 Hey everybody welcome to tutor terrific here. I've got a chemistry video for you This is kind of part two of my reactions video. No, this isn't really stoichiometry. It's more about the basics of reactions So there's five types of reactions and we're gonna look at the fourth type that I mentioned in my last video single replacement reactions We're gonna analyze them today and all that is involved We've got the basic model here for these types of reactions We've got a single element that is combined with a compound here and what happens is Element a if it meets certain criteria will knock the cation B off the compound and take its place And so we have a C as a compound plus B. So these two switch places basically The silly analogy to this is a jealous guy sees another guy with his girlfriend and he Fights the guy and With the bow and then he takes her bow and since in packing. So that's kind of the analogy, but If that doesn't help you don't need to use it now what I want to make clear is that The particularly with this a versus this B whatever these elements are A will be able to knock off B if it's higher on the what's called activity series than B So this activity series shows you the order in which Elements are lined up that are more active than others when it comes to single replacement knocking So lithium is at the top of the list actually you'll see a lot of the Group one and group two metals at the top of the list lithium then potassium Barium calcium sodium magnesium those are all group one and two elements then we get some Group three elements and transition metals aluminum manganese zinc chromium iron cobalt nickel and we get some post transition metals like tin and lead then we get some non metals like hydrogen and Then go back to some higher weight copper mercury silver platinum and gold Some higher weight metals in the transition metals. So those are at the bottom of the activity series I'm sure there's more we could fit in here But as you go up the activity series you increase your strength and ability to knock other Elements out of compounds. So here and I'll get to this in a second But over here this statement if the lone element on the reactant side is Higher on the activity series than the cation of the compound On the reactant side the single replacement reaction will occur Otherwise no reaction So if a happens to be lower on the activity series than B There will be no reaction But if a is higher on the activity series than B then the reaction will occur a will not be out all right, also When we create bees sometimes the element that gets knocked out is one of these elements hydrogen nitrogen oxygen fluorine chlorine bromine or iodine when those elements have to be Loan by themselves. They actually don't sit in isolation. They actually combine with a pair another one of themselves They are called the diatomic elements for that reason It's actually more stable for them to bond with one each other covalently this way And so keep that in mind as we do our examples All right, so let's look at some examples here this First example we have iron plus copper sulfate. All right So what we're doing again is we're making sure iron is higher up on the activity series than copper Which is the cation in the Compound there now. Let's look at the activity series Where is iron irons right here if copper is below that which it is iron will knock out copper So for this to occur we will switch the positions of these two metals here, so we will now have iron sulfate We'll have to charge balance this plus copper leave a space there in case we need a coefficient okay, so First we must charge balance any compounds we make What we have here is sulfate which is minus 2 now iron Was originally neutral and here for it to balance charge wise with sulfate It would have to be iron 2 and we are going to for all intensive purposes now assume that it is iron Roman numeral 2 So it has a 2 plus charge combined with a minus 2 charge of sulfate So they are balanced and copper is neutral. It's just an element So we don't need to try and charge balance that now what we're going to do is we're going to balance the whole reaction so Iron we have one and here we have one as well. So iron is done move to the right starting from the left We have copper next. We've got one copper one copper So that one's good as well Then we have sulfur one on this side one on that side and we have oxygen 4 on that side 4 on that side. So this one is done the reaction does occur and it's balanced Okay, let's look at the next one. We have potassium plus sodium Cyanide remember these are both group 1 metal. So they're pretty high on the activity series Well, let's see if potassium is higher than sodium Potassium is number 2 and sodium is number 5. So yes, this reaction will also occur potassium will combine with the cyanide ion and Then we will have elemental sodium by itself now potassium Has a charge of plus 1 because it's in group 1 on the periodic table See and the cyanide ion Has a charge of minus 1 now you might need to review Your polyatomic ions and their charges because I am assuming you know them and you do need to know them Definitely by now to do these right. Okay, so with a plus 1 potassium ion charge and a cyanide minus 1 charge These are charged balanced. All right, so let's begin potassium potassium one each sodium sodium one each Carbon carbon one each nitrogen and nitrogen one each so this again Bounce so easy so far now This next one. We've got aluminum elemental aluminum plus copper chloride. Uh-oh copper is a Multi-oxidation number transition metal. So this is copper to chloride How do I know because this is cl2 each chlorine ion chloride ions? Excuse me is minus 1 and so copper has to be plus 2 since there's two of these All right. Well, this reaction occur is aluminum higher up on the activity series than copper Here's copper way down here, and you have to go pretty far out to get to aluminum It's the highest non group 1 2 element on the activity series. So yes, this will occur as well So we have aluminum chloride Plus copper elemental. All right now we need to charge balance aluminum chloride This is definitely not what it is because aluminum is in group 3. So it has a charge of plus 3 Each chloride ion is minus 1. So we will need to balance this plus through this minus 1 We'll need three chlorine atoms Okay, now we're gonna get into some balancing issues. Okay, so we start with aluminum Everything's fine as soon as copper everything's fine, but as soon as you get to chlorine We've got a 2 versus 3 and I told you in my previous chemistry video You go to the side that has the odd number of what you're trying to balance and you double it Okay, because most teachers don't allow you to use decimals now. We have six chlorine And over here I can multiply this 2 by 3 To get six chlorines over here now of course these two changes I've made have messed up my previous great balancing. So let's go to the first change. I made aluminum If I have two on aluminum's on this side now, I'll have to have two Elemental aluminum's over here and then we have three coppers on the reactant side So I'll have to have three coppers on the products side as well All right, so let's check two aluminum's three coppers Six chlorines six chlorines. We are good to go now All right, last one we have silver Plus iron Phosphate this must be iron Roman numeral 3 Phosphate because phosphate is a charge of minus 3 will this reaction occur does silver knock out iron? Well, let's look Here's iron right in the middle. Do you see silver above it? No silver is almost at the very bottom silver is very inactive when it comes to this type of reaction This will not occur silver is not as strong as iron on the activity series. No reaction Will occur for this set of reactants So that's how you state a no reaction got a few more examples coming your way Okay, let's look at the first one we have silver nitrate plus sodium I know I listed the element second, but it doesn't matter really This is just a symbol for the reaction of course in three-dimensional space doesn't matter whether one's on the right or left They still could react So sodium you got a look at see if sodium is higher up than silver on the activity series I think you might have figured that out sodium's way up here number five and silver's third from last So silver is getting booted. So here we have We're gonna have sodium nitrate So he was gonna take the polytomic at an ion and silver is gonna be on his own Okay, now we check and see if sodium and nitrate are balanced Notice, I'm not bothering balancing what I'm given to start with I'm gonna assume that the teacher has The person making these problems has made sure the reactants are balanced for sure Okay, sodium is plus one since it's in group one nitrate put your think caps on did you memorize these? No, three is nitrate and it's minus one. So that is good to go One to one ratio. So let's check. So we've got one silver one silver. That's done one nitrogen one nitrogen That's done three oxygens three oxygens. That's done one sodium one sodium. Okay, so that Was fine. No problem. They're totally balanced next one sodium plus. What is this? Well, sometimes we've seen water Written that way but you can state it now as hydrogen hydroxide. Okay Well sodium knock out this hydrogen here. Well, let's look Sodium way up here number five hydrogen way down there towards the bottom. So yes Here's what's going to occur and This is the reaction that violent reaction might have seen on TV of sodium and water What's gonna occur is sodium hydroxide will be made in a OH and Hydrogen gas, but you do not just put H. It's one of the diatomic elements And so it will be H2 like so. Alright, so let's try and balance this We've got one sodium on each side. No problem How many hydrogens do we have on each side? Well on this side? I have two on this side. I have one two three Uh-oh, we've got a problem on this side. There's an odd number now. They're split up as well. So which Which item on this side makes it odd? Well, it'd be this one which has one So I'm going to double it right now Okay, so now that's doubled Now you got four hydrogens over there. So what do I have to do on this side since I have two I need to double HOH I have four hydrogens But of course other things have been messed up as well now There's two sodiums over here, and there's one over here. So I'll need to double that and Let's check oxygen now. There's two on this side, but uh joy There's two on that side as well So let's make sure we've got two sodiums on each side. We've got four hydrogens on Each side and we have two oxygens on each side. So this one is done So don't forget remember if you knock any of these guys out on their own need to be doubled their diatomic elements Okay, next iron phosphate PO4 is Roman has minus three charge. So this is iron three Phosphate and then we have sodium with that is sodium gonna knock out the iron. Yes Sodium is higher up on the activity series than iron. Remember. We're asking if the element by itself is higher On the activity series than the cation of the reaction Okay, so yes, so this reaction is going to occur here. We have Sodium taking the place of iron Phosphate Okay, no, it's not charge balance yet. We're gonna work on that in a second and then I'm gonna also get elemental iron So now let's work on this We have to charge balance this I almost forgot Charge balance. So PO4 is minus three got to memorize that and sodium is plus one Since it's in group one on the periodic table. So I need three sodiums to make this charge balance Okay, so now we've got a little job to balance this whole thing if you start with iron on the left We're good to go. It's one to one Phosphorus we're good to go. There are one on each side and Oxygen we're also good to go. There are four on each side. So it comes down to sodium one on the reactant side three on the product side We need three Sodiums on the reactant side now. We're good to go next Copper plus aluminum sulfate. Okay, the reason there's all these numbers here is because Aluminum is plus three and sulfate is minus two So I need a three two ratio to make this balance with plus six and minus six charge. Okay. Will this reaction occur? Let's look closely copper way down here on the activity series It needs to be aluminum aluminum. Unfortunately for copper is way up there. It's higher up on the activity series So this one is a no stop non-starter no reaction All right guys So that's how you use the activity series and that's how you complete your single replacement reactions If they occur and you write no reaction if they don't don't forget about the diatomic elements guys Thank you so much for watching this video. This is Falconator signing out