 Now we will say something about conservation of reptiles, one of the most heart-baking topic and also deals with the survival of the species and why these animals are so far disappearing from this earth. So as you know, reptiles include crocodiles, turtles, lizards and snakes. So out of that probably the most threatened reptile is the ghariyals. As you know, so that was the earlier distributional range of ghariyal. Ghariyal was abundant in the Pakistan river system, Irawadi river system. Then ghariyal was also present in Ganges river system, Brahmaputra river system and also in Irawadi river system of Myanmar. But what happened now? Now ghariyals got extinct from Pakistan. Ghariyals got extinct from Orissa also. From Myanmar also they got extinct. From Bangladesh they got extinct. And now all the global population of ghariyal is restricted to very small population in Indo-Nepal border called Katharaniya Ghat wildlife sanctuary of Uttar Pradesh. And then another, the largest population is restricted to Chambal river of Uttar Pradesh and also Madhya Pradesh. So this is the story with ghariyal. And they disappeared also from the Brahmaputra river system of northeast India. So once they were abundant but now they are not there. But probably we also, nowadays we listen to a very strong appeal in our media is that we know about only 1411 left. That is the story with the tiger. AR cell is creating that campaign and they say that 1411 left. Only the number of the tiger in India. But what happened to this ghariyal? Nobody knows how many ghariyal left. And you know ghariyal is now considered as societies that is appendix one. IUCN red list it is considered as critically endangered species. In India it is under wildlife protection act. And in Nepal there is also protected species. But there is a huge crisis going on with ghariyal. In the year 1970 suddenly government of India and also research organization realized that there are only 50 to 60 numbers of ghariyals are left in India. Which is stunning. Once they were so abundant. Then the government came up with all effort and all international agencies came to save ghariyal. And then there was lot of reintroduction. And they were bred in the zoo and in captive breeding centers. And then they released in the wild. And then it is a success story. One of the famous success story. But what happened is they again started disappearing. Because we released the ghariyal in the river system. But we failed to control the population. The human population. The human population always kept on increasing. And they taken the ghariyal habitat. And in that way again ghariyal started disappearing very fast. So in the year 2006 and 2007 census it was found that only 200 mature breeding adult individuals of ghariyals are left in the wild. So the global population of ghariyal is not 1411 but only 200. So which is much more endangered than our tiger. But we don't know much about ghariyal. And there is not much of apples also. So there are lot of ghariyals, large animals which are dying in our river system. What are the threats? Why they are dying? Because ghariyal always kept agriculture, sand mining, livestock grazing, disturbance and fishing. These are the main criteria which are responsible for ghariyal death and also ghariyal disappearance. Because freshwater river and aquatic water system are the most frequently used resource. Because freshwater people directly depend on freshwater ecosystem. As you see civilization grow along the river. So there was always pressure on the river. And because of that there was expansion of sand mining, expansion of agriculture up to the river bank. And there are lot of cattle grazing. And what happened ghariyal is a very very specialized animal. So specialized animal in that way ghariyal needs a very tranquil river environment. With big river, very deep pool of river with undisturbed sand beach. Where he can bask and also he can nest or ghariyal nest. And there are lot of fishes. So what happened nowadays there will be, there is excessive fishing nowadays in our river system. Main pressure every one kilometer of our Brahmaputra is probably having a net. So what happened this large animal has to move a lot. So in that way their snout got stuck in the net. And they cannot come on the surface and they die. So that's why and ghariyal ensures a very healthy river ecosystem. With full of birds and turtles and tortoises will be there. And also other animals like otters. So ghariyal's presence means a very very healthy riverine ecosystem. Which is very fast disappearing from all the areas of northeast India as well as the whole India. So this is the case with ghariyal. Ghariyal is very much threatened and much of the survival of the ghariyal is now left on the reintroduction possibilities. We are looking forward to find some suitable place where we can go for reintroduction. And to build up a population for ghariyal in northeast India. Then coming to another threatened group of animal are the turtles. So few ten years back there was nobody who was saying something to save turtles. Because turtles were never considered as an animal which should be saved. So people ate them a lot. There are international trade like this. This is a picture by WCS where thousands and thousands millions of turtles were traded to the China and all the Southeast Asian countries. And they are traded. They are eaten a lot. And in local markets also turtles were eaten. Without any problem there was lot of trade involved in that. So what happened in that in this way we came to a scenario that suddenly within ten years we realized that we are going to lose most of our turtle species. And this is the scenario with northeast India where most of the turtles are found in India. There are threatened category 40% are vulnerable, 20% endangered, 15% are critically endangered. So all this threatened category makes the sense that now government is implementing lot of strict rules that there should not be any territorial trade. There should not be any international trade also. And there are lot of conservation efforts for turtles. But these are the threatened animals. Ghariyal's turtles they are disappearing because of human folly. And they are directly affected by the human destruction of forest land and aquatic land, aquatic waters and all those bodies. But there are some animals who are actually also came to a threatened category because of only habitat destruction. But otherwise they are quite adaptive. These are small animals, the lizards and snakes. So these lizards and snakes actually are they are most of them are indicator species. Means they indicate the change in the ecosystem. And what happened is they snakes are the most efficient rodent controller, agricultural pest controller. How? Because snake have a very elongated body. So snake are the only one animal who can actually go inside the rat hole and kill the rat and eat it. So that's why snake are the most efficient rat controlling machine created designed by nature. So there are hundreds of millions of tons of food grain which are destroyed by rats in our paddy field are actually saved by snakes. And then there snakes also represent tremendous option value. Option value in the way because snake venom is the most precious element they have. So what happened is this snake venom is the scientist found that snake venom is also having potential to cure humorous growth because it has a tissue digesting property. So snake venom can be utilized in cancerous growth and also destruction of tumor and malignant and all. So that's why snake venom has got a option value which we don't know but that's why we need to save this animal. Coming to say snake views you know snakes are always destroyed always killed and their conservation there many of the snakes are threatened. Only because we thought all the snakes snakes are venomous and they can kill us. But we should recognize that snake bite happens in only two circumstances that is either you stepped on the snake or you try to catch a snake. So in these two circumstances otherwise there is no snake coming to us and beat us. So if we can avoid these two simple circumstances then we probably can avoid snake bites. Then ignorance is the fear. Ignorance we don't like to know about snakes. Just these days there was a lot of awareness by the TV channels like Discovery and National Geography. So our kids or our younger generation are much aware now but what happened is that they know more about South African or South American rattlesnake, South African mamba, black mamba, all this giant anaconda. They know more about them but they don't know about our own snake like our cobra, our python and our cat snakes which are here. So what is that their knowledge is only it's like depend on those television channels and all. So still our there is a lot of ignorance for this. Then ofidophobia that is the snake phobia is taught is not inherited. We have not got ofidophobia from our parents because there are lack of people die from road accident from cars by running over by car. But we never say to our children that car is dangerous or car don't go near car or something. We should not say that we just like car but car is one of the most big killer. Snake only kills something around 20,000 people but car kills lakhs of people. So ofidophobia is taught is not inherited. Actually it's not inherited because we haven't got it from our parents. Ofidophobia or the snake phobia is only taught while we came to this along our age. So this is one of the thing because you know the car and road accident used to kill lakhs of people in India. And there are only 20,000 probably death from snake bite. But still we effort snake a lot but we never say to our kids that car is dangerous or like this. But there are more number of mortality associated with road accident. We just tell our kids that ok while crossing the road you should look to your left, we should look to your right and then cross the road and that's all. That gave the knowledge to save themselves from the vehicle. But in case of snake we just tell our kids that all snakes are dangerous. And that creates the phobia. From that day we started ignoring, started hating snakes from that day because we believe, started believing that all snakes are dangerous. This is just because we don't know. If we just help our kids or our younger generation that ok you need to, these are the only few venomous species of snakes found in our area. And just try to learn them because we learn so many things. Why it is not possible to learn 10 species of snake which are venomous. It is very much possible in this modern age of internet and all those facilities. So we can learn this but we don't want to do this. But that doesn't mean that for knowing a snake we need to catch it. We can recognize the beauty of nature. We can recognize the animal and appreciate its rolling nature from the distance. Just by not killing it. So let's learn to enjoy and respect all the nature that have provided us including the snakes. Or else if the time is to know because soon it will be too late to learn. Thank you.