 Now, Question 12 studies essentially three areas. The first is general network architecture. The second is network architecture of management and control systems. And third, they study others related topics such as the effective computing and artificial intelligence technologies on network architectures. These items are important because when new technologies are developed, we need a way to describe their essential characteristics. You know, can they be switched, what kind of clients do they support, what kind of services could they support. We need to basically have a language in which we can describe their essential characteristics. Well, the management and control architectural recommendations are specifying the components used in management systems. Originally, we were having one architecture for ASO network, so automatically switched optical networks. And after that, the SDN emerged, so we are doing another SDN architecture. And actually nowadays, we find these two architectures have much significant similarities. One of our key standards is a recommendation G800. This is the unified networking architecture standard. It builds on top of the historic G805 standard by adding packet constructs, so we were able to describe packet technologies. G800 allows us to talk about what kinds of clients can be supported by a layer, what can that layer run on top of. Is that layer connection oriented or packet oriented? And it describes how the technology can be switched and ultimately managed. A second standard that's very key is G807. This is the standard that's newer, it describes the architecture of media networks. What we mean by media is anything which can carry an optical signal. So in our case, it's usually glass or optical fibers, although it covers free space. In this newer recommendation, this constructs for things like amplifiers or filters, things which can modify a wave are described for the first time. There are actually a group of very important recommendations for management and control architecture. The G.7701 is specifying the common control aspects, including the routing discovery and core control functionalities. The G.7702 is specifying SDN architecture and its components. So it's basically used all the components specified in 7701 and added the SDN-specific ones. And finally, the G.7703 is the ASON architecture recommendations, which includes all the components specified in 7701 and adds the ASON-specific features. Currently in this meeting, Question 11 has been studying a new capability called Sub-1G clients. And we anticipate as this develops that an architecture recommendation will need to be written, which describes what it is supported over, and we look forward to that. Second is, you will recall several years ago, Question 12 led the development of a technical report on how transport networks support 5G. In that technical report, we talked about virtual networks and how they supported the 3GPP network slicing capability. Recently Question 2 has published a supplement on PON slicing, so how virtual networks over PON networks could be realized. And Question 12 has sort of recently looked at applying G800 and G805 constructs to modeling PON slices so that we can succinctly understand how slices for OTN and Ethernet slices can be put together with PON slices to create network slices. So those are two things that are on the horizon. Well, Question 12 is going to collaborate with Question 14 as always on the management and control staff. So this meeting, we are going to consent one amendment for G.7703. And there are still hot topics under investigations, which includes the life cycle management, the usage of AI and machine learning, and digital twins, computations, and so on.