 A very good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu newspaper analysis brought you by Shankar IA's Academy for the day 14th of June 2022. Displayed here are the list of news articles that I have chosen for today's discussion. See each and every topic of today's discussion is going to be very much relevant for both your mains as well as prelims. And note that you can directly use these points to enrich your mains answer. And along with today's prelims practice question, I have given you a quiz question for which you can arrive at the answer easily by listening to the discussion. Okay, so without wasting much time, now let's get into the first news article discussion. Now look at this news article. This news article talks about the custodial debts. See five police personnel including the inspector of police in Kodangayur in Tamil Nadu have been placed under suspension. This is following the reported custodial death of a history cheater, that is a person with a criminal record. The person is said to be dead under suspicious circumstances. This was after he was picked up by a special team in connection with an investigation into a theft case in Kodangayur police limits. Let's not get deep into this issue. Instead, let us learn what are custodial debts. Then we will see some of the reasons of these debts. Then we will see about the legal provisions and constitutional provisions that are against these custodial debts. What are custodial debts? First of all, custodial debts are events of the demise of persons who are detained by police. See this may be during pretrial or after conviction. Custodial debts can be broadly classified into three types. Firstly, the death in police custody. Secondly, the death in judicial custody. And the third type will be the death in custody of army or paramilitary force. Here, police custody means that police have the physical custody of the accused while judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate. In police custody, the accused is lodged in police station lock up while in judicial custody it is the jail. Are you all clear with the difference between the police custody and the judicial custody? Now you have to note one thing. Custodial debt does not always mean the death of an accused during police custody or judicial custody due to police torture. See it is widely referred to as death that happens to a person who is under trial or has already been convicted of a crime. It can be due to natural causes like you take illness or may also happen due to suicide then infighting among prisoners also. But in many instances it is due to police brutality and torture that is the reason behind the death. So now let's see some of the reasons of the custodial debts. Firstly, no other method of interrogation is being adopted except using force. See no preparation is being made beforehand for interrogation. The arrested person is not properly searched before his entry in the lock up of the police station. Due to this no, the arrested person commits suicide in the lock up by cutting their nerves by hanging, taking poison or by burning themselves. Mostly the death in police custody due to suicide committed by the accused in the lock up or as a result of misbehavior of police personnel with the arrested person. See involvement of such police officers of the same or other police station in the interrogation is also a reason for custodial death. See they are concerned about the arrest of the accused person and they used to cause more harm to accused person. Because they are not involved in interrogation in writing. Then fifthly the reason may be because of not providing any medical aid or the injured accused person is not examined. And here the death occurs in police custody due to slackness of the police officers. See sixthly it might happen due to the lack of patience in police personnel because they want immediate confession of the accused. They use force immediately if the accused person refuses to admit the guilt. And then it may happen also due to the lack of supervision during the interrogation by the senior officers. See the officers used to come at the police station after the death in police custody. That is the problem here. Then it may also happen due to the traditional habit of using force by the police which is prevailing in the department. And it is proved by the fact that the police have used force not only with hardened criminals but they have used force with those persons who have no previous criminal record at all. And they died in police custody. The last reason may be there is no respectful law and human rights of other persons. And too much of eagerness of being successful by adopting wrong methods that is using force. See because of using force it results in custodial death. Am I right? So all these are some of the reasons that are causing the custodial deaths. Now let us see the legal provisions that are against the custodial torture in India. First let us see the constitutional provisions that are against this constitutional death. Firstly the constitution provides protection against conviction or enhanced punishment under expose facto law. That is under article 20 clause 1 of the constitution of India. The article prohibits the framing of expose facto criminal laws as well as the imposition of any penalty greater than which might be imposed under the law. In effect at the time the offense was committed. See in a nutshell the article prohibits the creation of a new offense with a retrospective effect. Secondly take article 20 clause 2 of the constitution. It provides protection against double geo party. See the article states that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offense more than once. Then take article 20 clause 3 of the constitution. It provides that no accused person will be compelled to be a witness against himself. See this is very important as it acts as a safeguard in obtaining evidence from the accused through coercion and torture. Now talking about the legal provisions against the custodial deaths in India. Take section 163 of the code of criminal procedure that is CRPC of 1973. It prohibits the investigating officers from making an inducement, threat or promise under section 24 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872. Not only this it also prevents him from forcing any person to make any statement which he would like to make on his free will. See section 24 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 makes all confessions made under inducement, threat or promise as inadmissible. The section gives the accused the right not to make any confession against his will. Because it is well understood that if such evidence is made admissible it will act as a trigger for the police to use torture and force to extract evidence against him. Am I right? See apart from this take section 164 clause 4 of the code of criminal procedure 1973 that is CRPC. It provides for recording and signature of confessions in proper manner and endorsement of the conviction by a magistrate. This is to the effect that it has been made voluntarily. So that's all about this news article. See in this news article we have known about what are custodial debts and note that custodial debts are not only caused by torture by the police it is also due to various other reasons. We have seen many reasons which are causing those custodial debts. Then we saw what are all the legal provisions or constitutional provisions that are against these custodial debts. See according to the National Crime Records Bureau the custodial debts in India are getting increased. So you might expect a preliminary type of question or a mains type of question in this regard. And see whatever points we had discussed today you can directly utilize it in your mains answer. And you can also enhance your answers by using these legal provisions or constitutional provisions to safeguard a person from the custodial debts in India. So these key points in mind now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this news article it talks about the Aishman Bharat Digital Mission in India. It is in the news because yesterday the CEO of National Health Authority has announced that Bengaluru will soon house a technology center for this Aishman Bharat Digital Mission. So this is the crux of the news article given here. Now let us use this as an opportunity and learn some of the points about the Aishman Bharat Digital Mission. See Aishman Bharat Digital Mission was launched by the Prime Minister. It was launched via a video conference on 27 September 2021. What is the core purpose of this mission? See Aishman Bharat Digital Mission will connect the digital health solutions of hospitals across the country with each other. The mission will not only make the process of hospitals simplified but also will increase ease of living. How? See the digital ecosystem will also enable a host of other facilities like digital consultation, consent of patients in letting medical practitioners access their records etc. Thus with the implementation of this scheme old medical records cannot get lost as every record will be stored digitally. In simple words the Aishman Bharat Digital Mission aims to develop the backbone necessary to support the integrated digital health infrastructure of the country. That is it will bridge the existing gap amongst different stakeholders of the healthcare ecosystem. This is through digital highways. Now what is its objective? How was it created? See it talks about the attainment of the highest possible level of health and well-being for all at all these stages. This is through a preventive and promotive healthcare orientation in all development policies. Then through universal access to good quality healthcare services without anyone having to face financial hardship as a consequence. Thus for this a national digital health blueprint was produced. This laid out the building blocks and an action plan to comprehensively and holistically implement digital health. This document describes about a digital ecosystem for healthcare services across the country. Since the implementation is envisioned to be in a mission mode the initiative is referred to as the Aishman Bharat Digital Mission. After this the mission began as a one-year pilot program in six union territories. Who are they? They are Andaman and Iqabur Islands, Chandigarh, Dhadra and Nagarheveli and Amalantu, Ladakh and Lakshwadeep and lastly Puducherry. Now it is going to be implemented throughout the country. See it is a national digital health ecosystem that supports universal health coverage in an efficient, accessible, inclusive, affordable, timely and safe manner. How is it done? See it is done through provision of a wide range of data, information and infrastructure services. Also it duly leverages open interoperable standard based digital system and ensures the security, confidentiality and privacy of health related personal information. Just have a look at this image to know who are all involved in this national digital health ecosystem. See these are all the stakeholders who are involved in this mission. So what are all the features available under this mission? There are three key features or key components that are available under this mission. Firstly it provides health ID for every citizen. Through this personal health records can be linked. And secondly it provides health care professionals registry. See this is a repository of health care providers. That is all the health care providers. And thirdly it provides health care facilities registries. See this is to ensure the ease of doing business for doctors or hospitals whosoever it may be. So it is providing for health ID, health care professionals registry, then health care facilities registries. So that's all about this news article. See we saw about a great mission that has been going on in the country. And note that you can utilize these points directly as an example in your main answer. Whenever a health sector based question or how the development in health sector is being digitalized. When such kind of questions are being asked you can easily code this entire mission as an example. And note that you all know this will be direct preliminary question. So whatever points that we discussed in this note can be directly asked as a preliminary question. For example features based on this mission can be asked as a preliminary question. Or the stakeholders involved in this can be asked as a preliminary question. Then the mission or the vision of this can be asked as a preliminary question. So note each and every point in this discussion. Okay with these key points in mind now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this editorial article. In this editorial article the author discusses the reasons and factors behind rising global food prices. Mainly author focuses on the factors other than agricultural production. See when there is price rise we think that demand for that commodity is more compared to the supply. Such increased demand leads to rise in market value of that commodity. Since here supply is less than demand we also assume that supply is not there due to serious shortfall in agricultural production. That is low production of that commodity. Well it definitely is one of the factors but other global factors also affect the price of the food commodities. That is what is discussed by the author along with certain suggestions to tackle the rise in food prices. So let us see these factors and suggestions in today's discussion. See this is important for your upcoming mains examination. Also it will be very useful for your entire UPSC preparation. See kindly pay attention to this entire discussion. This is going to be very very useful okay. Before that the syllabus relevant to this news article is given here for your reference just go through it. Now let's start our discussion. See the factors other than agricultural ones are focused because the previous price rise globally was triggered by factors outside agriculture. See world has witnessed three global food price hikes so far. One happened during the year 1973 to 76 and the second one happened during the year 2017 to 12 and third is a recent one which has not finished yet. Yes it is one that started with the pandemic in the year 2020. So what factors outside agriculture triggered these food price hikes? First is the built up of price shocks due to trade patterns. This happens due to the relation between the trade dependence on commodities and trade disruptions. See many food commodities are traded globally am I right? For example if we take vegetable oil according to author around 38% of the vegetable oil which is produced and consumed is globally traded. This shows that world communities are dependent on trades for vegetable oil. In other words the trade dependence for vegetable oil is 38%. So if the trade is disrupted in some way then the vegetable oil availability is also disrupted am I right? So this is a scenario when demand exceeds supply. Hence it results in price rise of vegetable oil. So this is the first factor leading to food price rise which is other than agricultural reasons. Now let me come to the second factor. It is the diverse usage of food commodities. That is the factor that relates to how food commodities are used. It is not true that food commodities are only used for human consumption as a part of dietary requirements. They also have other purposes. One among them is diversion of food for biofuel needs. Biofuel here refers to the liquid or gaseous fuel that is primarily produced from biomass. What is that biomass? Biomasses includes the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture, forestry and related industries. See it also includes the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste. So products of agriculture that is feedstocks are made into biofuel. For example take bioethanol. It is also a biofuel. It is produced from sugarcane, sugar beet, sweet surgam, corn, cassava, algae etc. That means agree products like sugarcane and corn are diwatered to produce biofuels. See this is other than being consumed by humans. Am I right? And second if we take biodiesel which is also a biofuel is produced from vegetable oils, yellow grease, used cooking oils or animal fats. We saw the example of vegetable oil already. Where we saw? We saw in the trade aspect. See this vegetable oil is also used for biodiesel production. So according to the author this usage has increased to more than 15% in 2021 from only 1% in the year 2003. From this we can understand the reliance on agree products including vegetable oil. Why such importance is given to biofuel? Because of its nature of being a renewable energy, cost effective and an advisable environmental alternative to fossil fuels. It is given more importance. See it is a replacement to fossil fuel not only because of environmental reasons but also because of its economical reason. It is said that a litter of bioethanol cost Rs 65 against the 110 rupees of petrol. In addition to this biofuels also increase the share of renewable energy resources of a country. Thereby helping to meet the global targets that we have set. See this high reliance on biofuel means increased diversion of food commodities for biofuel production. Am I right? So this increases the demand for such commodities thereby again increasing their prices. Now let us take the next factor. It is the increase in other products that are necessary for agriculture. Such products include fertilizer and other agrochemicals such as pesticides like herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. Now let us take fertilizer for instance. As you know it is a critical and expensive input required to improve the agricultural output. See as per April 2022 edition of the World Bank's commodity markets outlook, fertilizer prices have risen nearly 30 percentage. This I am saying since the start of 2022. But this rise is happening for a long time. See there has even been 80 percentage surge last year. In this graph you can see the price of various fertilizers such as urea, DAP that is di ammonium, phosphate and MOP that is muriate of potash. You can see the data from 2008 to 2022. It is clearly visible how the prices of these fertilizers have increased dramatically after 2022. And according to the author international price of fertilizers has increased by 150 percentage between April 2021 and April 2022 itself. Particularly if you take urea which is represented in red line its prices have already surpassed 2008 peaks. The international price of 50 kg bag of urea has increased from less than 1000 to more than 3000 in the last 15 months. Other fertilizer prices are also following the same trend. See this rising fertilizer price is due to confluence of factors such as rapidly increasing input cost, supply disruptions that are caused by sanctions and export restrictions. See the sanctions and export restrictions have been exacerbated by Russia-Ukraine war. Overall since the fertilizer is an important input in agriculture, the rise in its price results in rise of price of food communities also. Now let us come to the next factor that is causing the food price rise. This is one of the important ones. It is export and import in agricultural sector. Export and import are important as any international food price rise is transmitted to the national food prices. See this leads to rise in domestic prices. Author calls this transmission as inevitable because this can only be prevented if there is no trade among the countries. See when you take export and import they are affected by many reasons. Like you can take the geopolitical reasons. We know how Russia-Ukraine war resulted in a wheat crisis due to supply constraints. This was further aggravated by export ban on wheat by several countries including India. See India did it for three reasons. One is to manage the overall food security situation in India. Second is to check inflation. And the third is to support the needs of the neighbouring and vulnerable countries that are adversely affected by the sudden change in the global market for wheat. And they are facing food deficit. So these are the three main reasons for the ban of export of wheat in India. See this ban even though seem legitimate from India's perspective it has affected India's image as a reliable exporter. Further it is expected to disrupt even the regular export channels. This is because the ban on exports of food commodities affects the countries those rely on imports. See this leads to a dramatic rise in demand of that commodity. This again leads to price rise. So these are the non-agricultural reasons or factors that causes food price rise. Now let's see the suggestions given by the author. First is to rapidly increase production. This is required to make countries to solve their domestic needs and to meet export requirements. For this a breakthrough such as green revolution technology is needed. We know that the spread of green revolution technology resulted in surplus production. And note that it enabled India to achieve self sufficiency in food grains. So a similar technology is needed to increase the production thereby not only increasing supply but also as a check on price rise. And this becomes possible by the second suggestion. What is that? It is increased spending on agriculture research and development. See this will strengthen and rejuvenate the global agri-research system. Thereby it will result in novel technologies benefitting both producers and consumers. Now if we come to handling the transmission of global prices to the domestic market it can be moderated through trade policy and other instruments. So what kind of trade policy is needed? See what India does when international prices go too low is India checks on cheap imports to protect the interest of the producers. Conversely when the international prices go up it liberalizes imports and imposes checks on the exports. This helps in ensuring adequate availability of that food commodity and also reasonable food prices for domestic consumers. Then it should also be remembered that any policy should not disturb normal export because this affects the supply easily. Rather regulation on those exports which exceeds the normal level can be done. Now regarding the biofuels what is needed is a check on the diversion of land and food crops and food output for biofuels. See additionally like India the global community must plan to have a global buffer stock of food. The buffer stocks firstly helps to distribute food grains in the deficit areas and among the poorest strata of the society. That too at a price lower than the market price. Secondly it helps in resolving the problem of food shortage during adverse weather conditions or during the periods of calamity etc. Thirdly the buffer stocks are the best way to ensure reasonable stability in food prices and supply. This is mainly because since you will have stock domestically international price rise or shocks are diminished. Plus even in case of export or import ban you will have the supply. So the conclusion is all these necessary measures need to be taken to overcome the factors that leads to spike in food prices. Mainly because of covid and Russia-Ukraine war which are becoming an ever ending problem and these are causing the supply disruptions. Thereby these are leading to food price hikes. So the author here concludes by saying that these measures should be taken to overcome any worst case scenario. See that's all about this news article. Each and every point that we have discussed is very very useful for your upcoming means examination. See I have covered in this discussion about the food price hikes in a holistic way. I say that you can utilize these points directly because whenever you write your mains answer try to have a holistic approach. That is even the nook and corner of that topic has to be addressed. Don't take it in a monotonous way. Address all the issues that are concerned with that question or topic. So that is how this discussion is made. Utilize each and every point in this discussion in some way or the other to enrich your mains answer. And don't worry it is also very much useful for your problems. Because whenever possible I had given the definition or elaboration of small small topics that has been covered in this discussion itself. So these will be more than enough to handle your preliminary type of questions. So with this one discussion itself you will be able to cover both your problems as well as mains preparation. So kindly listen to the topic one more time if you need and there will be a mains question followed by this. Try answering that question. So with these key points in mind now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now have a look at this news article. This news article talks about white topping. See the third phase of the Bhuhar Bengaluru Mahanagara Paliks ambitious white topping project was approved by the chief minister last week. The project was taken up by a civic body for white topping 92 kilometers of roads of which work is now completed on around 85 kilometers. So the civic body has now announced that it had finished almost 90% of work in the first phase itself. This is the crux of the news article given here. In this context let us quickly go through some of the important points about white topping and then we will see about its advantages also. Before all these we will see what is the necessity for white topping. See as you know asphalt concrete is one of the most commonly used materials for road construction. It consists of about 70% asphalt and 30% aggregate particles. But as a result of rapid urbanization close to 35% of Indians now live in urban areas and commute on city roads more than ever before. When coupled with the fact that India has the fourth largest auto market in the world our roads are only going to get more congested with vehicles in years to come. See this place is tremendous pressure on our roads resulting in cracks and dangerous potholes. In fact in the last four years over 11,000 people have died due to pothole related accidents. While these problems have persisted there hasn't been a long term solution that brings relief to roads and commuters alike. In the scenario white topping acts as a rehabilitation alternative. So now what is this white topping? White topping is a Portland cement concrete overlay that is constructed on top of an existing bituminous road. Why are we doing it? See the principal purpose of an overlay is either to restore or to increase the load carrying capacity or both. Here we are talking about the restoration or increasing the load carrying capacity of the existing payment. In achieving this objective overlays also restore the rideability of the existing payments which have suffered rutting and deformations in addition to rectifying other defects such as loss of texture. So in simple terms this overlay acts as a long term alternative for the rehabilitation or structural strengthening of the roads. See white topping is divided into types depending on the thickness of the concrete layer and whether the layer is bonded to the asphalt substrate or not. See white topping is suitable for asphalt payment with little deterioration although repairs can be made to the asphalt if necessary. See if the payment is badly damaged it should be completely removed and a new concrete payment should be installed. Now having seen or known about the white topping let me tell you some of the advantages of white topping. Firstly it prevents rutting, structural cracks and potholes which provides a safer and faster commute. Secondly it improves the structural capacity of existing bitumen payments. And thirdly the initial budget is slightly more than bitumen roads but the life cycle cost is far lower than both bitumen and concrete roads. Okay then it reduces payment deflection resulting in less vehicular fuel consumption that is 10-15% less fuel will be consumed and thus reduces emissions. Then it improves the visibility and commuter safety at night by enhancing light reflectance. See this reduces the illumination load of any road the saving energy where it is saving energy of 20-30% Then it lowers the vehicular braking distance making it safer in both dry and wet surface conditions. And it also reduces the urban heat island effect by observing less heat in turn lowering the energy consumption for air conditioning in urban buildings. Then note that the white topped payments is 100% recyclable and can be crushed and reused at the end of life. See all these are the advantages of this white topping. Okay so that's all about this news article with these key points in mind. Now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now have a look at this data point article. It is about the employment data that is provided by the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy. See the data says that the employment data for May showed signs of stability and recovery in the labour sector. It also says that the employment rose to 404 million during the month. And this is about the data point given here. In this context let us see the important points mentioned in the data point about the employment and we will also see generally the status of employment in India. See I have chosen this as a topic of discussion today because employment is a favorite topic in both your general studies paper one and general studies paper three in the main examination. Also you can utilize these points whenever you have a preliminary type of question which is involving multiple statements. See whenever this kind of employment data or report is from an authenticated source that is from the government source. You can expect a preliminary type of question also from that. So this discussion is going to be very very useful for your brains and then it will also be useful for your prelims. Before getting into the discussion look at the syllabus which is relevant to this news article. Just go through it. Now let's start our discussion. The Indian economy is on the path of achieving the prime minister's vision of a US dollar of 5 trillion dollar economy. And note that this has to be achieved by 2024 to 2025. The economic growth positively affects the job creation. Last year that is in budget 2021 to 2022 it had been provided a sharp increase in provision for public investment to boost economic activity. And now take the budget 2022 to 2023 it has further provided a strong impetus for growth that is with capital expenditure being stepped up sharply by 35.40% That is from 5.54 lakh crore to 7.50 lakh crore in the current financial year. This outlay which is approximately 2.9% of GDP shall not only boost economic activity but also concurrently improve the employment situation in the country. See here these points are very very crucial. Though it might look like a data oriented thing you can utilize these points to enrich your means answers. Remember the public investment in terms of percentage of GDP which is 2.9% okay. Now coming back see the sustained push by the government to infuse funds to the country's economy has begun to bear results. Certain economic indicators such as job enrollments in the organized sector, rising number of new companies registered, growth of startups and rapid rising number of unicorns in the country, rise of employment opportunities in new sector such as AI that is artificial intelligence then cloud computing, data analytics, automation under IT or IT years etc etc. clearly points out towards an increase in the creation of jobs in the country okay. Now let us see the sector based trends in the employment. See the sector based employment data is according to the recent survey reports of the quarterly employment survey and all India quarterly establishment based employment survey okay. The nine selected sectors include manufacturing, construction, trade, transport, education, health, accommodation and restaurant, IT or BPU and financial services. With this basic information let us see the key highlights of the report. Firstly of the total employment estimated in the selected sectors, manufacturing accounted for nearly 39% followed by education with 22% and health as well as IT, BPUs sectors both around 10%. Trade and transport sectors engage 5.3% and 4.6% of the total estimated workers respectively. See the overall percentage of female workers stood at 32.1% which is higher than 29.3% reported during the first round of QES that is quarterly employment survey. And note that the regular workers constitute 87% of the estimated workforce in the selected sectors with only 2% being casual workers. However in the construction sector 20% of the workers were contractual and 6.4% were casual workers. Now coming to the important points mentioned in the data point, see according to the CMIE data it is said that agricultural sector has been shedding jobs and the industries were the biggest gainer. And within industry employment is only raising trend in both construction and manufacturing. And it is said that the metal industry which is one of the biggest employer in the manufacturing sector also witnessed rapid recovery. With this information let us see some charts supporting the data given. Now look at this chart. This chart here shows the number of persons employed in the past 4 years month wise. In the month of May almost 404 million persons were employed which was close to the pre-pandemic levels. And it is significantly higher than the lows recorded in 2020 and 2021. Now take this chart. It shows you the number of persons employed in the manufacturing and construction sector. As you can see in the graph in May 34.2 million were employed by the manufacturing sector which is the highest since pandemic. And the construction sector employed 72 million which is higher than the pre-pandemic levels. Now look at this bar graph. This graph shows the number of persons employed in agriculture, industry and services sector in the months of March, April and May. From this you can clearly say that there has been a shift in the employment. If you see closely you will find out that the shift is from agriculture to industry. What I am coming to say here is that agriculture shed nearly 14.8 million jobs while industry added 15.6 million jobs. See from all these graphs you can understand that the employment status in India is getting improvised when compared to the pre-pandemic levels. With these points now let us see the steps taken by the government to increase the growth of the economy and in turn increase the employment rate. See I am taking the discussion in this flow because first we saw the data which are representing the current employment status in India. Now we will see how it has been pushed to that level that is it has been pushed to a higher level when compared to the pre-pandemic levels. Am I right? So now let us see those measures taken by the government which has pushed the economic growth of the country which is thereby pushing the employment rate. See to enhance India's manufacturing capabilities and generation of employment an outlay of Rs 1.97 lakh crore has been announced for production linked incentive schemes. This is for 14 key sectors of manufacturing starting from the fiscal year 2021 to 2022. In the union budget 2022 to 2023 the finance minister said that the production linked incentive in 14 sectors for achieving the vision of Atman Nirbar Bharat has the potential to create 60 lakh jobs. And note that additional production of Rs 30 lakh crore during next 5 years will be enhanced. See I have given here the 14 sectors for you just go through it that will be enough. Apart from this the prime minister has approved the proposal to offer financial incentive of 25% of capital expenditure for the manufacturing of goods. That is the goods that constitute the supply chain of an electronic product under the scheme for promotion of manufacturing of electronic components and semiconductors that is specs. See additionally the government of India is encouraging various projects involving substantial investment and public expenditure. On schemes like Atman Nirbar Bharat, Rojkari Yojna, Prathan Mantri Mudra Yojna, then you can take the prime minister's employment generation program, then the prime minister's street vendors Atman Nirbar Nidhi etc etc. All these know are enabling the economic growth which is thereby directly creating more jobs and leading to the increase in employment rate. So that's all about this news article. See each and every points mentioned here are in some way or the other will be useful to enrich your mains answer. So note down the points and make use of these points whenever necessary in your mains answers. And don't be afraid of the datas. If you are not able to remember the data, just remember the theme that's more than enough. The theme here is that the employment status of the nation is getting increased. And note that it is getting transformed from the agricultural sector to the manufacturing sector. And we saw what are all the measures that were taken by the government that induced this change over from the agricultural sector to the manufacturing sector. And then we also saw what are all the measures that are helping in more and more job creation. See this kind of government measures all you can directly put in your mains answer. Since this is an authenticated example or authenticated point that has come from the government source, it will be very very useful to keep your answers unique. So with these key points in mind, now let's move on to the next part of the news article discussion which is the preliminary practice question discussion. Now take this first question. It is a two statement question. So we are going to go through both the statements before answering the question. And note that the question is demanding for incorrect statements. Okay, look at the statement one. Article 21 of the constitution could not be denied to convicts, under trial, detainees and other prisoners in custody except according to the procedure established by law. See this statement is correct. Now look at statement two. The redemption of under trial prisoners in jail custody to an indefinite period while it's article 21 of the constitution. This statement is also correct. See in a landmark judgment involving the state of Uttarkhand versus Ajayam, Supreme Court has stated that the precious right guaranteed by article 21 of the constitution of India cannot be denied to convicts, under trial, detainees and other prisoners in custody. And the exception is provided only according to the procedure established by law by placing such reasonable restrictions as or permitted by law. Okay, that is why I said statement one is correct. Statement two is correct because the redemption of under trial prisoners in jail custody to an indefinite period while it's article 21 of the constitution. The word indefinite makes the statement correct. This is just given in article 21 itself. So here both statements are correct and the question is demanding for incorrect statement. So your answer here will be option D neither one nor two. Now let's move on to the second question. See this question is asked in current year UPSC preliminary examination. That is it is asked in 2022 prelims. And today we made a discussion about this Aishman Bharath digital mission. Note that already we had discussed this Aishman Bharath digital mission before the prelims also. And today I had taken it in a little more elaborate way so that you can use those points to quote it as an example in your main answer also. Okay, now look at this question. It is having three statements. So whenever you get multiple statements, you should try applying elimination technique. Now look at statement one. See statement one is not correct. Why? See participation in the ABDM that is Aishman Bharath digital mission is voluntary. This is including for citizens. Okay, participation of a healthcare facility or an institution is also voluntary and shall be taken by the respective management that is government or private management. However, once the management decides to register the respective healthcare facility or institution in the mission, it is essential for all the healthcare professionals serving the set facility or institution to register in healthcare professional registry. Are you understanding that? Say for example, you take a hospital, it is registered under the mission. Then all those professionals working under that hospital should also be enrolled under the mission in the healthcare professionals registry. Okay, so that the institution can become fully integrated with the national digital health ecosystem. So the statement one, which is saying that the private and public hospitals must adopt it is incorrect. Here it is always voluntary. So statement one is incorrect. You can easily eliminate options A, C and D and arrive at the answer option B3 only. Though you arrive at the answer, check with the other two statements. Okay, statement two is not correct. Why? See the Aishman Bharath digital mission will connect the digital health solutions of hospitals across the country with each other. Based on the foundations laid down in the form of Jandan, Aadhar and mobile, which is a Trinity and other digital initiatives of the government, Aishman Bharath digital mission is creating a seamless online platform through the provision of a wide range of data information and infrastructure services. But note that all these are voluntary, right? So under the mission, citizens will be able to create their Aishman Bharath health account numbers to which their digital health records can be linked. This will enable creation of longitudinal health records for individuals across various healthcare providers and improve clinical decision making by healthcare providers. The mission will improve equitable access to quality healthcare by encouraging use of technology such as telemedicine and enabling national portability of health services. But note this, all the things are voluntary. So statement two is incorrect. Because it is having a word called universal health coverage that is involving every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately. That should be is not mentioned in the mission. So statement two is incorrect. And as I already discussed regarding the mission, it has seamless portability across the country because it is having various technologies. For example even telemedicine can be applied. So statement three is alone correct in this question. So your answer here will be option B three only is the correct statement. Now look at this question. See today this is a quiz question for you. It is a three statement question. But note that we had covered all the three statements in our today's discussion itself. If you had keenly observed the discussion, you will definitely be able to answer this question. If you are not able to answer this question, go through the discussion once more and then come back and try answering this question. I hope you will go through the question and post your answers in the common section. And the right answer for this question will be posted in the next 24 hours. Okay. And displayed here are the mains practice question. See for your mains, you need the skill of writing very much. So try practicing at least one question a day. See aspirants who are not writing the mains examination this year also can handle this kind of questions. It is very much easy and it is depending upon our discussion only. So utilize this opportunity and try developing your answer writing skill. Okay. Go through both the questions and post your answers in the common section. With this, we have come to the end of our discussion. If you like this video, do like, share and comment. And don't forget to subscribe to the Shankar IAS Academy's YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.