, whether it is bacteria, plants, fungi, animals. Animals are also human, it is a simple animal. All the animals, they have glycolysis process. The glycolysis is present in all the animals, and the glycolysis in all the organisms has an evolutionary concept, that all living organisms have evolutionary oneness, that is, they originate from the same origin. This concept is known.