 Это не первый репорт про эксковеции и о Базаре в Болгаре. Первый репорт я читал в Истанбул 3 года назад на annual meeting. Но сейчас я представлю вашу финальную репорт про эксковеции. Болгаря была основана как капитал в 19-м сентябре. Белляр, который сейчас вы слышали о новом городе Белляр, был капитал в 19-м сентябре, 12-м сентябре, и до мангового инведуала. Но это дошло до максимального размера 12-м, после того, что было предназначено от Баттлхан-трубсов в 12-м 36-м. И все в Истану Европе началось часть Чингезет-эмпая. Здесь есть некоторые фотографии от эксковеции. Да, это чингезет-эмпая. Беллепассессия Баттлхан-трубсов и его десент, это была одна из самых больших городов в Голденходе, в 2-м половине 13-м и в середине 14-м. Эксковеции работали в центре старого города. 150 метров от стона кафедра Моск, и это было построено в середине 13-м, примерно на стороне старого города Моск. Before the excavations, as you see the place, before the excavations began, no traces of monumental building is visible here. And the honor of opening this bazaar, this monument, belongs to Dr. Marina Poluboyarinova, which began excavating this place in 1989. Marina Poluboyarinova is my teacher and it is very pleasant for me that I continue her excavations in Bulgaria. You understand that this time was very difficult for Russia and in 1990 excavations were finished and the continue of these excavations began only in 2011. This is a great mosque interior, very nice view. Thickness of the cultural layer here was more than one meter. This layer included the ruined remains of brick walls, you see this layer, the bricks, burnt bricks. And the trench of the foundation of the bazaar. You see this trench, this place, the plan of the bazaar. Under ruins was recorded the layer of charge coal from fire that demolished this bazaar, destroyed it. The excavations had revealed almost whole a building measuring 37 on 34 meters. It is the most great building in the whole city of Bulgaria. More than great mosque that I show you a few minutes ago. The bazaar have four entrances, these from this side, this side and this side, and the system of passageways between the rows of shops inside. I show the rows of shops and passageways, you see. Judging by the dates of approximately 1000 coins found both in the layers of the destruction and up under them, we can reasonably conclude that the bazaar was built in the 1350s and destroyed 10 or 20 years later. The walls of bazaar was built of burnt brick on a one meter wide limestone foundation. Only one piece of the foundation trench keeps this stone structure. The interior space of the bazaar was divided into sections by the walls made of wood and a dough brick. Each section consisted of small shops with doughs secured by locks. During the excavation we found about 100 locks in different places, but most of these places are along these walls, from dough bricks and wood. The roof of the bazaar probably had a wooden beam construction. It is provided by the absence of huge stone columns, through traces of bases for light wooden pillars, as well as iron grids for skylights, the places of the finds of iron grids and iron grids in situ. Thus, the Bulgarian market differed from the Oriental bazaar's pedestals with cupola roofs, demonstrating the adaptation of the Islamic East architecture, the one of Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, to the construction traditions of the forest zone of Eastern Europe. The bazaar was built on the site of a previously existing street, the courtyards on both sides. The courtyards have been built up by numerous buildings with deep cellars, which had been destroyed together before the construction of the bazaar began. Judging by the finds of coins and imported goods, this earlier street was also a trading place. However, there were no shops there, as it was limited by two fences made of a dog brick. Probably, trade was carried out in the open air, or maybe under the tents from textile, as in modern bazaar's suks, the name suks in Oriental countries. The courtyards housed workshops producing glass objects, first of all beads, rings, bracelets. During our excavation, we found more than 12 000 of such objects. It is a very, very big quantity. Enormous, enormous for Bulgarians. Before our excavation, we know about maybe 1 000 finds of such things. Now, 12 000. You see, this is half-stuff, and the production. We found only, we will show courtyards with the production of bone objects and jewellery, molded in stone casting molds. We found about 100 examples of such molds. I'll show you some of them, that keep most completely. Before our excavation in all the city, excavated from the beginning, after the Second World War, we knew only 30 or 40 examples of such things. Now, 100 from one excavation pit. This is a very interesting thing. There are molds with inscriptions on the surface. It was right by Cyrillic letters, but it took language. What are the words? Semmul, you know, this is the mythological build. And such words as Kulabi, it is the Turkish name of mold, Kulabi. And the word Yasen, it is a name. We know the Balkan-Bulgarian king Asen. Yasen is another form of such name. The trade in Turkey was represented by details of scales, various weights, among which were both oriental and western European. It is common for all countries, and it is this specific oriental weights. I will be very glad if anybody can see me, maybe in some European museums, keep this such weights, because I don't know about finds, such things in the countries around Russia and Volga-Bulgaria. And it is the European weights, these are our finds, and for analogies from Germany in the same period. The excavations of the Bazaar have yielded a unique material on the trading relations between the Volga region and Iran, Byzantium, China, as well as countries of western Europe. Гуды, including important textiles, 20 Flemish cloth seals have been found, you see these finds, from Ippres, Damme, Dixmerdy, Tunay and others, in other cities. Также, we find black stones with traces of gold, as evidence of the trade by precious metals, things from manufacture of precious metals. And we find other prestigious and expensive goods, for example, such as a cage for a hunting bird. Falcon, or hawk, maybe, this is the bronze dough for this cage, and this is iron parts, you see this wire from this cage. The artifacts from the ruins of the Bazaar also included ceramics brought from Byzantium, glazed wear and amphora, Iran, Blastware and Minai type wear, Spain, the fragments of olive jars from Barcelona and Seville, in this slide you see only the pieces from Barcelona, Chinese ceramics, that's a Tsojo wear type, and Zunya type, and also Saladons, and white and blue porcelain. And for example, the European ceramics, for example, this fragment of stone paste wear from northern Germany. The Bazaar was burnt down, but before that it had been probably rocked. Such a disaster could happen not earlier than 1365, when the Nenansen wars broke out in the Golden Horde and Bolgar was captured by various groups of steppe aristocracy several times. As a result, the quick process of deubonization started. In the first half of the 15th century population left the city, and it declined into ruins. Bolgar Bazaar is the special market, the special stone building, discovered in the whole Eastern Europe, and the single in Eastern Europe. Buildings constructed specially as trade in places are not known in the cities of Russia, and even in the cities of the northern Black Sea region included the colonies of Genoa. Trade was carried out in the open air on small squares within the city or outside it borders. The construction of special Bazaar buildings is oriental to a large extent Islamic tradition. Therefore, Bolgar Bazaar demonstrates the penetration of Islamic culture far beyond the limits of religious practice. It shows the integration of some specific features that were typical of Islamic society daily life and hadn't been known in the Eastern Europe before. But such integration could not happen without bearers of Islamic urban culture tradition. Who were these people? Of course, they were neither theologians, nor Mullahs or other religious persons to whom trading problems were alive. Probably, there were merchants, local Bulgarian and foreign oriental ones who initiated the construction of a stone brick bazaar therefore ensuring the safety of their goods. However, in order to build a bazaar it required somebody with understanding of the methods. It could be done by immigrants from the oriental countries, primarily the ones from Transcaucasia and Central Asia who had been living in the city of Bolgar for a long time. They brought traditions of Islamic monumental architecture, management of trade, urban developments. I speak about water supply, public baths, sewerage, etc. These people were not only Muslims. There could be also Christians familiar with Islamic traditions. For example, Armenians. Right and archaeological sources give some evidence of Armenian communities in the cities of the Golden Hood. There were probably Armenian builders who contributed to the change in the appearance of Bolgar and brought it closer to the oriental Islamic standards. However, the number of local urban traditions would significantly from the Islamic ones. Those are the construction of wooden houses, types of everyday utensils and ware. Thus, the investigation of ancient local and new Islamic traditions was a distinctive feature of the Volgar Volgar society. Thank you for your attention.